Quantum computing scaling laws

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Quantum simulator based on 11 superconducting qubits. A quantum simulator based on 11 superconducting qubits.png
Quantum simulator based on 11 superconducting qubits.

Quantum computing scaling laws (sometimes abbreviated as QC scaling laws) are a set of observations describing the exponential growth of various aspects of quantum computer development. The most important scaling laws in quantum computing are Rose's law, Neven's law, and Schoelkopf's law. These laws are named after prominent quantum computing researchers and predict continued improvement in quantum computer performance in the coming years. However, it is important to note that these laws are more empirical rules of thumb and predictions based on observations rather than immutable truths, and technological development may bring unexpected challenges and breakthroughs. [a]

Contents

Rose's law

Rose's law observes that the number of qubits on chips doubles roughly every 18 months. [1] [2] The law is often described as the quantum-computing equivalent of Moore's law. [3] [4] The term was coined by Steve Jurvetson after meeting D-Wave founder Geordie Rose. [5] This law attempts to measure rapid processor scaling, though different quantum computing technologies may follow different trajectories depending on their design constraints. [4] [5]

Neven's law

Neven's law states that the computational power of quantum computers appears to be growing at a doubly exponential rate. [6] In other words, not only is computational power increasing exponentially — that exponential growth is itself accelerating exponentially. [6]

The law is named for Hartmut Neven, Google's Quantum AI team lead, named one of Fast Company’s Most Creative People of 2020. [7] He has remarked: "It's not one company versus another, but rather, humankind versus nature — or humankind with nature." [8] Neven’s law suggests that quantum advantage may emerge much sooner than linear or simple exponential models predict, thanks to compounding improvements. [6] [8]

Some authors have noted that the conceptual basis of Neven's law — compounding exponential trends due to qubit growth and Hilbert space scaling — was discussed earlier. For example, Jonathan Dowling illustrated in Schrödinger’s Killer App (2013) that qubit counts could grow exponentially and that the size of Hilbert space grows exponentially with the number of qubits, calling this “super-exponential” growth. [9] [10] [11] A 2020 memorial article in Nature Photonics referred to this combined idea as the “Dowling–Neven law”, although this term is not widely used in the literature. [9]

Schoelkopf's law

Schoelkopf's law observes that decoherence times in quantum computing roughly improve tenfold every three years. [12] [13] [14] Decoherence time indicates how long a quantum state remains stable enough for computation. [12] [13] After that, interference from the environment causes the state to decay, losing quantum information. [14] Extending coherence is critical for running complex quantum algorithms reliably. [13] [15] Named after Robert J. Schoelkopf, this scaling law addresses one of quantum computing’s most fundamental challenges. [12] [15]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The introduction summarizes key points from the article’s main body, which is properly sourced. While it does not include inline citations, it is based on reliably referenced content. Removing it for lacking citations is not justified, as it provides necessary context and helps readers understand the topic.

References

  1. ↑ Rose, Geordie (2022-08-08). "An Amazing Journey: Pictures from D-Wave's Early Days". Medium. Archived from the original on 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  2. ↑ Roses, Mor M.; Landa, Haggai; Dalla Torre, Emanuele G. (2021-09-30). "Simulating long-range hopping with periodically driven superconducting qubits". Physical Review Research. 3 (3) 033288. arXiv: 2102.09590 . Bibcode:2021PhRvR...3c3288R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.033288. Archived from the original on 2024-02-22. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  3. ↑ Tanburn, Richard; Okada, Emile; Dattani, Nike (2015). "Reducing multi-qubit interactions in adiabatic quantum computation without adding auxiliary qubits. Part 1: The "deduc-reduc" method and its application to quantum factorization of numbers". arXiv: 1508.04816 [quant-ph].
  4. 1 2 Dormehl, Luke (2020-12-14). "IBM's Ambitious Million-Qubit Quantum Computer Plan". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on 2024-02-22. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  5. 1 2 Griffin, Matthew (2016-08-31). "Quantum computing: Rose's Law is Moore's Law on steroids". Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  6. 1 2 3 Hartnett, Kevin (2019-06-18). "Does Neven's Law Describe Quantum Computing's Rise?". Quanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  7. ↑ McCracken, Harry (2020). "Google scientist Hartmut Neven coined the term 'Quantum AI.'". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  8. 1 2 Waters, Richard (2019-10-24). "Google quantum breakthrough will help solve 'impossible problems'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  9. 1 2 Franson, James; Wilde, Mark M. (September 2020). "Jonathan Patrick Dowling in memoriam". Nature Photonics. 14 (9): 525–526. Bibcode:2020NaPho..14..525F. doi:10.1038/s41566-020-0682-1.
  10. ↑ Dowling, Jonathan P. (2013). "The Trouble with Thulium" and "Hilbert Space—The Final Frontier". Schrödinger's Killer App: Race to Build the World's First Quantum Computer. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp. 82–89, 392–393. ISBN   978-1-4398-9673-0. p. 391: "The growth in the number of qubits, as per Moore's law, is exponential by year. Because the size of the Hilbert space, vertical scale, is exponential in the number of qubits, it is therefore super exponential.", pp. 402–403: "The quantum computers will follow a quantum version of Moore's law, outlined above, exponential growth in the number of qubits, and a consequent super-exponential growth in the dimension of the Hilbert space where all the quantum computational power is.
  11. ↑ Dowling, Jonathan (2019-07-11). "On The Dowling-"Neven" Law". Quantum Pundit. Blog. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  12. 1 2 3 Metz, Cade (2017-11-13). "Yale Professors Race Google and IBM to the First Quantum Computer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
  13. 1 2 3 Steffen, Matthias (2011-12-05). "Superconducting Qubits Are Getting Serious". Physics. 4 103. Bibcode:2011PhyOJ...4..103S. doi:10.1103/Physics.4.103.
  14. 1 2 Schoelkopf, R. J.; Bishop, Lev S.; Paik, Hanhee (2011). "Observation of High Coherence in Josephson Junction Qubits in a Three-Dimensional Circuit QED Architecture". Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (24) 240501. arXiv: 1105.4652 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.240501. PMID   22242979.
  15. 1 2 Giles, Martin (2019-09-13). "The key to bigger quantum computers could be to build them like Legos". MIT Tech Review. Yale Quantum Institute. Archived from the original on 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2025-09-02.

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