Rhizobiales | |
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Agrobacterium (SEM image) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
Order: | Rhizobiales Kuykendall 2006 |
Families | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
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The Rhizobiales are an order of Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria.
The rhizobia, which fix nitrogen and are symbiotic with plant roots, appear in several different families. The four families Bradyrhizobiaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, and Rhizobiaceae contain at least six genera of nitrogen-fixing, legume-nodulating, microsymbiotic bacteria. Examples are the genera Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium . Species of the Methylocystaceae are methanotrophs; they use methanol (CH3OH) or methane (CH4) as their sole energy and carbon sources. Other important genera are the human pathogens Bartonella and Brucella , as well as Agrobacterium (useful in genetic engineering).
These families have been proposed but not yet validly published according to the rules of the Bacteriological Code.
The following genera belong to the Rhizobiales but have not been assigned to a family.
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature [10] and National Center for Biotechnology Information [11] and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences. [12]
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Natural genetic transformation has been reported in at least three Rhizobiales species: Agrobacterium tumefaciens , [13] Methylobacterium organophilum , [14] and Bradyrhizobium japonicum . [15] Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination.
The Rhizobiaceae is a family of proteobacteria comprising multiple subgroups that enhance and hinder plant development. Some bacteria found in the family are used for plant nutrition and collectively make up the rhizobia. Other bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes severely alter the development of plants in their ability to induce crown galls or hairy roots found on the stem. The family has been of an interest to scientists for centuries in their ability to associate with plants and modify plant development. The Rhizobiaceae are, like all Proteobacteria, Gram-negative. They are aerobic, and the cells are usually rod-shaped. Many species of the Rhizobiaceae are diazotrophs which are able to fix nitrogen and are symbiotic with plant roots.
Rhodobacterales are an order of the Alphaproteobacteria.
The Burkholderiaceae are a family of bacteria included in the order Burkholderiales. It includes some pathogenic species, such as Burkholderia mallei (glanders) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis).
In taxonomy, Ruegeria is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae. This genus was formerly known as the marine Agrobacterium before they were reclassified in 1998. It bears in fact the name of Hans-Jürgen Rüger, a German microbiologist, for his contribution to the taxonomy of marine species of Agrobacterium.
In taxonomy, Jannaschia is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Leisingera is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Loktanella is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Marinovum is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known.
In taxonomy, Oceanicola is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Pannonibacter is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Phaeobacter is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Sulfitobacter is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
In taxonomy, Thalassobacter is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae. (Proteobacteria)
In taxonomy, Halobiforma is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. Species include:
Halopiger is a genus of archaeans in the family Halobacteriaceae that have high tolerance to salinity.
In taxonomy, Halosimplex is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.
In taxonomy, Natrinema is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.
In taxonomy, Natronorubrum is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.
The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Firmicutes. Although several neighbouring Clostridia species also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the Negativicutes may have actually been laterally acquired from Proteobacteria. Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes.
Lentibacillus salicampi is a moderately halophilic bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is Gram-variable, aerobic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped, with type strain SF-20(T).