Shva

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Shva
ְ‎
IPA Modern Hebrew: /e/ ([ e̞ ]), Ø
Biblical Hebrew: /a/, /i/
Transliteration e, '(apostrophe), nothing
English examplemen, menorah
Example
Sheva.png
The word shva in Hebrew. The first vowel (under Shin, marked with red) is itself a shva.
Other Niqqud
Shva · Hiriq  · Tzere  · Segol  · Patach  · Kamatz  · Holam  · Dagesh  · Mappiq  · Shuruk  · Kubutz  · Rafe  · Sin/Shin Dot

Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, shĕwa (Hebrew : שְׁוָא) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots ( ְ‎ ) beneath a letter. It indicates either the phoneme /ə/ (shva na', mobile shva) or the complete absence of a vowel (/Ø/) (shva naḥ, resting shva).

Contents

It is transliterated as ⟨e⟩, ⟨ĕ⟩, ⟨ə⟩, ⟨'⟩ (apostrophe), or nothing. Note that use of ⟨ə⟩ for shva is questionable: transliterating Modern Hebrew shva naḥ with ⟨ə⟩ is misleading, since it is never actually pronounced [ə] – a mid central vowel (IPA [ə]) does not exist in Modern Hebrew. The vowel [ə] was pronounced as a full vowel in earlier Hebrew varieties such as Tiberian vocalization, where it was phonetically usually identical to short [a], in Palestinian vocalization appears as short [e] or [i], and in Babylonian vocalization as [a]. In early Greek and Latin transliterations of Hebrew such as the Hexapla, it appears as [ε] and [e], respectively. [1]

A shva sign in combination with the vowel diacritics patáḥ, segól, and qamatz produces a ḥatáf: a diacritic for a tnuʿá ḥatufá (a 'reduced vowel' – lit. 'abducted vowel'). In Tiberian Hebrew, these were pronounced identical to the short vowels [a], [ɛ], and [ɔ]. [2]

Pronunciation in Modern Hebrew

In Modern Hebrew, shva is either pronounced /e/ or is mute (Ø), regardless of its traditional classification as shva nach (שְׁוָא נָח) or shva na (שְׁוָא נָע), see following table for examples. The Israeli standard for its transliteration [3] is ⟨e⟩ only for a pronounced shva na (i.e., one which is pronounced /e/), and no representation in transliteration if the shva is mute.

In Modern Hebrew, a shva is pronounced /e/ under the following conditions: [4]

Condition for /e/ pronunciation of shva in Israeli HebrewExamplesExamples for silent shva (since condition does not apply)
In Hebrew IPA translationIn Hebrew IPA translation
1. When under the first of two letters, both representing the same consonant or consonants with identical place and manner of articulation:שָׁכְחוּ/ʃaχeˈχu/they forgotמָכְרוּ/maχˈru/they sold
שָׁדַדְתְּ/ʃaˈdadet/you (f.) robbedשָׁלַלְתְּ/ʃaˈlalt/you (feminine) negated
2. When under the first letter of a word, if this letter is a sonorant in modern pronunciation, i.e. י ‎ (/j/), ל ‎ (/l/), מ ‎ (/m/), נ ‎ (/n/) or ר ‎ (/r/) [*] :נְמָלִים/nemaˈlim/ ants גְּמָלִים/ɡmaˈlim/ camels
מְנִיָּה/meniˈja/countingבְּנִיָּה/bniˈja/building
3. When under the first letter of a word, if the second letter is a glottal consonant, i.e. א ‎ (/ʔ/), ה ‎ (/h/) or ע ‎ (/ʕ/ or /ʔ/):תְּאָרִים/teaˈrim/titlesמִתְאָרִים/mitʔaˈrim/outlines
תְּמָרִים/tmaˈrim/ dates
4. When under the first letter of a word, if this letter represents one of the prefix-morphemes
  1. ב (/be/) = amongst others "in",
  2. ו (/ve/) = "and",
  3. כ (/ke/) = amongst others "as" or "approximately",
  4. ל (/le/) = amongst others "to", dative marker and verb prefix in infinitive,
  5. ת (/te/) as future tense verb prefix:
בְּרֵיחָהּ/berejˈχa/in her scentבְּרֵיכָה/brejˈχa/pool
בְּחִישָׁה/beχiˈʃa/in sensingבְּחִישָׁה/bχiˈʃa/stirring
וְרוֹדִים/veroˈdim/and (they) tyrannizeוְרוּדִים/vruˈdim/pink (m.p.)
כְּרָזָה/keraˈza/as a thin personכְּרָזָה/kraˈza/poster
לְפָּרִיז/lepaˈriz/to Paris
תְּבַלּוּ/tevaˈlu/you (m. p.) will have a good timeתְּבַלּוּל/tvaˈlul/cataract
5. (In non standard language usage) if one of the morphemes mentioned above ( ב ‎/be/, ו ‎/ve/, כ ‎/ke/, ל ‎/le/ or ת ‎/te/) or one of the morphemes מ ‎/mi/ ("from") or ש ‎/ʃe/ ("that") is added as a prefix to a word, which without this prefix begins with a letter marked with a shva pronounced /e/ under the above conditions, this shva will retain its /e/-pronunciation also with the prefix:מִצְּעָדִים/mitseaˈdim/from stepsמִצְּמָדִים/mitsmaˈdim/from pairs
מִצְעָדִים/mitsʔaˈdim/parades
מִרְוָחִים/mirevaˈχim/from blanks מִרְוָחִים/mirvaˈχim/intervals
standard:מֵרְוָחִים –/merevaˈχim/
לַאֲרָיוֹת וְלְנְמֵרִים יֵשׁ פַּרְוָה/learaˈjotvelenemerim…/Lions and tigers have fur
standard:וְלִנְמֵרִים/…velinmeˈrim…/
וְכְּיְלָדִים שִׂחַקְנוּ בַּחוּץ/vekejelaˈdim…/And as children we played outside
standard:וְכִילָדִים – /veχilaˈdim…/
6. (Usually – see counterexamples [**] ) when under a medial letter, before whose pronunciation a consonant was pronounced:אִשְׁפְּזוּ/iʃpeˈzu/they hospitalizedאִישׁ פְּזוּר דַּעַת/iʃpzurˈda.at/an absentminded man

Counterexamples

^ One exception to rule 2 seems to be מְלַאי/mlaj/ 'inventory' (although according to the New User-Friendly Hebrew-English Dictionary (Arie Comey, Naomi Tsur; Achiasaf, 2006), the word is instead pronounced /meˈlai/); the absence of a vowel after the מ‎ (/m/) might be attributable to the high sonority of the subsequent liquid ל‎ (/l/), compare with מְלִית (/meˈlit/, not /*mlit/) 'filling' (in cuisine).

^ Exceptions to rule 6 include פְּסַנְתְּרָן (/psantˈran/, not */psanteˈran/ – 'pianist'), אַנְגְּלִית (/aŋˈɡlit/, not */aŋɡeˈlit/ – 'English'), נַשְׁפְּרִיץ [5] (/naʃˈprit͡s/, not */naʃpeˈrit͡s/ – 'we will sprinkle'), several inflections of quinqueliteral roots – e.g.: סִנְכְּרֵן [6] (/sinˈkren/, not */sinkeˈren/ – 'he synchronized'); חִנְטְרֵשׁ [7] (/χinˈtreʃ/, not */χinteˈreʃ/ – 'he did stupid things'); הִתְפְלַרְטֵט [8] (/hitflarˈtet/, not */hitfelartet/ – 'he had a flirt') – as well as other, more recent loanwords, e.g. מַנְטְרַה (/ˈmantra/, not */mantera/ – 'mantra').

In earlier forms of Hebrew, shva na and nach were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable, but the two variants resulting from Modern Hebrew phonology no longer conform to the traditional classification, e.g. while the (first) shva nach in the phrase סִפְרֵי תורה ('books of the Law') is correctly pronounced in Modern Hebrew /sifreitorah/ with the פ‎ (or /f/ sound) being mute, the shva na in זְמַן ('time') in Modern Hebrew is often pronounced as a mute Shva (/zman/). In religious contexts, however, scrupulous readers of the prayers and scriptures do still differentiate properly between Shva Nach and Shva Na (e.g. zĕman).

Traditional classification

In traditional Hebrew grammar, a shva is categorized according to several attributes of its grammatical context. The three categories of shva relevant to the prescriptive grammar of Modern Hebrew are shva naʻ (שווא נע), shva naḥ (שווא נח) and the less common shva meraḥef (שווא מרחף). When discussing Tiberian pronunciation, some shvas are classified as shva gaʻya (שווא געיה). The following table summarizes four distinguishing attributes which determine these categories:

To help illustrate the first criterion (existence or non-existence of a vowel in the word's non inflected form), the location of the shva (i.e., the place within the word where the lack of vowel is indicated by it) is marked within the phonemic transcription with an orange linguistic zero: Ø; if existing, the corresponding vowel in the basic (non inflected) form of the example is also marked in orange.

type of shvaexamplenon inflected form of example standard syllabification attributes:
supersedes in non inflected form:preceding letter's niqqud:following letter with / without dagesh qal: assigned to syllable:
naʻעֵרְבוֹנוֹת/erØvoˈnot/(deposits)עֵרָבוֹן/eraˈvon/(deposit)עֵ—רְבוֹ—נוֹתvowellongwithoutfollowing
naḥעֶלְבּוֹנוֹת/elØboˈnot/(insults)עֶלְבּוֹן/elØˈbon/(insult)עֶלְ—בּוֹ—נוֹתno vowelshortwithpreceding
meraḥefיֶאֶרְכוּ/je.erØˈχu/(they will last)יֶאֱרַךְ/je.eˈraχ/(it will last)יֶ—אֶרְ—כוּvowelshortwithoutpreceding

Shva Naʻ

In most cases, traditional Hebrew grammar considers shva naʻ "mobile shva" to supersede a vowel that exists in the basic form of a word but was reduced due to inflection or declension. Additionally, any shva marked under an initial letter is classified shva naʻ.

Identifying a shva as shva naʻ is relevant to the application of niqqud in Tiberian Hebrew, e.g., a בג״ד כפ״ת letter following a letter marked with a shva naʻ may not be marked with a dagesh qal; the vowel preceding a letter marked with a shva naʻ must be represented by the "long" niqqud variant for that vowel: qamats and not pataḥ, tsere and not segol, etc. [↑] . Furthermore, in the standard syllabification, the letter under which a shva naʻ is marked is grouped with the following syllable.

The Academy of the Hebrew Language's transliteration guidelines [3] specify that shva naʻ should be transliterated only if pronounced in Modern Hebrew, in which case ⟨e⟩ be used for general purposes and ⟨ĕ⟩ for precise transliteration. Shva naʻ is sometimes transliterated ⟨ə⟩. However, this symbol is misleading since it is commonly used in linguistics to denote the vowel schwa, which does not exist in Modern Hebrew.

A shva naʻ can be identified with the following criteria:

  1. When marked under the first letter of a word, as in מְרַחֵף, לְפָנָי, and שְׁמַע,
  2. When marked under the first of two identical letters,
  3. When it's the second of two shvas marked under two consecutive letters (except when marked under the last letter of a word), as in רַעְמְסֵסramʻasēs(Exo. 12:37) and וישְׁמְעוwišmaʻu(Gen. 3:8),
  4. When the letter before the one under which it is marked is marked with a "long" niqqud variant, [↑] , such as the long vowel of either yod or ḥiriq, as in יְחִֽידְֿךָ(Gen. 22:2) (yiḥiḏaḵā), or the long vowel of wāw or ḥolam, as in the words הוֹלְכִֿים, יוֹדְֿעִים and מוֹכְֿרִים (holaḵim, yodaʻim and moḵarim) and שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים(Deut. 16:18), "šofaṭim wašoṭarim."
  5. When marked under a letter with a dagesh ḥazaq (historically an indicator of gemination), as מִפְּנֵיכֶם(Lev. 18:24) and מִקְּדָֿשׁ(Exo. 15:17). [9] : 31 

For a more detailed account, see Tiberian vocalization § Vowel diacritics

Shva Naḥ

Traditional Hebrew grammar defines shva naḥ, or shva quiescens, as indicating the absence of a vowel. In Modern Hebrew, some shvas classified as shva naḥ are nonetheless pronounced /e/ (e.g. the shva under the second dalet in the word שָׁדַדְתְּ – /ʃaˈdadet/ – "you (f.) robbed"; see table above).

In a few cases, a shva not conforming to the criteria listed above is classified as shva naḥ. This offers no conclusive indication as to its pronunciation in Modern Hebrew; it is, however, relevant to the application of standard niqqud, e.g.: a בג״ד כפ״ת letter following a letter marked with a shva nacḥ must be marked with a dagesh qal (Modern Hebrew phonology sometimes disagrees with this linguistic prescription, as in לְפַסְפֵס – "to miss" – in which the second pe lacks a dagesh qal although preceded by a shva naḥ), or: the vowel prior to a letter marked with a shva naḥ must be represented by the "short" niqqud-variant for that vowel: pataḥ and not qamats, segol and not tsere etc. [↑] . Furthermore, in standard syllabification, the letter under which a shva naḥ is marked is grouped with the preceding syllable.

The Academy of the Hebrew Language's transliteration guidelines [3] specify that shva naḥ should not be represented in transliteration.

Shva Meraḥef

"Shva meraḥef" is the grammatical designation of a shva which does not comply with all criteria characterizing a shva naʻ (specifically, one marked under a letter following a letter marked with a "short", not a "long", niqqud-variant [↑] ), but which does, like a shva na’, supersede a vowel (or a shva na’) that exists in the primary form of a word but not after this word underwent inflection or declension.

The classification of a shva as shva meraḥef is relevant to the application of standard niqqud, e.g.: a בג״ד כפ״ת letter following a letter marked with a shva meraḥef should not be marked with a dagesh qal. The vowel preceding this letter could be represented by the short niqqud-variant for that vowel. [↑] This sometimes, but not always, reflects pronunciation in Modern Hebrew; e.g. מַלְכֵי ('kings of') is commonly pronounced in accordance with the standard form, /malˈχej/ (with no dagesh qal in the letter kaf), whereas כַּלְבֵי ('dogs of'), whose standard pronunciation is /kalˈvej/, is commonly pronounced /kalˈbej/ (as if there were a dagesh qal in the letter bet). In standard syllabification, the letter under which a shva meraḥef is marked is grouped with the preceding syllable.

Shva Gaʻya

The word /wana'suba/ in the Book of Lamentations (Lamentations) 5:21. According to some traditions, the ga`ya in the word (marked in red) renders the shva stressed. In the Sephardic tradition, the pronunciation is ['vana'suva]. Ga'ya.png
The word /wanā'šuḇā/ in the Book of Lamentations (Lamentations) 5:21. According to some traditions, the gaʻya in the word (marked in red) renders the shva stressed. In the Sephardic tradition, the pronunciation is ['vana'šuva].

Shva gaʻya designates a shva marked under a letter that is also marked with the cantillation mark gaʻya (גַּעְיָה lit. 'bleating' or 'bellowing'), [9] : 22–23  or meteg, e.g. the shva under the letter bet in the word בְּהוֹנוֹת "toes" would normally be classified a shva naʻ and be transliterated ⟨e⟩: behonót (or according to the precise standard, [3] ⟨ĕ⟩: bĕhonót). However, if marked with the gaʻya cantillation mark, Shwa-gaja.jpg , this shva is classified as shva gaʻya, and the transliteration believed to reflect its historical pronunciation would be bohonót. This "strict application" is found in Yemenite Hebrew.

T'nua hatufa

Within niqqud, vowel diacritics are sorted into three groups: big, small and fleeting or furtive (t'nuot g'dolotתנועות גדולות, t'nuot k'tanotתנועות קטנות and t'nuot chatufotתנועות חטופות), sometimes also referred to as long, short and very short or ultrashort. This grouping might have correlated to different vowel lengths in earlier forms of Hebrew (see Tiberian vocalization → Vowels; spoken Israeli Hebrew however does not distinguish between different vowel lengths, thus this orthographic differentiation is not manifest in speech).

The vowel diacritics classified as chatufot ('fleeting') all share the common feature of being a digraph of a small vowel diacritic (Patach, Segol or Kamatz Katan) plus a shva sign. Similarly, their names are derived from the respective small vowel diacritic's name plus the adjunct chataf: chataf patach, chataf segol and chataf kamatz.

As with a shva na, standard (prescribed) syllabification determines that letters pointed with a fleeting vowel diacritic be considered part of the subsequent syllable, even if in modern Hebrew pronunciation this diacritic represents a full-fledged syllable, thus e.g. the phonologically trisyllabic word הֶעֱמִיד ('he placed upright'), pronounced Hebrew pronunciation: [/he.eˈmid/] , should standardly be syllabified into only two syllables, הֶ—עֱמִיד (he'emid).

NameSymbol Israeli Hebrew
IPA Transliteration English
approximate
Reduced Segol
(ẖatáf segól)		 Hataf Segol.svg [ e̞ ]emen
Reduced Patach
("ẖatáf patáẖ")		 Hataf Patah.svg [ ä ]aspa
Reduced Kamatz
("ẖatáf kamáts")		 3 Hataf Qamaz.PNG [ o̞ ]ocone
Reduced Hiriq
("ẖatáf ẖiríq") – not in current use, appears rarely [10] in the Aleppo Codex [11] 		Hataf hiriq.png [ i ]iit

Comparison table

Vowel comparison table
Vowel Length [ citation needed ]
(phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew)		 IPA Transliteration English
approximate		Notes
LongShortVery Shortphonemicphonetic
סָ‎סַ‎סֲ‎/a/[ ä ]aspasee open central unrounded vowel
סֵ‎סֶ‎סֱ‎/e/[ e̞ ]etempsee mid front unrounded vowel
סוֹ‎סׇ‎סֳ‎/o/[ o̞ ]oconesee mid back rounded vowel
סוּ‎סֻ‎n/a/u/[ u ]udoom
סִי‎סִ‎/i/[ i ]iski
Note I:By adding two vertical dots (shva) ְ‎ the vowel is made very short.
Note II:The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
Note III:The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Unicode encoding

GlyphUnicodeName
ְ‎
U+05B0HEBREW POINT SHEVA
ֱ‎
U+05B1HEBREW POINT HATAF SEGOL
ֲ‎
U+05B2HEBREW POINT HATAF PATAH
ֳ‎
U+05B3 HEBREW POINT HATAF QAMATS

As of 2016, a separate Unicode symbol for the sheva na has been proposed but not implemented. [12]

See also

Notes

↑Long and short niqqud-variants represent identical spoken vowels in Modern Hebrew; the orthographic distinction is, however, still observed in standard spelling.

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The Palestinian vocalization, Palestinian pointing, Palestinian niqqud or Vocalization of the Land of Israel is an extinct system of niqqud (diacritics) devised by scholars to add to the Hebrew Bible to indicate vowel quality. The Palestinian system is no longer used, long supplanted by the Tiberian vocalization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babylonian vocalization</span> Historical system of diacritics for Hebrew

The Babylonian vocalization, also known as Babylonian supralinear punctuation, or Babylonian pointing or Babylonian niqqud Hebrew: נִקּוּד בָּבְלִי‎) is a system of diacritics (niqqud) and vowel symbols assigned above the text and devised by the Masoretes of Babylon to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to indicate the proper pronunciation of words, reflecting the Hebrew of Babylon. The Babylonian notation is no longer in use in any Jewish community, having been supplanted by the sublinear Tiberian vocalization. However, the Babylonian pronunciation as reflected in that notation appears to be the ancestor of that used by Yemenite Jews.

References

  1. ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (2020). The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1. Cambridge, England: Open Book Publishers. pp. 305–7. ISBN   978-1-78374-677-4.
  2. ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (2020). The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1. Cambridge, England: Open Book Publishers. p. 313. ISBN   978-1-78374-677-4.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Transliteration guidelines from 2006 (p. 4)
  4. ↑ "Characterization and Evaluation of Speech-Reading Support Systems for Hard-of-Hearing Students in the Class" by Becky Schocken; Faculty of Management, Tel-Aviv University, Department of Management and Economics, The Open University of Israel
  5. ↑ "מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - השפריץ". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  6. ↑ "מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - סנכרן". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  7. ↑ "מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - חנטרש". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  8. ↑ "מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - פלרטט". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  9. 1 2 Maḥberet Kitrei Ha-Torah (ed. Yoav Pinhas Halevi), chapter 5, Benei Barak 1990 (Hebrew)
  10. ↑ I Kings 17:11 "לקחי־נא"; Psalms 14:1 "השחיתו", "התעיבו"; Psalms 53:2 "השחיתו", "והתעיבו"
  11. ↑ hagigim.com
  12. ↑ "ScriptSource - Entry - Unicode Status (Hebrew)".

Bibliography

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