Sind River

Last updated

Sind River
Nallah Sindh.jpg
Sind River
Location
Country India
Union territory Jammu and Kashmir
Region Kashmir Valley
District Ganderbal
Physical characteristics
Source 34°12′14.860″N75°35′21.94″E / 34.20412778°N 75.5894278°E / 34.20412778; 75.5894278
  location Machoi Glacier
  elevation4,800 m (15,700 ft)
Mouth 34°11′2.382″N74°40′36.21″E / 34.18399500°N 74.6767250°E / 34.18399500; 74.6767250
  location
Jhelum river at Shadipora
  elevation
1,600 m (5,200 ft)
Length108 km (67 mi)
Discharge 
  average290 m3/s (10,000 cu ft/s)

The Sind River or the Sindh River is a river in the Ganderbal district of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is a major tributary of the Jhelum River and is 108 km (67 mi) long.

Contents

Geography

Sind River at Gatribal Sind River11.jpg
Sind River at Gatribal
Sind seen from Duderhama Bridge Nallah sindh.jpg
Sind seen from Duderhama Bridge
Sind Valley Nallah Sindh Valley.jpg
Sind Valley

The Sind River forms the Sind Valley. The source of the river lies in the Machoi Glacier at an elevation of 4,800 m (15,700 ft), east of the Amarnath temple and south of the Zoji La. [1] [2] It flows through Panjtarni (a camping site of Amarnath yatra) southwards up to Domail where it joins a tributary which doubles its flow from the Kolhoi Glacier. It then flows mostly westwards along the NH 1D and is fed by many glacial streams on its way to Ganderbal town. At Kichpora Preng it is fed by the Wangath river which flows down from the Gangabal Lake. The major tributaries of the river are: the Amarnath stream, Kolhoi Grar, Shitkadi Nallah, Gund Nallah, Surfraw Nallah and Wangath Nallah.

Surfraw Nallah is a big Nallah which joins the Sind river at Surfraw (Soraf raw). This Nallah is also known for its beauty and fish. [3] The Sind river is navigable from Ganderbal town. It joins the Jhelum River at Shadipora, 17 kilometres northwest of Srinagar. [4] The river also passes through the famous alpine hill station Sonamarg where river rafting [5] tournaments are organised annually by the Tourism Department of Jammu and Kashmir. [6] The Sind River is also the only river in Jammu and Kashmir on which three hydroelectric power plants are functional. The waters of the river are used for irrigation by way of different canals [7] and for domestic use.

Fish

The Sind River is the natural habitat of trout, and various other fish. The most famous among them are: [8] brown trout, [9] (Salmo trutta) rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss), snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus), Shuddgurn and Anyour.

Ecological issues

Sind River at Benhama village Sind River.jpg
Sind River at Benhama village

Trout and hence trout fishing are at risk along the Sind river. This is for several reasons.

The extraction of sand/bajri by engagement of heavy machines is destroying the natural habitat of trout and other fish. [10] Waste from the use of pesticides, DDT and insecticides by farmers kills many fish every day. The change in topography leads to the destruction of aquatic fauna of the river. In various riverine villages people catch fish through the conventional way of angling and using nets. These methods are replaced today by resorting to unconventional and illegal methods. The most ecologically destructive method is using bleaching powder, procured from officials of the PHE department. Bleaching powder not only kills fish but other aquatic life as well. This process is very common during summers, especially in the Wayil catchment area.[ citation needed ]

The Fisheries Department and other government agencies have not been able to effectively intervene. Mismanagement of water diversion to power canals is another concern for the survival of fish. [11]

Major projects on the Sind

Major bridges

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganderbal</span> Town in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Ganderbal is a town and a municipality committee in Ganderbal District in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the headquarters of Ganderbal district. It is in Central Kashmir; it has an average elevation of 1,619 metres. It is bordered by district Srinagar District in the south, Bandipora District to the north, Kargil in the northeast, Anantnag District to the southeast, and Baramulla District in the southwest. The current District Magistrate of Ganderbal is Mr. Shyambir Singh (IAS). Ganderbal is renowned for its beauty, boasting numerous picturesque places and captivating landscapes. Sonamarg is the most famous place in Ganderbal; Shri Amarnath Ji Yatra is also traversed through Ganderbal district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonamarg</span> Hill station in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Sonamarg or Sonmarg, known as Sonamarag in Kashmiri, is a hill station located in the Ganderbal District of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located about 62 kilometers from Ganderbal Town and 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of the capital city, Srinagar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir</span>

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Chenab Valley, Sindh Valley and Lidder Valley. Some major tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are Srinagar, with its renowned Dal Lake and Mughal Gardens, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Bhaderwah, Patnitop and Jammu. Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath which has had a significant impact on the state's economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganderbal district</span> District in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The Ganderbal district, is an Indian-administered district in Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It was formed in 2007 and has 6 subdistricts (tehsils): Kangan, Ganderbal, Tullamulla, Wakura, Lar, and Gund.

Baltal is a camping ground for pilgrims, 75 km from Ganderbal town in Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir, India and 93 km from capital city Srinagar and 15 km north of Sonamarg on the Sind River at the base of Zojila pass. This little valley is only a day's journey away from Srinagar and provides a shorter high-altitude alternate route to the sacred cave of Amarnath.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gangabal Lake</span> Lake in Jammu & Kashmir, India

The Gangabal Lake, also called Haramukh Ganga, is an alpine high-altitude oligotrophic lake situated at the foot of Mount Haramukh in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The lake has a maximum length of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) and maximum width of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi). It is fed by precipitation, glaciers and springs and is home to many species of fish, including the brown trout. Water from the lake outflows into the nearby Nundkol Lake and then into the Sind River via Wangath Nallah. This lake is considered sacred in Hinduism as one of the abodes of Shiva, and Kashmiri Hindus perform an annual pilgrimage to the lake called Harmukh-Gangabal Yatra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krishansar Lake</span> Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The Krishansar Lake is an alpine high elevation oligotrophic lake situated near Sonamarg, in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir in India at an elevation of 3,710 metres (12,170 ft). It is located less than one kilometer northwest of Vishansar Lake, and has a maximum length of 0.95 km and maximum width of 0.6 km.

Sirbal Peak is a mountain with a peak elevation of 5,235 metres (17,175 ft), in the Ganderbal district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, in the vicinity of Sonamarg. Sirbal Peak is part of the Himalaya Range, and is located between Sonamarg and Baltal. It lies 102 km northeast from Srinagar, 5 km from Sonamarg in the east. Sirbal Peak lies 6 km west of Zojila. It rises from a glacier 5 km ahead from Sonamarg on left side of NH 1D. The melt waters from the glacier add to the flow of Nallah Sindh.

Amarnath Peak is a mountain with a peak elevation of 5,186 metres (17,014 ft), in the Ganderbal district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, in the vicinity of Sonamarg. Amarnath Peak is part of the Himalayas, and is located south of Zojila and west of Machoi Glacier. It lies 117 km northeast from Srinagar, 13 km from Baltal in the southeast. It lies 6 km south of Zojila. The melt waters form a major tributary of the Sind River at Baltal.

Lar is a town and council district in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir, in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is a relatively newly established tehsil, carved out of the Ganderbal tehsil. It is situated 25 km from the heart of the summer capital, Srinagar, on National Highway between the foothills of the Himalayan mountains in the north and the picturesque Zabarwan Hills in the south. The Sind River, a major tributary to the Jehlum River flows through Lar. The famous Manasbal Lake lies a few kilometres away from the town centre.

Wayil s a tourist village in the Ganderbal District of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located on the bank of Sind River, around 9 km from Ganderbal, 30 km northeast from Srinagar, at NH 1D which connects Srinagar and Ladakh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sind Valley</span> Region in the Jammu and Kashmir, India

The Sind Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley of the Kashmir Valley in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The entrance of the Sind Valley lies 33 kilometres (21 mi) northeast of Srinagar the capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 65 kilometres (40 mi) long gorge valley with an average width of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarsar Lake</span> Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The Tarsar Lake or Tar Sar is an almond-shaped, oligotrophic alpine lake situated in the Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. On its west side lies Dachigam National Park, and on its south side lies Tral. The shortest route for reaching it, is from Surfraw Ganderbal, but it has a difficult terrain. Other trek routes to the lake are from Lidderwat and Nagaberan forest areas which fall in south Kashmir.

Anchar Lake is a lake located in Soura in the Srinagar district of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satsar Lake</span> Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The Satsar Lake or Sat Sar consists of seven small alpine lakes situated in Ganderbal district of the Kashmir Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rangil water treatment plant</span>

Rangil water treatment plant is situated on rangil mountain of Ganderbal district about 21 km from commercial centre of Kashmir. The water project was inaugurated by Farooq Abdullah on 15 March 2010 and its cost was estimated as Rs 31 crore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Z-Morh Tunnel</span> Road tunnel under the Z-Morh road in the Himalayas

The Z-MorhTunnel is a 6.5 km long 2-lane road tunnel between Gagangair and Sonamarg in Ganderbal district of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is named after the Z-shaped stretch of road that the tunnel has replaced. The road used before was avalanche-prone and used to get blocked for several months, but the Z-Morh tunnel provides all-weather connectivity to the Sonamarg tourist town. It takes only 15 minutes to travel the 6.5 km long tunnel compared to hours over the zig-zag road up and down the hills.

Sherpathri or Shairpathri(شیر پتھری) is one of the Blocks in District Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It was formed in 2014 by the J&K Govt and is located at a distance of 5 km from the main town. There are total of 7 Blocks in Ganderbal District. Sherpathri Consists of 5 Halqas viz; Gogjigund, Sehpora, Rabitar, Shallabugh and Hakim Gund. Mr. Rafeeq Ahmad Wani is currently the Naib Tehsildar Sherpathri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shallabugh</span> A famous village of Kashmir.

Shallabugh(شالہ بُگ) is a tourist village located in Sherpathri block of Tullamulla tehsil of Central Kashmir's Ganderbal district in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulmullah Nallah</span> Tulmulla Stream fed by local springs.

Tulmulla Nallah, locally known as Naagpav, is a significant stream flowing through the villages of Tulmullah tehsil in central Kashmir's Ganderbal district, India.

References

  1. Lulu. Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Lulu.com. p. 37–. ISBN   9780963479860 . Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  2. Kalhana (2001). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmi. Elibron.com, 2001. p. 12–. ISBN   9781402173486 . Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  3. "Upper Sindht II, Water Resources Projects in Indus Basin". nih.ernet.in. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015.
  4. "Shadipora". wikiedit.org.
  5. "Sonamarg, two died in river rafting". hindustantimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  6. "Sonamarg, Kashmir-Travel and tourist guide". sonamarg.org.
  7. "Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State". ikashmir.net.
  8. "Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network-Gain". growfish.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  9. Petr, T., ed. (1999). Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes : Asia. Rome: FAO. p. 72. ISBN   92-5-104309-4.
  10. "sand extraction, human waste destroy trout habitat". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  11. "Jammu Kashmir Holidays". jammukashmirholidays.com.
  12. "Upper Sindh partially resumes generation". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  13. "Upper Sindh Project still not working". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  14. "Rangil Water Treatment Plan to operate soon". kashmirnow.com. Retrieved 18 September 2008.