Salsola kali is the restored botanical name for a species of flowering plants in the amaranth family that has been treated as Kali turgidum. It is native to Macaronesia, and from the Atlantic coasts of Europe to the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean (although it has been introduced elsewhere). It is an annual plant which grows primarily in the temperate biome,[1] in salty sandy coastal soils.[2] It is commonly known as prickly saltwort or prickly glasswort.
In dry inland places it is replaced by Salsola tragus (syn. Kali tragus or Salsola kali subsp. tragus), which is less tolerant to salty soils, and has spread more widely from Eurasia to other continents.[2]Salsola kali is less widespread as an introduced species in America.[1]
Taxonomy
The species was first described in 1753 as Salsola kali by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Until 2007, it belonged to genus Salsola (sensu lato), but after molecular genetical research, it was proposed that the genus be split, and the species placed into the genus KaliMill. (syn. Salsola sect. KaliDum.).[3] In the genus Kali, the valid name is Kali turgidum(Dumort.) Guterm. (incorrectly as "turgida", basionym: Salsola turgidaDumort.).[4] The name Kali soda Moench used by Akhani et al. (2007) is invalid because of the older name Kali sodaScop. (a synonym of Salsola soda).[5]As of March2024[update], Plants of the World Online subsumed all Kali species into Salsola.[6]
Salsola kali belongs to tribe Salsoleae s. str.[3]Salsola kali and other closely related species form a species complex (Salsola kali-aggregate or formerly Kali tragus-aggregate).[7] Some authors treat these species only on subspecies level. Then Salsola kali would be the valid name for the whole species complex, and the former Kali turgidum would be a subspecies of it.[5]
It was previously thought that Salsola kali had two subspecies:
Salsola kali subsp. tragus, syn. Kali tragus, now treated as Salsola tragus,[8] a common weed of disturbed habitats, commonly known as prickly Russian thistle, windwitch, common saltwort, or tumbleweed.
Salsola kali subsp. kali, syn. Kali turgidum, now simply treated as ''Salsola kali,[1] a salt-resistant plant restricted to the shores of the Baltic Sea, North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, commonly known as prickly saltwort.
As of March2024[update], no subspecies were accepted by Plants of the World Online.
In 2014, Mosyakin et al. proposed to conserve Salsola kali (= Kali turgidum) as nomenclatoral type for the genus Salsola. This is now accepted,[1] with many species of genus Kali restored to Salsola, with some Palaearctic species placed in the genus Soda.[9]
Alkali and soda ash
The plant is a halophyte, i.e. it grows where the water is salty, and the plant is a succulent, i.e. it holds much salty water. When the plant is burned, the sodium in the salt ends up in the chemical sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate has a number of practical uses, including especially as an ingredient in making glass, and making soap. In the medieval and early modern centuries the Kali plant and others like it were collected at tidal marshes and seashores. The collected plants were burned. The resulting ashes were mixed with water. Sodium carbonate is soluble in water. Non-soluble components of the ashes sank to the bottom of the water container. The water with the sodium carbonate dissolved in it was then transferred to another container, and then the water was evaporated off, leaving behind the sodium carbonate. Another major component of the ashes that is soluble in water is potassium carbonate. The resulting product consisted mainly of a mixture of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate. This product was called "soda ash" (was also called "alkali"). Soda ash extracted from the ashes of Salsola kali contains as much as 30% sodium carbonate. The soda ash was used primarily to make glass (secondarily used as a cleaning agent). Another notable halophilic plant that was collected for the purpose was Soda inermis (syn. Salsola soda). Another was Halogeton sativus. Historically in the late medieval and early post-medieval centuries the word "kali" could refer to any such plants. (The words "alkali" and "kali" come from the Arabic word for soda ash, al-qali, where al- is the definite article.) Today such plants are also called saltworts, referring to their relatively high salt content. Because of their use historically in making glass, they are also called glassworts. In Spain the saltwort plants were called barilla and were the basis of a large industry in Spain in the 18th century; see barilla. In the early 19th century, plant sources were supplanted by synthetic sodium carbonate produced using the Leblanc process.
1 2 Sabrina Rilke: Revision der Sektion Salsola s.l. der Gattung Salsola (Chenopodiaceae). In: Bibliotheca Botanica. Vol. 149, 1999, ISBN978-3-510-48020-3(Summary online).
1 2 Hossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards, Eric H. Roalson: Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification In: International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(6), 2007: 931–956.
1 2 Walter Gutermann: Notulae nomenclaturales 41–45. Neue Namen bei Cruciata und Kali sowie einige kleinere Korrekturen. In: Phyton (Horn). 51 (1), 2011, p. 98.
Hossein Akhani; Gerald Edwards; Eric H. Roalson (2007), "Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168 (6): 931–956, doi:10.1086/518263, S2CID86789297
Walter Gutermann: Notulae nomenclaturales 41–45. Neue Namen bei Cruciata und Kali sowie einige kleinere Korrekturen (New names in Cruciata, Kali, and some small corrections). In: Phyton (Horn). 51 (1), 2011, p.98.
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