Cowboy hat

A felt cowboy hat

A straw cowboy hat

The cowboy hat is a high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy. Today it is worn by many people, and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western, midwestern, and southern United States, western Canada and northern Mexico, with many country music, regional Mexican and Sertanejo music ^[a] performers, and with participants in the North American rodeo circuit. It is recognized around the world as part of traditional Old West apparel.

The cowboy hat as known today has many antecedents to its design, including Mexican hats such as the sombrero, the various designs of wide-brimmed hat worn by farmers and stockmen in the eastern United States, as well as the designs used by the United States Cavalry.

The first western model was the open-crowned "Boss of the Plains", and after that came the front-creased Carlsbad, destined to become the most prominent cowboy style. ^[1] The high-crowned, wide-brimmed, soft-felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the cowboy image. ^[2]

History

Painting (c. 1830) showing Mexican hats

Cowboy hats, like the sombreros of Mexico, were designed in response to the demands of the physical environment. The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown for wear by riders on horseback, can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century. ^[3] Hats with tall crowns provide insulation, and wide brims provide shade. Hot and sunny climates inspire such tall-crowned, wide-brimmed designs, ^[4] and hats with one or both of these features have evolved time and again in history and across cultures, as, for example, the Greek petasos of two millennia ago, or the various traditional styles of conical hat widespread in different regions of Asia. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

It is not clear when the cowboy hat received its name. However, European-Americans in the Western United States originally had no standard headwear. People moving West wore many styles of hat, including top hats, bowlers, Civil War headgear such as cavalry and slouch hats, and sailor hats. ^[8]

According to Lucius Beebe, the bowler was the most widely-worn hat in the American West, prompting him to assert, in contradiction to popular belief, that the bowler, not the cowboy hat, was "the hat that won the West". ^[9] The working cowboy wore wide-brimmed and high-crowned hats. The hats were most likely adopted from Civil-War-era slouch hats that were commonly worn by Confederate soldiers who lacked the official uniform and kepi hat of the Confederate army, and may have also been influenced by the Mexican vaqueros before the invention of the modern design. ^[10] John Batterson Stetson is credited for originating the modern-day American cowboy hat. ^[11]

A Boss of the Plains hat

The original "Boss of the Plains", manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat-brimmed, had a straight sided crown, with rounded corners. ^[12] These light-weight, waterproof hats were natural in color, with four-inch crowns and brims. ^[13] A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size. ^[14] The sweatband bore Stetson's name. ^{[2] [15]} While only making one style of hat, they came in different qualities ranging from one-grade material at five dollars apiece to pure beaver felt hats for thirty dollars each. ^[16] J.B. Stetson was the first to market the "Boss of the Plains" to cowboys, and it has remained the universal image of the American West. ^[17] The charisma of the West was carried back East when adventurers returned in the expensive "Boss of the Plains"-style hat. ^[18] In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, a hat was an indispensable item in every man's wardrobe. Stetson focused on expensive, high-quality hats that represented a real investment for the working cowboy and a statement of success for the city dweller.

President Ronald Reagan demonstrated the popularity of the cowboy hat as a movie star, as a rancher resident of the American west, and as a horseback rider.

The cowboy hat has been adopted as a regional identifier among Māori tribes (iwi) living in Gisborne District of New Zealand's North Island collectively called "Ngā Kaupoi" ('the cowboys') for their native adoption of horses; one of its resident politicians, Rawiri Waititi, is well known for his hat-donning appearance. ^[19]

Design

Stetson hat manufactured in the 1920s

Modern cowboy hats are made of fur-based felt, straw or, less often, leather. They are sold with a tall, rounded crown and a wide flat brim. They have a simple sweat band on the inside to stabilize the fit of the head, and usually a small decorative hat band on the outside of the crown. Hats are customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim. Hats are also sold pre-creased and pre-rolled. Often a more decorative hat band is added. In some places, "stampede strings" or "wind strings" are also attached. Hats can be manufactured in virtually any color, but are most often seen in shades of beige, brown and black. Beginning in the 1940s, pastel colors were introduced, seen often on hats worn by movie cowboys and rodeo riders. ^[20] "Today's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson." ^[21]

Modern designs

Modern working cowboys wearing cowboy hats. While providing less protection from the sun, their turned-up brims prevent them from being as easily knocked off during lasso use.

The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson creation. ^[21] The cowboy hat quickly identified its wearer as someone associated with the West. ^[22] "Within a decade the name 'John B. Stetson' became synonymous with the word 'hat' in every corner and culture west of the Mississippi River." ^[23] The shape of the hat's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather by being softened in hot steam, shaped, and allowed to dry and cool. Because of the ease of personalization, it was often possible to tell where a cowboy hat was from, right down to which ranch, simply by looking at the crease in the crown. ^[17] Common modern hat creases include the classic Cattleman crease, Cool Hand Luke, Minick, Brick, and the Gus. ^[24]

Silent film actor William S. Hart

Later as the mystique of the Wild West was popularized by entertainers such as Buffalo Bill and western films starring actors such as Tom Mix, the Cowboy hat came to symbolize the American West. ^[16] John Wayne christened them "the hat that won the West". ^[2] The Boss of the Plains design influenced various wide-brimmed hats worn by farmers and ranchers all over the United States. Later designs were customized for law enforcement, military and motion pictures.

The first American law-enforcement agency to adopt Stetson's western hat as part of their uniform was the Texas Rangers. ^[25] The Texas Legislature designated the cowboy hat as the official "State Hat of Texas" in 2015. ^[26]

Variations

Ten-gallon hats

Some cowboy hats have been called "ten-gallon" hats. The term came into use about 1925. ^[27] There are multiple theories for how the concept arose.

One theory is that the term "ten-gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish modifier tan galán, which loosely translates as "really handsome" ^[28] or "so fine". For example, "un sombrero tan galán" translates as "such a fine hat".

Another theory is that the term "ten-gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish term galón, which means "galloon", a type of narrow braided trim around the crown, possibly a style adapted by Spanish cowboys. When Texas cowboys misunderstood the word galón for "gallon", the popular, though incorrect, legend may have been born. According to Reynolds and Rand, "The term ten-gallon did not originally refer to the holding capacity of the hat, but to the width of a Mexican sombrero hatband, and is more closely related to this unit of measurement by the Spanish than to the water-holding capacity of a Stetson." ^[29]

Early print advertising by Stetson showed a cowboy giving his horse a drink of water from a hat. ^[30] The Stetson company notes that a "ten-gallon" hat (equivalent to 38 liters) only holds 3⁄4 US gallon (2.8 L). ^{[29] [31]}

Calgary White Hat

Main article: Calgary White Hat

The Calgary White Hat is a white felt cowboy hat which is the symbol of both the Calgary Stampede annual rodeo and the city of Calgary. Created by Morris Shumiatcher, owner of Smithbilt Hat Company, it was worn for the first time at the 1946 Stampede. In the early 1950s, Mayor of Calgary Donald Hugh Mackay began presenting the white hat to visiting dignitaries, a tradition that the office of the mayor continues to this day. Thousands of tourists and groups also participate in "white hatting ceremonies" conducted by Tourism Calgary and by volunteer greeters at the Calgary International Airport. In 1983, the Calgary White Hat was incorporated into the design of the flag of Calgary. ^[32]

See also

• Akubra
• Calgary White Hat
• Campaign hat
• Chupalla
• Cowboy boot
• Equestrian helmet
• Fedora
• Hardee hat
• John B. Stetson Company
• Resistol
• Slouch hat
• Sun hat
• Western wear

References

Explanantory notes

1. Sertanejo is a Brazilian musical rhythm associated with rural areas in the Centre-South of Brazil that originated from caipira music. Due to American cultural influence musicians of this musical rhythm sought to adopt and imitate the fashion used by North American singers and by actors of western films, even if the rhythm developed independently, with no connection to Mexican Regional music or to American and Canadian Country music. Sertanejo, in a metaphorical way, emerged through convergent evolution.^{[ citation needed ]}

Citations

1. Foster-Harris 2007, p. 106.
2. Snyder 1997, p. 5.
3. Cartwright 2019, "The classic Mongol hat was conical ...".
4. Bender 1994, p.  10.
5. Sacks 2005.
6. Peralta 2012.
7. China National Silk Museum n.d.
8. Carlson 1998, at: n5 (unpaginated).
9. Beebe 1957.
10. Bender 1994, p.  11.
11. Sobey 1999, p. 95.
12. Snyder 1997, p. 73.
13. Snyder 1997, p. 51.
14. Bender 1994, p. 54.
15. Christian 1992, pp. 57–58.
16. Reynolds & Rand 1995, p.  15.
17. Reynolds & Rand 1995, p.  17.
18. Snyder 1997, p. 49.
19. Muru-Lanning 2020.
20. Snyder 1997, p. 27.
21. Reynolds & Rand 1995, p.  8.
22. Reynolds & Rand 1995, p.  10.
23. Bender 1994, p. 12.
24. NPR (2023).
25. Snyder 1997, p. 10.
26. Hatch 2022, p. 22.
27. Bender 1994, p. 31.
28. Tobar 2013.
29. Reynolds & Rand 1995, p.  11.
30. Snyder 1997, p. 11.
31. Stetson Co. (2024).
32. Klaszus 2016.

Works cited

• Beebe, Lucius (26 October 1957). "The Hat That Won the West". The Deseret News. p. 10A. (reprinted from: The Territorial Enterprise. 1957). Retrieved 10 February 2010. See also:
  • — (1967). "Whatever Became of the Derby Hat?" . In Charles Clegg; Duncan Emrich (eds.). The Lucius Beebe Reader . New York: Doubleday & Company. pp. 368–371. ISBN   9780090960507. First published in Gourmet magazine. May 1966.
• Bender, Texas Bix (1994). Hats and the Cowboys Who Wear Them . Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith Publisher. ISBN   978-0-87905-606-3. ISBN   1586851918.
• Blevins, Winfred (2001). Dictionary of the American West: Over 5,000 terms and expressions from Aarigaa! to Zopilote. ISBN   1570613044
• Carlson, Laurie M. (1998). Boss of the plains, the hat that won the West . [DK Ink children's illustrated history]. Illustrations by Holly Meade. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN   978-0-7894-2479-2. Unpaginated. ISBN   0789424797.
• Cartwright, Mark (14 October 2019). "Clothing in the Mongol Empire". World History.
• China National Silk Museum (n.d.), "Lands: Traditional Hats in 11 Asian Countries", Asian hat collection donated by Barbara Park– via Google Arts & Culture (Exhibition description)
• Christian, Mary Blount (1992). Hats off to John Stetson. New York; Toronto: Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-02-718465-5. ISBN   002718465X.
• Foster-Harris, William (2007). The Look of the Old West: A Fully Illustrated Guide. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN   978-1602390249.
• Hatch, Rosie, ed. (2022). Texas Almanac 2022–2023. Austin: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN   978-1625110664.
• Klaszus, Jeremy (4 January 2016). "The White Hat: A Calgary symbol we love to hate". CBC News . Retrieved 25 August 2024.
• Muru-Lanning, Charlotte (9 December 2020). "From fedoras to fascinators: A history of Māori and hats". The Spinoff . Retrieved 3 September 2023.
• The Essential Guide to Cowboy Hats, National Roper Supply, 11 December 2023
• Peralta, J. T. (2012), "Salakot and Other Headgear", Pinagmulan: Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO; International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP), p. 231
• Reynolds, William; Rand, Rich (1995). The Cowboy Hat Book . Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith Publisher. ISBN   978-0-87905-656-8. ISBN   0879056568.
• Sacks, David (2005) [First edition published 1995]. "Clothing" . Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Revised by Lisa R. Brody (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-8160-5722-1.
• Sobey, Edwin J. C. (1999). "Hats: 'I've got you covered'" . Young Inventors at Work! Learning Science by Doing Science. Glenview, IL (US): Good Year. pp. 95–96. ISBN   978-0-673-57735-1. ISBN   067357735X.
• "Frequently Asked Questions: How much water does a 10-gallon hat hold?". Stetson. 2024. Archived 1 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine
• Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997). Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Hat Company, 1865–1970 . Schiffer Publishing. ISBN   9780764302114 – via Google Books. ISBN   0764302116.
• Tobar, Hector (7 June 2013). "The Story of Spanish offers a rich history of the language". Los Angeles Times. [Review: Nadeau & Barlow (2013). The Story of Spanish]. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

External links

• "Welcome: Cowboy Hats in History" Cowboy Hat History website