Slaughterhouse-Five

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Slaughterhouse-Five, or the Children's Crusade
Slaughterhouse-Five (first edition) - Kurt Vonnegut.jpg
First edition cover
Author Kurt Vonnegut
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Genre Dark comedy
Satire
Science fiction
War novel
Metafiction
Postmodernism
Publisher Delacorte
Publication date
March 31, 1969 [1]
Pages190 (First Edition) [2]
ISBN 0-385-31208-3 (first edition, hardback)
OCLC 29960763
813.54
LC Class PS3572.O5 S6 1994

Slaughterhouse-Five, or, The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death is a 1969 semi-autobiographic science fiction-infused anti-war novel by Kurt Vonnegut. It follows the life experiences of Billy Pilgrim, from his early years, to his time as an American soldier and chaplain's assistant during World War II, to the post-war years. Throughout the novel, Billy frequently travels back and forth through time. The protagonist deals with a temporal crisis as a result of his post-war psychological trauma. The text centers on Billy's capture by the German Army and his survival of the Allied firebombing of Dresden as a prisoner of war, an experience that Vonnegut endured as an American serviceman. The work has been called an example of "unmatched moral clarity" [3] and "one of the most enduring anti-war novels of all time". [3]

Contents

Plot

The novel's first chapter begins with "All this happened, more or less"; this introduction implies an unreliable narrator tells the story. Vonnegut utilizes a non-linear, non-chronological description of events to reflect Billy Pilgrim's psychological state. Events become clear through flashbacks and descriptions of time travel experiences. [4] In the first chapter, the narrator describes his writing of the book, his experiences as a University of Chicago anthropology student and a Chicago City News Bureau correspondent, his research on the Children's Crusade and the history of Dresden, and his visit to Cold War-era Europe with his wartime friend Bernard V. O'Hare. In the second chapter, Vonnegut introduces Billy Pilgrim, an American man from the fictional town of Ilium, New York. Billy believes that an extraterrestrial species from the planet Tralfamadore held him captive in an alien zoo and that he has experienced time travel.

As a chaplain's assistant in the United States Army during World War II, Billy is an ill-trained, disoriented and fatalistic American soldier who discovers that he does not like war and refuses to fight. [5] He is transferred from a base in South Carolina to the front line in Luxembourg during the Battle of the Bulge. He narrowly escapes death as the result of a string of events. He also meets Roland Weary, a patriot, warmonger, and sadistic bully who derides Billy's cowardice. The two of them are captured in 1944 by the Germans, who confiscate all of Weary's belongings and force him to wear wooden clogs that cut painfully into his feet; the resulting wounds become gangrenous, which eventually kills him. While Weary is dying in a rail car full of prisoners, he convinces a fellow soldier, Paul Lazzaro, that Billy is to blame for his death. Lazzaro vows to avenge Weary's death by killing Billy, because revenge is "the sweetest thing in life."

At this exact time, Billy becomes "unstuck in time"; Billy travels through time to moments from his past and future. The novel describes the transportation of Billy and the other prisoners into Germany. The German soldiers held their prisoners in the German city of Dresden; the prisoners had to work in "contract labor" (forced labor); these events occurred in 1945. The Germans detained Billy and his fellow prisoners in an empty slaughterhouse called Schlachthof-fünf ("slaughterhouse five"). During the Allied bombing of Dresden, German guards hid their captives in the partially underground setting of the slaughterhouse; this protected those captives from complete annihilation.  As a result, they are among the few survivors of the firestorm that raged in the city between February 13 and 15, 1945. After V-E Day in May 1945, Billy was transferred to the United States and received an honorable discharge in July 1945.

Billy is hospitalized with symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress disorder and placed under psychiatric care at a Veterans Affairs hospital in Lake Placid. During Billy's stay at the hospital, Eliot Rosewater introduces him to the work of an obscure science fiction writer named Kilgore Trout. After his release, Billy marries Valencia Merble, whose father owns the Ilium School of Optometry that Billy later attends. Billy becomes a successful and wealthy optometrist. In 1947, Billy and Valencia conceive their first child, Robert, on their honeymoon in Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Two years later, their second child, Barbara, was born. On Barbara's wedding night, Billy is abducted by a flying saucer and taken to a planet many light-years away from Earth called Tralfamadore. The Tralfamadorians have the power to see in four dimensions; they simultaneously observe all points in the space-time continuum. They universally adopt a fatalistic worldview: death means nothing to them, and their typical response to hearing about death is "so it goes."

The Tralfamadorians transport Billy to Tralfamadore and place him inside a transparent geodesic dome exhibit in a zoo; the inside resembles a house on planet Earth. The Tralfamadorians later abduct a pornographic film star named Montana Wildhack, who had disappeared on Earth and supposedly drowned in San Pedro Bay. The Tralfamadorians intend to have her mate with Billy. Montana and Billy fall in love and have a child together. Billy is instantaneously sent back to Earth in a time warp to re-live past or future moments of his life.

In 1968, Billy and a co-pilot are the only survivors of a plane crash in Vermont. While driving to visit Billy in the hospital, Valencia crashes her car and dies of carbon monoxide poisoning. Billy shares a hospital room with Bertram Rumfoord, a Harvard University history professor researching an official war history. They discuss the bombing of Dresden, which the professor initially refuses to believe Billy witnessed. Despite the significant loss of civilian life and the destruction of Dresden, the professor regards the bombing as a justifiable act.

Billy's daughter takes him home to Ilium. He escapes and flees to New York City. In Times Square he visits a pornographic book store, where he discovers books written by Kilgore Trout and reads them. He discovers a science fiction novel titled The Big Board at the bookstore. The novel is about a couple abducted by extraterrestrials. The aliens trick the abductees into thinking they are managing investments on Earth, which excites the humans and, in turn, sparks interest in the observers. He also finds some magazine covers that mention Montana Wildhack's disappearance. While Billy surveys the bookstore, one of Montana's pornographic films plays in the background. Later in the evening, when he discusses his time travels to Tralfamadore on a radio talk show, he is ejected from the studio. He returns to his hotel room, falls asleep, and time-travels back to 1945 in Dresden. Billy and his fellow prisoners are tasked with locating and burying the dead. After a Maori New Zealand soldier working with Billy dies of dry heaves the Germans begin cremating the bodies en masse with flamethrowers. German soldiers execute Billy's friend Edgar Derby for stealing a teapot. Eventually all of the German soldiers leave to fight on the Eastern Front, leaving Billy and the other prisoners alone with tweeting birds as the war ends.

Through non-chronological storytelling, other parts of Billy's life are told throughout the book. After Billy is evicted from the radio studio, Barbara treats Billy as a child and often monitors him. Robert becomes starkly anti-communist, enlists as a Green Beret and fights in the Vietnam War. Billy is eventually killed in 1976, at which point the United States has been partitioned into twenty separate countries and attacked by China with thermonuclear weapons. He gives a speech in a baseball stadium in Chicago in which he predicts his own death and proclaims that "if you think death is a terrible thing, then you have not understood a word I've said." Billy soon after is shot with a laser gun by an assassin commissioned by the elderly Lazzaro.

Characters

A 1965 photograph of Vonnegut by Bernard Gotfryd Kurt Vonnegut by Bernard Gotfryd (1965).jpg
A 1965 photograph of Vonnegut by Bernard Gotfryd

Style

In keeping with Vonnegut's signature style, the novel's syntax and sentence structure are simple, and irony, sentimentality, black humor, and didacticism are prevalent throughout the work. [8] Like much of his oeuvre, Slaughterhouse-Five is broken into small pieces, and in this case, into brief experiences, each focused on a specific point in time. Vonnegut has noted that his books "are essentially mosaics made up of a whole bunch of tiny little chips...and each chip is a joke." Vonnegut also includes hand-drawn illustrations in Slaughterhouse-Five, and also in his next novel, Breakfast of Champions (1973). Characteristically, Vonnegut makes heavy use of repetition, frequently using the phrase, "So it goes". He uses it as a refrain when events of death, dying, and mortality occur or are mentioned; as a narrative transition to another subject; as a memento mori ; as comic relief; and to explain the unexplained. The phrase appears 106 times. [9]

The book has been categorized as a postmodern, meta-fictional novel. The first chapter of Slaughterhouse-Five is written in the style of an author's preface about how he came to write the novel. The narrator introduces the novel's genesis by telling of his connection to the Dresden bombing, and why he is recording it. He provides a description of himself and of the book, saying that it is a desperate attempt at creating a scholarly work. He ends the first chapter by discussing the beginning and end of the novel. He then segues to the story of Billy Pilgrim: "Listen: Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time", thus the transition from the writer's perspective to that of the third-person, omniscient narrator. (The use of "Listen" as an opening interjection has been said to mimic the opening "Hwaet!" of the medieval epic poem Beowulf .) The fictional "story" appears to begin in Chapter Two, although there is no reason to presume that the first chapter is not also fiction. This technique is common in postmodern meta-fiction. [10]

The narrator explains that Billy Pilgrim experiences his life discontinuously, so that he randomly lives (and re-lives) his birth, youth, old age and death, rather than experiencing them in the normal linear order. There are two main narrative threads: a description of Billy's World War II experience, which, though interrupted by episodes from other periods and places in his life, is mostly linear; and a description of his discontinuous pre-war and post-war lives. A main idea is that Billy's existential perspective had been compromised by his having witnessed Dresden's destruction (although he had come "unstuck in time" before arriving in Dresden). [11] Slaughterhouse-Five is told in short, declarative sentences, which create the impression that one is reading a factual report. [12]

The first sentence says, "All this happened, more or less." (In 2010 this was ranked No. 38 on the American Book Review 's list of "100 Best First Lines from Novels".) [13] The opening sentences of the novel have been said to contain the aesthetic "method statement" of the entire novel. [14]

Themes

War and death

In Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut attempts to come to terms with war through the narrator's eyes, Billy Pilgrim. An example within the novel, showing Vonnegut's aim to accept his past war experiences, occurs in chapter one, when he states that "All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true. One guy I knew really was shot in Dresden for taking a teapot that wasn't his. Another guy I knew really did threaten to have his personal enemies killed by hired gunmen after the war. And so on. I've changed all the names." [15] As the novel continues, it is relevant that the reality is death. [16]

Slaughterhouse-Five focuses on human imagination while interrogating the novel's overall theme, which is the catastrophic impact that war leaves behind. [17] Death is something that happens fairly often in Slaughterhouse-Five. When a death occurs in the novel, Vonnegut marks the occasion with the saying "so it goes." Bergenholtz and Clark write about what Vonnegut actually means when he uses that saying: "Presumably, readers who have not embraced Tralfamadorian determinism will be both amused and disturbed by this indiscriminate use of 'So it goes.' Such humor is, of course, black humor." [18]

Religion and philosophy

Christian philosophy

Christian philosophy is present in Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five but it is not very well-regarded. When God and Christianity is brought up in the work, it is mentioned in a bitter or disregarding tone. One only has to look at how the soldiers react to the mention of it. Though Billy Pilgrim had adopted some part of Christianity, he did not ascribe to all of it. JC Justus summarizes it the best when he mentions that, "'Tralfamadorian determinism and passivity' that Pilgrim later adopts as well as Christian fatalism wherein God himself has ordained the atrocities of war...". [19] Following Justus's argument, Pilgrim was a character that had been through war and traveled through time. Having experienced all of these horrors in his lifetime, Pilgrim ended up adopting the Christian ideal that God had everything planned and he had given his approval for the war to happen.

Tralfamadorian philosophy

As Billy Pilgrim becomes "unstuck in time", he is faced with a new type of philosophy. When Pilgrim becomes acquainted with the Tralfamadorians, he learns a different viewpoint concerning fate and free will. While Christianity may state that fate and free will are matters of God's divine choice and human interaction, Tralfamadorianism would disagree. According to Tralfamadorian philosophy, things are and always will be, and there is nothing that can change them. When Billy asks why they had chosen him, the Tralfamadorians reply, "Why you? Why us for that matter? Why anything? Because this moment simply is." [20] The mindset of the Tralfamadorian is not one in which free will exists. Things happen because they were always destined to be happening. The narrator of the story explains that the Tralfamadorians see time all at once. This concept of time is best explained by the Tralfamadorians themselves, as they speak to Billy Pilgrim on the matter stating, "I am a Tralfamadorian, seeing all time as you might see a stretch of the Rocky Mountains. All time is all time. It does not change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is." [21] After this particular conversation on seeing time, Billy makes the statement that this philosophy does not seem to evoke any sense of free will. To this, the Tralfamadorian reply that free will is a concept that, out of the "visited thirty-one inhabited planets in the universe" and "studied reports on one hundred more," "only on Earth is there any talk of free will." [21]

Using the Tralfamadorian passivity of fate, Billy Pilgrim learns to overlook death and the shock involved with death. Pilgrim claims the Tralfamadorian philosophy on death to be his most important lesson:

The most important thing I learned on Tralfamadore was that when a person dies he only appears to die. He is still very much alive in the past, so it is very silly for people to cry at his funeral. All moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, always will exist. ... When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in bad condition in that particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is "So it goes." [22]

Postmodernism

The significance of postmodernism is a reoccurring theme in Kurt Vonnegut's works. Postmodernism arose as a rejection of modernist narratives and structures. Tralfamadorianism is itself a restatement of Christian teleology: There is no purpose to life, effects do not have causes; the only reason for anything is that God has ordained it. This juxtaposition is displayed throughout the book, rather directly asking the reader to confront the logical absurdities inherent in both Christian faith and Tralfamadorianism. It is not by accident that this critique dismisses both the rigid and dogmatic approach of Christianity, as well as being a critique of determinism - determinism being a modern philosophy. [23]

Mental illness

Some have argued that Vonnegut is speaking out for veterans, many of whose post-war states are untreatable. Pilgrim's symptoms have been identified as what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder, which didn't exist as a term when the novel was written. In the words of one writer, "perhaps due to the fact that PTSD was not officially recognized as a mental disorder yet, the establishment fails Billy by neither providing an accurate diagnosis nor proposing any coping mechanisms." [24] Billy found life meaningless due to his experiences in the war, which desensitized and forever changed him. [25]

Symbols

Dresden

The Alter Schlachthof (Old Slaughterhouse) where Vonnegut sheltered from the bombing of Dresden. Alter Schlachthof (Old Slaughterhouse) - From Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five - Dresden - Germany - 01.jpg
The Alter Schlachthof (Old Slaughterhouse) where Vonnegut sheltered from the bombing of Dresden.

Vonnegut was in the city of Dresden when it was bombed; he came home traumatized and unable to properly communicate the horror of what happened there. Slaughterhouse-Five is the product of the twenty years of work it took for him to articulate the experience in a way that satisfied him. William Allen notices this when he says, "Precisely because the story was so hard to tell, and because Vonnegut was willing to take two decades necessary to tell it – to speak the unspeakable – Slaughterhouse-Five is a great novel, a masterpiece sure to remain a permanent part of American literature." [27]

Food

Billy Pilgrim ended up owning "half of three Tastee-Freeze stands. Tastee-Freeze was a sort of frozen custard. It gave all the pleasure that ice cream could give, without the stiffness and bitter coldness of ice cream" (61). Throughout Slaughterhouse-Five, when Billy is eating or near food, he thinks of food in positive terms. This is partly because food is both a status symbol and comforting to people in Billy's situation. "Food may provide nourishment, but its more important function is to soothe ... Finally, food also functions as a status symbol, a sign of wealth. For instance, en route to the German prisoner-of-war camp, Billy gets a glimpse of the guards' boxcar and is impressed by its contents ... In sharp contrast, the Americans' boxcar proclaims their dependent prisoner-of-war status." [18]

The Bird

Throughout the novel, the bird sings "Poo-tee-weet?" After the Dresden firebombing, the bird breaks out in song. The bird also sings outside of Billy's hospital window. The song is a symbol of a loss of words, and the inadequacy of words to describe a war massacre. [28]

Allusions and references

Allusions to other works

As in other novels by Vonnegut, certain characters cross over from other stories, making cameo appearances and connecting the discrete novels to a greater opus. Fictional novelist Kilgore Trout, often an important character in other Vonnegut novels, is a social commentator and a friend to Billy Pilgrim in Slaughterhouse-Five. In one case, he is the only non-optometrist at a party; therefore, he is the odd man out. He ridicules everything the Ideal American Family holds true, such as Heaven, Hell, and Sin. In Trout's opinion, people do not know if the things they do turn out to be good or bad, and if they turn out to be bad, they go to Hell, where "the burning never stops hurting." Other crossover characters are Eliot Rosewater, from God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater ; Howard W. Campbell Jr., from Mother Night ; and Bertram Copeland Rumfoord, relative of Winston Niles Rumfoord, from The Sirens of Titan . While Vonnegut re-uses characters, the characters are frequently rebooted and do not necessarily maintain the same biographical details from appearance to appearance. Trout in particular is palpably a different person (although with distinct, consistent character traits) in each of his appearances in Vonnegut's work. [29]

In the Twayne's United States Authors series volume on Kurt Vonnegut, about the protagonist's name, Stanley Schatt says:

By naming the unheroic hero Billy Pilgrim, Vonnegut contrasts John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" with Billy's story. As Wilfrid Sheed has pointed out, Billy's solution to the problems of the modern world is to "invent a heaven, out of 20th century materials, where Good Technology triumphs over Bad Technology. His scripture is Science Fiction, Man's last, good fantasy". [30]

Cultural and historical allusions

Slaughterhouse-Five makes numerous cultural, historical, geographical, and philosophical allusions. It tells of the bombing of Dresden in World War II, and refers to the Battle of the Bulge, the Vietnam War, and the civil rights protests in American cities during the 1960s. Billy's wife, Valencia, has a "Reagan for President!" bumper sticker on her Cadillac, referring to Ronald Reagan's failed 1968 Republican presidential nomination campaign. Another bumper sticker is mentioned, reading "Impeach Earl Warren," referencing a real-life campaign by the far-right John Birch Society. [31] [32] [33]

The Serenity Prayer appears twice. [34] Critic Tony Tanner suggested that it is employed to illustrate the contrast between Billy Pilgrim's and the Tralfamadorians' views of fatalism. [35] Richard Hinchcliffe contends that Billy Pilgrim could be seen at first as typifying the Protestant work ethic, but he ultimately converts to evangelicalism. [36]

Vonnegut's own experiences

In 1995 Vonnegut publicly revealed that Billy Pilgrim was modeled on Edward "Joe" Crone, a thin soldier who died in Dresden. Vonnegut had told this to friends earlier, but waited until after he learned that both of Crone's parents were deceased to publicly disclose this information. [37] [38]

Edgar Derby, killed for looting a teapot, was modeled on Vonnegut's fellow prisoner Mike Palaia, who was executed for plundering a jar of food (variously described as beans, fruit, or cherries). [39] [40]

Reception

The reviews of Slaughterhouse-Five have been largely positive since the March 31, 1969 review in the New York Times stated: "you'll either love it, or push it back in the science-fiction corner." [41] It was Vonnegut's first novel to become a bestseller, staying on the New York Times bestseller list for sixteen weeks and peaking at No. 4. [42] In 1970, Slaughterhouse-Five was nominated for best-novel Nebula and Hugo Awards. It lost both to The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin. It has since been widely regarded as a classic anti-war novel, and has appeared in Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923. [43]

Censorship controversy

Slaughterhouse-Five has been the subject of many attempts at censorship due to its irreverent tone, purportedly obscene content and depictions of sex, American soldiers' use of profanity, and perceived heresy. It was one of the first literary acknowledgments that homosexual men, referred to in the novel as "fairies", were among the victims of the Holocaust. [44]

In the United States it has at times been banned from literature classes, removed from school libraries, and struck from literary curricula. [45] In 1972, following the ruling of Todd v. Rochester Community Schools, it was banned from Rochester Community Schools in Oakland County, Michigan. [46] The circuit judge described the book as "depraved, immoral, psychotic, vulgar and anti-Christian." [44] It was later reinstated. [47]

Perhaps one of the most extreme instances of censorship happened in 1973. Vonnegut was made aware of a school district in North Dakota that was antagonistic towards Slaughterhouse-Five. An English teacher at the high school in the district desired to read the novel with their class. Charles McCarthy, the head of the school board, declared the novel inappropriate to teach, citing the obscene language as the sole reason for denying this work of literature. Following this decision, each copy of Vonnegut's novel in the school was burned in the furnace. Vonnegut, believing that he was misjudged as a writer, sought to counter the negative beliefs held by some people in the school district regarding his literature. [48]

Vonnegut, in a personal letter written to McCarthy in 1973, defended his credibility, his character, and his work. In the letter, entitled "I Am Very Real", Vonnegut wrote that his books "beg that people be kinder and more responsible than they often are". He contended that his work should not be censored based on the general message in the novel. [49] [48]

The U.S. Supreme Court considered the First Amendment implications of the removal of the book, among others, from public school libraries in the case of Island Trees School District v. Pico , 457 U.S. 853 (1982) and concluded that "local school boards may not remove books from school library shelves simply because they dislike the ideas contained in those books and seek by their removal to 'prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion.'" Slaughterhouse-Five is the sixty-seventh entry to the American Library Association's list of the "Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999" and number forty-six on the ALA's "Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2000–2009". [45] In August 2011, the novel was banned at the Republic High School in Missouri. The Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library countered by offering 150 free copies of the novel to Republic High School students on a first-come, first-served basis. [50]

Criticism

Critics have accused Slaughterhouse-Five of being a quietist work, because Billy Pilgrim believes that the notion of free will is a quaint Earthling illusion. [51] The problem, according to Robert Merrill and Peter A. Scholl, is that "Vonnegut's critics seem to think that he is saying the same thing [as the Tralfamadorians]." For Anthony Burgess, "Slaughterhouse is a kind of evasion—in a sense, like J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan —in which we're being told to carry the horror of the Dresden bombing, and everything it implies, up to a level of fantasy..." For Charles Harris, "The main idea emerging from Slaughterhouse-Five seems to be that the proper response to life is one of resigned acceptance." For Alfred Kazin, "Vonnegut deprecates any attempt to see tragedy, that day, in Dresden...He likes to say, with arch fatalism, citing one horror after another, 'So it goes.'" For Tanner, "Vonnegut has...total sympathy with such quietistic impulses." The same notion is found throughout The Vonnegut Statement, a book of original essays written and collected by Vonnegut's most loyal academic fans. [51]

When confronted with the question of how the desire to improve the world fits with the notion of time presented in Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut responded "you understand, of course, that everything I say is horseshit." [52]

Adaptations

See also

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Fates Worse than Death, subtitled An Autobiographical Collage of the 1980s, is a 1991 collection of essays, speeches, and other previously uncollected writings by author Kurt Vonnegut Jr. In the introduction to the book, Vonnegut acknowledges that the book is similar to an earlier book, Palm Sunday. In it he discusses his attempted suicide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barcalounger</span> Type of recliner and its US manufacturer

A Barcalounger is a type of recliner that originated from Buffalo, New York, and is named after the company which manufactured it. Like other recliners, Barcaloungers have moving parts to change things such as the inclination of the back. Since the 2010 bankruptcy and 2011 re-emergence, they have been made in China.

"2 B R 0 2 B" is a science fiction short story by Kurt Vonnegut, originally published in the digest magazine If: Worlds of Science Fiction for January 1962, and collected in Vonnegut's Bagombo Snuff Box (1999). The title is pronounced "2 B R naught 2 B" and references the famous phrase "to be, or not to be" from William Shakespeare's Hamlet.

References

  1. ↑ Strodder, Chris (2007). The Encyclopedia of Sixties Cool . Santa Monica Press. p.  73. ISBN   9781595809865.
  2. ↑ "Publication: Slaughterhouse Five". www.isfdb.org.
  3. 1 2 Powers, Kevin, "The Moral Clarity of ‘Slaughterhouse-Five’ at 50", The New York Times, March 23, 2019, Sunday Book Review, p. 13.
  4. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. 2009 Dial Press Trade paperback edition, 2009, p. 1
  5. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. 2009 Dial Press Trade paperback edition, 2009, p. 43
  6. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt (12 January 1999). Slaughterhouse-Five . Dial Press Trade Paperback. pp.  160. ISBN   978-0-385-33384-9.
  7. ↑ "Slaughterhouse Five". Letters of Note. November 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  8. ↑ Westbrook, Perry D. "Kurt Vonnegut Jr.: Overview." Contemporary Novelists. Susan Windisch Brown. 6th ed. New York: St. James Press, 1996.
  9. ↑ "Slaughterhouse Five full text" (PDF). antilogicalism.com/. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  10. ↑ Waugh, Patricia. Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. New York: Routledge, 1988. p. 22.
  11. ↑ He first time-travels while escaping from the Germans in the Ardennes forest. Exhausted, he falls asleep against a tree and experiences events from his future life.
  12. ↑ "Kurt Vonnegut's Fantastic Faces". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  13. ↑ "100 Best First Lines from Novels". American Book Review. The University of Houston-Victoria. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022.
  14. ↑ Jensen, Mikkel (20 March 2016). "Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of SLAUGHTERHOUSE-FIVE". The Explicator. 74 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546. S2CID   162509316.
  15. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt (1991). SlaughterHouse-Five. New York: Dell Publishing. p. 1.
  16. ↑ McGinnis, Wayne (1975). "The Arbitrary Cycle of Slaughterhouse-Five: A Relation of Form to Theme". Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 17 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1080/00111619.1975.10690101.
  17. ↑ McGinnis, Wayne (1975). "The Arbitrary Cycle of Slaughterhouse-Five: A Relation of Form to Theme". Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 17 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1080/00111619.1975.10690101.
  18. 1 2 Bergenholtz, Rita; Clark, John R. (1998). "Food for Thought in Slaughterhouse-Five". Thalia. 18 (1): 84–93. ProQuest   214861343 . Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  19. ↑ Justus, JC (2016). "About Edgar Derby: Trauma and Grief in the Unpublished Drafts of Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five". Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 57 (5): 542–551. doi:10.1080/00111619.2016.1138445. S2CID   163412693 . Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  20. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt (1969). Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children's Crusade . New York, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc. pp.  73. ISBN   978-0-385-31208-0.
  21. 1 2 Vonnegut, Kurt (1969). Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children's Crusade . New York, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc. pp.  82. ISBN   978-0-385-31208-0.
  22. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt (1969). Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children's Crusade . New York, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc. pp.  25–26. ISBN   978-0-385-31208-0.
  23. ↑ Vanderwerken, L. David. "Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five at Forty". CORE.
  24. ↑ Czajkowska, Aleksandra (2021). ""To give form to what cannot be comprehended": Trauma in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five and Martin Amis's Time's Arrow" (PDF). Crossroads: A Journal of English Studies. 3 (34): 59–72. doi:10.15290/CR.2021.34.3.05. S2CID   247257373 – via The Repository of the University of Białystok.
  25. ↑ Brown, Kevin (2011). ""The Psychiatrists Were Right: Anomic Alienation in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five"". South Central Review. 28 (2): 101–109. doi:10.1353/scr.2011.0022. S2CID   170085340.
  26. ↑ Armitstead, Claire (July 15, 2022). "From Curb to Kurt: Larry David's director on how his literary hero helped him through personal pain". The Guardian.
  27. ↑ Bloom, Harold (2009). Bloom's Modern Interpretations: Kurt Vonnegut's of Slaughterhouse-Five. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 3–15. ISBN   9781604135855 . Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  28. ↑ Holdefer, Charles (2017). ""Poo-tee-weet?" and Other Pastoral Questions". E-Rea. 14 (2). doi: 10.4000/erea.5706 .
  29. ↑ Lerate de Castro, Jesús (30 November 1994). "The narrative function of Kilgore Trout and his fictional works in Slaughterhouse-Five". Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses (7): 115. doi: 10.14198/RAEI.1994.7.09 . hdl: 10045/6044 . S2CID   32180954.
  30. ↑ Stanley Schatt, "Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Chapter 4: Vonnegut's Dresden Novel: Slaughterhouse-Five.", In Twayne's United States Authors Series Online. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1999 Previously published in print in 1976 by Twayne Publishers.
  31. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt (3 November 1991). Slaughterhouse-Five. Dell Fiction. p. 57. ISBN   978-0-440-18029-6.
  32. ↑ Andrew Glass (9 December 2017). "John Birch Society founded, Dec. 9, 1958". POLITICO. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
  33. ↑ Becker, Bill (1961-04-13). "WELCH, ON COAST, ATTACKS WARREN; John Birch Society Founder Outlines His Opposition to the Chief Justice". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-09-14.
  34. ↑ Susan Farrell; Critical Companion to Kurt Vonnegut: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Facts On File, 2008, Page 470.
  35. ↑ Tanner, Tony. 1971. "The Uncertain Messenger: A Study of the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.", City of Words: American Fiction 1950-1970 (New York: Harper & Row), pp. 297-315.
  36. ↑ Hinchcliffe, Richard (2002). ""Would'st thou be in a dream: John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five"". European Journal of American Culture. 20 (3): 183–196(14). doi:10.1386/ejac.20.3.183.
  37. ↑ dkramer3@naz.edu (2019-03-08). "Kurt Vonnegut's 1995 "Billy Pilgrim" pilgrimage to the Mt. Hope grave of Edward R. Crone Jr, Brighton High School '41". Talker of the Town. Retrieved 2023-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ "23 April (1989): Kurt Vonnegut to George Strong | The American Reader". theamericanreader.com. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  39. ↑ Szpek, Ervin E.; Idzikowski, Frank J. (2008). Shadows of Slaughterhouse Five: Reflections and Recollections of the American Ex-POWs of Schlachthof Fünf, Dresden, Germany. iUniverse. ISBN   978-1-4401-0567-8.
  40. ↑ "PALAIA MICHAEL D | The American Overseas Memorial Day Association". aomda.org. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  41. ↑ "Books of The Times: At Last, Kurt Vonnegut's Famous Dresden Book". New York Times. March 31, 1969. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  42. ↑ Justice, Keith (1998). Bestseller Index: all books, by author, on the lists of Publishers weekly and the New York times through 1990 . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. pp.  316. ISBN   978-0786404223.
  43. ↑ Lacayo, Richard (6 January 2010). "All-TIME 100 Novels: How We Picked the List". Time.
  44. 1 2 Morais, Betsy (12 August 2011). "The Neverending Campaign to Ban 'Slaughterhouse Five'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  45. 1 2 "100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999". American Library Association. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  46. ↑ "Todd v. Rochester Community Schools, 200 NW 2d 90 - Mich: Court of Appeals 1972". Archived from the original on 2019-03-25.
  47. ↑ "History of the Freedom to Read Foundation, 1969-2009" . Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  48. 1 2 Vonnegut, Kurt. “I Am Very Real.” Received by Charles McCarthy, 16 Nov. 1973.
  49. ↑ Hibbard, Laura (March 30, 2012). "Kurt Vonnegut's Letter To Drake High School: 'You Have Insulted Me' "". HuffPost . Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  50. ↑ Flagg, Gordon (August 9, 2011). "Vonnegut Library Fights Slaughterhouse-Five Ban with Giveaways". American Libraries. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011 – via Wayback Machine.
  51. 1 2 Robert Merrill and Peter A. Scholl, Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five: The Requirements of Chaos, in Studies in American Fiction, Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring, 1978, p 67.
  52. ↑ Admin (2016-10-04). "KURT VONNEGUT: PLAYBOY INTERVIEW (1973)". Scraps from the loft. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  53. ↑ Sanjiv, Bhattacharya (10 July 2013). "Guillermo del Toro: 'I want to make Slaughterhouse Five with Charlie Kaufman '" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  54. ↑ "The Everyman Theatre Archive: Programmes". Liverpool John Moores University. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  55. ↑ "Slaughterhouse-Five: September 18 - November 10, 1996". Steppenwolf Theatre Company. 1996. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  56. ↑ Couling, Della (19 July 1996). "Pilgrim's progress through space". The Independent on Sunday .
  57. ↑ Sheasby, Dave (20 September 2009). "Slaughterhouse 5". BBC Radio 3.
  58. ↑ Reid, Calvin (8 January 2020). "Boom! Plans 'Slaughterhouse-Five' Graphic Novel in 2020". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
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