Right atrial enlargement

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Right atrial enlargement
Other namesRight atrium enlargement
RtALarge09.JPG
Right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale)
Causes Pulmonary Hypertension
Diagnostic method electrocardiogram

Right atrial enlargement (RAE) is a form of cardiomegaly, or heart enlargement. It can broadly be classified as either right atrial hypertrophy (RAH), overgrowth, or dilation, like an expanding balloon. Right atrial enlargement (RAE) is clinically significant due to its prevalence in diagnosing supraventricular arrhythmias.

Contents

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of right atrial enlargement include palpitations, dyspnea, paroxysmal tachycardia, general malaise, shortness of breath, syncope, chest pain, fatigue, cyanosis, loss of appetite, tachycardia, fever, and cough. Many patients with right atrial enlargement are asymptomatic. [1]

Causes

Common causes include pulmonary hypertension, which can be the primary defect leading to RAE, or pulmonary hypertension secondary to tricuspid stenosis; pulmonary stenosis or Tetralogy of Fallot i.e. congenital diseases; chronic lung disease, such as cor pulmonale. Other recognised causes are: right ventricular failure, tricuspid regurgitation, and atrial septal defect. [2]

Most authors have classified this condition as congenital, but the etiology is still unknown. [1]

Diagnosis

Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE) increases the p wave, representing atrial depolarization, on an ECG to an amplitude > 2.5mm in lead II, an abnormality referred to as p-pulmonale, likely due to weakened right atrial myocardium close to the Sinoatrial (SA) node. [3]

ECG criteria for RAE: P wave amplitude in lead II > 2.5 mm and upward deflection of the P wave in lead V1 > 1.5 mm in amplitude. [4]

Large "a" waves on the JVP waveform can also aid in diagnosis.

Early diagnosis using risk factors like RAE may decrease mortality because patients with RAE are at 9x more risk of arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions compared to their healthy counterparts. [5]

Treatment

Treatment for RAE can include taking certain medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, anticoagulants, and anti-arrhythmics. If medications are not effective enough, procedures such as implanting a pacemaker, cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), heart valve surgery, and coronary bypass surgery may be needed. [6] The last resort treatment option would be a complete heart transplant.

Prevention

Prevention for RAE comes from maintaining a healthy lifestyle with plenty of exercise and eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and avoiding or limiting alcohol and caffeine. [7] It is also important to control heart disease risk factors including diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Exercise, pregnancy, and prior health conditions like ASD II can also promote cardiac remodeling, so routine primary care visits are important to distinguish between physiological and pathological atrial enlargement. [8] [9]

Regular primary care visits and routine testing has also been shown to protect against the development of cardiovascular disease and may play a key role in early identification and treatment. [10]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Terada, Tadashi; Oiwake, Hisanori; Nakanuma, Yasuni; Ohta, Goroku; Nishino, Tomoichi (1988). "An Autopsy Case of Idiopathic Enlargement of the Right Atrium, and a Review of the Literature". Pathology International. 38 (3): 361–370. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1988.tb02308.x. ISSN   1320-5463. PMID   2969171. S2CID   41759734.
  2. ↑ "Size of the right atrium and associated structures". 123 sonography.com. Medical University of Vienna. 2012-08-20. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  3. ↑ G, Limongelli; D, Masarone; G, Frisso; M, Iacomino; I, Ferrara; A, Rea; R, Gravino; E, Bossone; F, Salvatore; R, Calabro; P, Elliott; G, Pacileo (2017). "Clinical and genetic characterization of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and right atrial enlargement". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown, Md.). 18 (4). J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown): 249–254. doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000361. ISSN   1558-2035. PMID   26808413. S2CID   25505222.
  4. ↑ Surawicz, Borys; Childers, Rory; Deal, Barbara J.; Gettes, Leonard S. (2009). "AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram" . Circulation. 119 (10): e235-40. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191095. PMID   19228822. S2CID   26702140.
  5. ↑ Ho, A.K.; Low, G.; Zhang, Yi; Le, Lawrence H.; Minosse, Silvia; Vidiri, Antonello; Zheng, Rui; Lou, Edmond; Edam, A.N.; Bradley, D.A.; Nguyen, Vu-Hieu; Le, Lawrence H. (May 1, 2018). "Right atrium enlargement predicts clinically significant supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension" . Heart & Lung. 47 (3). Mosby: 237–242. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.01.004. ISSN   0147-9563. S2CID   3363049 . Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  6. ↑ Surace, Francesca Chiara; Iezzi, Federica; Colaneri, Massimo; Pozzi, Marco (2018-09-20). "Surgical Treatment of Idiopathic Enlargement of the Right Atrium". Case Reports in Surgery. 2018. Hindawi Limited: 1–5. doi: 10.1155/2018/7241309 . ISSN   2090-6900. PMC   6171214 .
  7. ↑ "Enlarged heart-Enlarged heart". Mayo Clinic. 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  8. ↑ Chen, Yi Ching; Voskoboinik, Aleksandr; Gerche, Andre La; Marwick, Thomas H.; McMullen, Julie R. (2021). "Prevention of Pathological Atrial Remodeling and Atrial Fibrillation". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 77 (22): 2846–2864. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.012 .
  9. ↑ W, Piesiewicz; A, Goch; Z, Binikowski; U, Faflik; G, Krasomski; JH, Goch. "Changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy in women with secondary atrial septal defect". Kardiologia Polska. 60 (3). Kardiol Pol. ISSN   0022-9032. PMID   15156217.
  10. ↑ Einarsdóttir, Kristjana; Preen, David B.; Emery, Jon D.; Holman, C. D’Arcy J. (2011-02-24). "Regular Primary Care Plays a Significant Role in Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease in a Western Australian Cohort". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 26 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1092–1097. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1665-1 . ISSN   0884-8734. PMC   3181311 .

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