Sound of...

Last updated

Sound of...
Awarded forMost promising new music talent
CountryUnited Kingdom
Presented by BBC Radio 1
First awarded2003;21 years ago (2003)
Currently held by The Last Dinner Party (2024)
Website bbc.co.uk/soundof2024
Television/radio coverage
Network BBC

Sound of... is an annual BBC poll of music critics and industry figures to find the most promising new music talent. It was first conducted by the BBC News website in 2003, and is now widely covered by the corporation's online, radio and TV outlets, as well as other media. A 10-strong longlist is published each December, with a ranked shortlist and annual winner announced the following January.

Contents

Winners

2000s

YearWinnerRunner-upThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventhEighthNinthTenth
2003 [1] 50 Cent Electric Six Yeah Yeah Yeahs The Thrills Dizzee Rascal Interpol Audio Bullys Mario The Datsuns Sean Paul
2004 [2] Keane Franz Ferdinand Wiley Razorlight Joss Stone McFly Scissor Sisters The Ordinary Boys Tali Gemma Fox
2005 [3] The Bravery Bloc Party Kano The Game Kaiser Chiefs KT Tunstall The Dead 60s The Dears Tom Vek The Magic Numbers
2006 [4] Corinne Bailey Rae Clap Your Hands Say Yeah The Feeling Plan B gUiLLeMoTs Sway Chris Brown Marcos Hernandez Kubb The Automatic
2007 [5] MIKA The Twang Klaxons Sadie Ama Enter Shikari Air Traffic Cold War Kids Just Jack Ghosts The Rumble Strips
2008 [6] [lower-alpha 1] Adele Duffy The Ting Tings Glasvegas Foals Vampire Weekend Joe Lean & the Jing Jang Jong Black Kids MGMT Santigold
2009 [7] [lower-alpha 2] Little Boots White Lies Florence + the Machine Empire of the Sun La Roux Lady Gaga V V Brown Kid Cudi Passion Pit Dan Black

2010s

YearWinnerRunner-upThirdFourthFifthOther nominees
2010 [8] Ellie Goulding Marina and the Diamonds Delphic Hurts The Drums Daisy Dares You, Devlin, Everything Everything, Giggs, Gold Panda, Joy Orbison, Owl City, Rox, Stornoway, Two Door Cinema Club
2011 [9] Jessie J James Blake The Vaccines Jamie Woon Clare Maguire Anna Calvi, Daley, Esben and the Witch, Jai Paul, MONA, NERO, The Naked and Famous, Warpaint, Wretch 32, Yuck
2012 [10] Michael Kiwanuka Frank Ocean Azealia Banks Skrillex Niki & the Dove ASAP Rocky, Dot Rotten, Dry the River, Flux Pavilion, Friends, Jamie N Commons, Lianne La Havas, Ren Harvieu, Spector, Stooshe
2013 [11] HAIM AlunaGeorge Angel Haze Laura Mvula CHVRCHΞS A*M*E, Arlissa, King Krule, Kodaline, Little Green Cars, Palma Violets, Peace, Savages, The Weeknd, Tom Odell
2014 [12] Sam Smith Ella Eyre BANKS Sampha George Ezra Chance the Rapper, Chlöe Howl, FKA twigs, Jungle, Kelela, Luke Sital-Singh, MNEK, Nick Mulvey, Royal Blood, Say Lou Lou
2015 [13] Years & Years James Bay Stormzy Raury George the Poet Kwabs, Låpsley, Novelist, Rae Morris, Shamir, Shura, Slaves, SOAK, Sunset Sons, Wolf Alice
2016 [14] Jack Garratt Alessia Cara NAO Blossoms Mura Masa, WSTRN [lower-alpha 3] Billie Marten, Dua Lipa, Frances, Izzy Bizu, J Hus, Loyle Carner, Mabel, RAT BOY, Section Boyz
2017 [15] Ray BLK Rag'n'Bone Man Raye Jorja Smith Nadia Rose AJ Tracey, Anderson .Paak, CABBAGE, Dave, Declan McKenna, Maggie Rogers, Stefflon Don, The Amazons, The Japanese House, Tom Grennan
2018 [16] Sigrid Rex Orange County IAMDDB Khalid Pale Waves ALMA, Billie Eilish, Jade Bird, Lewis Capaldi, Nilüfer Yanya, Not3s, Sam Fender, Superorganism, Tom Walker, yaeji, Yxng Bane
2019 [17] Octavian King Princess Grace Carter slowthai ROSALÍA Dermot Kennedy, Ella Mai, FLOHIO, Mahalia, Sea Girls

2020s

YearWinnerRunner-upThirdFourthFifthOther nominees
2020 [18] Celeste easy life YUNGBLUD Joy Crookes Inhaler Arlo Parks, beabadoobee, Georgia, Joesef, Squid
2021 [19] Pa Salieu Holly Humberstone BERWYN Greentea Peng Griff Alfie Templeman, Bree Runway, Dutchavelli, girl in red, The Lathums
2022 [20] PinkPantheress Wet Leg Mimi Webb Lola Young Central Cee Baby Queen, ENNY, Priya Ragu, Tems, Yard Act
2023 [21] FLO Fred again.. Nia Archives Cat Burns Gabriels Asake, Biig Piig, DYLAN, piri & tommy, Rachel Chinouriri
2024 [22] The Last Dinner Party Olivia Dean Peggy Gou Tyla Elmiene Ayra Starr, Caity Baser, CMAT, Kenya Grace, Sekou
2025TBA

Notes

  1. ↑ The other nominees for the 2008 award, in place order from 11th to 20th, were Ida Maria, One Night Only, Alphabeat, Laura Marling, Cajun Dance Party, The Courteeners, Gabriella Cilmi, Late of the Pier, Black Mountain and Lil Wayne
  2. ↑ The other nominees for the 2009 award were Frankmusik, Master Shortie, Mumford & Sons, The Big Pink and The Temper Trap
  3. ↑ Both artists were announced in fifth place on 4 January 2016

Sound of 2009

More than 130 critics, editors and broadcasters took part in the Sound of 2009 survey, [23] which was won by electro-pop singer Little Boots. [24] For the first time, a longlist of 15 acts from the 2009 poll was published by the BBC on 5 December 2008. [25] The other five acts on the longlist were Frankmusik, Master Shortie, Mumford & Sons, The Big Pink and The Temper Trap.

Sound of 2010

The longlist for the Sound of 2010 poll was revealed on 7 December 2009. [26] The acts nominated were Daisy Dares You, Delphic, Devlin, Ellie Goulding, Everything Everything, Giggs, Gold Panda, Hurts, Joy Orbison, Marina and the Diamonds, Owl City, Rox, Stornoway, The Drums and Two Door Cinema Club. On 8 January 2010, Ellie Goulding was announced as the winner. She has since gone to reach No. 1 with her debut album Lights . [27]

Sound of 2011

The longlist for the Sound of 2011 poll was revealed on 6 December 2010. [28] The acts nominated were Anna Calvi, Clare Maguire, Daley, Esben and the Witch, Jai Paul, James Blake, Jamie Woon, Jessie J, MONA, NERO, The Naked and Famous, The Vaccines, Warpaint, Wretch 32 and Yuck. On 7 January 2011, Jessie J was announced as the winner. [29]

Sound of 2012

The longlist for the Sound of 2012 poll was revealed on 5 December 2011. [30] The acts nominated were ASAP Rocky, Azealia Banks, Dot Rotten, Dry The River, Flux Pavilion, Frank Ocean, Friends, Jamie N Commons, Lianne La Havas, Michael Kiwanuka, Niki & the Dove, Ren Harvieu, Skrillex, Spector and Stooshe. On 6 January 2012, Michael Kiwanuka was announced as the winner. [31]

Sound of 2013

The longlist for the Sound of 2013 poll was revealed on 9 December 2012. [32] The acts nominated were AlunaGeorge, A*M*E, Angel Haze, Arlissa, CHVRCHΞS, HAIM, King Krule, Kodaline, Laura Mvula, Little Green Cars, Palma Violets, Peace, Savages, the Weeknd and Tom Odell. On 4 January 2013, HAIM were announced as the winners on Radio 1 by Huw Stephens. [33]

Sound of 2014

The longlist for the Sound of 2014 poll was revealed on 2 December 2013. [34] The acts nominated were Banks, Chance the Rapper, Chlöe Howl, Ella Eyre, George Ezra, FKA twigs, Jungle, Kelela, Luke Sital-Singh, MNEK, Nick Mulvey, Royal Blood, Sam Smith, Sampha and Say Lou Lou. On 10 January 2014, Sam Smith was announced as the winner on Radio 1 by Nick Grimshaw. [35]

Sound of 2015

The longlist for the Sound of 2015 poll was revealed on 1 December 2014. [36] The acts nominated were George the Poet, James Bay, Kwabs, Låpsley, Novelist, Rae Morris, Raury, Shamir, Shura, Slaves, SOAK, Stormzy, Sunset Sons, Wolf Alice and Years & Years. On 9 January 2015, Years & Years were announced as the winners on Radio 1 by Huw Stephens. [37]

Sound of 2016

The longlist for the Sound of 2016 poll was revealed on 30 November 2015. [38] The acts nominated were Alessia Cara, Billie Marten, Blossoms, Dua Lipa, Frances, Izzy Bizu, Jack Garratt, J Hus, Loyle Carner, Mabel, Mura Masa, NAO, RAT BOY, Section Boyz and WSTRN. On 8 January 2016, Jack Garratt was announced as the winner. [39]

Sound of 2017

The longlist for the Sound of 2017 poll was revealed on 28 November 2016. [40] The acts nominated were AJ Tracey, Anderson .Paak, CABBAGE, Dave, Declan McKenna, Jorja Smith, Maggie Rogers, Nadia Rose, Rag'n'Bone Man, Ray BLK, Raye, Stefflon Don, The Amazons, The Japanese House and Tom Grennan. On 6 January 2017, Ray BLK was announced as the winner on Radio 1 by Clara Amfo. [41]

Sound of 2018

The longlist for the Sound of 2018 was revealed on 27 November 2017. [42] The acts nominated were ALMA, Billie Eilish, IAMDDB, Jade Bird, Khalid, Lewis Capaldi, Nilüfer Yanya, Not3s, Pale Waves, Rex Orange County, Sam Fender, Sigrid, Superorganism, Tom Walker, yaeji and Yxng Bane. On 12 January 2018, Sigrid was announced as the winner on Radio 1 by Clara Amfo. [43]

Sound of 2019

The longlist for the Sound of 2019 was revealed on 10 December 2018. [44] The acts nominated were Dermot Kennedy, Ella Mai, FLOHIO, Grace Carter, King Princess, Mahalia, Octavian, ROSALÍA, Sea Girls and slowthai. This is the first longlist since the Sound of 2007 to feature only 10 acts. On 11 January 2019, Octavian was announced as the winner by Annie Mac, making him the first rapper to win the longlist since 50 Cent in 2003. [45] He was also the first winner since 2009 to be signed not with Universal Music Group, with which all winners of Sound of... since 2010 were signed at the time of awarding - Octavian is signed with Black Butter, which is partially owned by Universal's competitor, Sony Music.

Sound of 2020

The longlist for the Sound of 2020 was revealed on 12 December 2019. [46] The acts nominated were Arlo Parks, beabadoobee, Celeste, easy life, Georgia, Inhaler, Joesef, Joy Crookes, Squid and YUNGBLUD. On 9 January 2020, Celeste was announced as the winner. [47]

Sound of 2021

The longlist for the Sound of 2021 was revealed on 7 December 2020. [48] The acts nominated were Alfie Templeman, BERWYN, Bree Runway, Dutchavelli, girl in red, Greentea Peng, Griff, Holly Humberstone, Pa Salieu and The Lathums. On 7 January 2021, Pa Salieu was announced as the winner on Radio 1 by Annie Mac. [49]

Sound of 2022

The longlist for the Sound of 2022 was revealed on 6 December 2021. [50] The acts nominated were Baby Queen, Central Cee, ENNY, Lola Young, Mimi Webb, PinkPantheress, Priya Ragu, Tems, Wet Leg, and Yard Act. On 6 January 2022, PinkPantheress was announced as the winner by Jack Saunders. [51]

Sound of 2023

The longlist for the Sound of 2023 was revealed on December 5, 2022. [52] The acts nominated were Asake, Biig Piig, Cat Burns, DYLAN, FLO, Fred again.., Gabriels, Nia Archives, piri & tommy and Rachel Chinouriri. On 5 January 2023, FLO were announced as the winners by Stormzy and Jack Saunders, making them the first female group to win the longlist since HAIM in 2013. [53]

Sound of 2024

The longlist for the Sound of 2024 was revealed on 4 December 2023. [54] The acts nominated were Ayra Starr, Caity Baser, CMAT, Elmiene, Kenya Grace, Olivia Dean, Peggy Gou, Sekou, The Last Dinner Party, and Tyla. On 5 January 2024, The Last Dinner Party were announced as the winners by Florence Welch and Jack Saunders. [55]

Sound of 2025

The longlist for the Sound of 2025 was revealed in December 2024.

Criticism

It has been commented upon that the Sound of... survey creates a self-fulfilling prophecy, because the BBC has a significant amount of control on who becomes a "breakthrough act". And by adding the nominated acts to their radio playlists, they are guaranteeing some level of fame.

Guardian critic Kitty Empire wrote in December 2007: "Many of us are editors commissioning, and journalists writing, our own ones-to-watch forecasts. In order not to look like idiots, we tend to tip acts with records coming out rather than some lad with a tin whistle we found on MySpace." [56]

The same issue was again raised in 2011, upon the publication of the longlist for the Sound of 2012. The Daily Telegraph's Joe Burgis wrote "the Sound of 2012 project faces criticism that it is too heavily weighted in favour of mainstream performers." [57]

The head of music at BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra response to the question was "The list will inspire debate for sure, but most importantly, it will lead to discovery of artists and musicians trying to stand out from the ever-expanding crowd, and that can only be a good thing". [57]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury Prize</span> UK music award

The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released by a musical act from the United Kingdom or Ireland. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992 as an alternative to the Brit Awards.

Jane Danson is an English actress. She is known for her portrayal of Leanne Battersby in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, between 1997 and 2000, and from 2004 onwards. Her other television credits include Children's Ward (1995–1997), The Grand (1997) and The Bill (2002–2003). For her role on Coronation Street, Danson won the 2011 British Soap Award for Best Dramatic Performance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diane Parish</span> English actress (born 1969)

Diane Carol Richards, known professionally as Diane Parish, is an English actress, who has been portraying the character Denise Fox on the BBC One soap opera EastEnders since 2006.

The Inside Soap Awards is a yearly British award ceremony run by Inside Soap magazine since 1996. The awards celebrate both British and Australian soap operas and their actors. The current soap operas nominated for awards are Casualty, Coronation Street, Doctors, EastEnders, Emmerdale, Hollyoaks, Home and Away and Waterloo Road. Now defunct soaps that were formerly nominated for awards included Take the High Road, Springhill, Sunset BeachThe Bill, Bad Girls, Brookside, Crossroads, Family Affairs, Night and Day, Where the Heart Is, Holby City and Neighbours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Comedy Guide</span> Website covering British comedy

British Comedy Guide or BCG is a British website covering British comedies. BCG publishes guides to TV and radio situation comedy, sketch shows, comedy dramas, satire, variety and panel games. The website also runs The Comedy.co.uk Awards and hosts multiple podcast series.

Lorna Laidlaw is an English actress. She has appeared on television as Mrs Tembe in the BBC medical soap opera Doctors and as Aggie Bailey in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street between 2019 and 2023. Laidlaw won the Royal Television Society award for Best Actress and Best Daytime Star at the Inside Soap Awards for her role in Doctors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Blood (band)</span> English rock duo

Royal Blood are an English rock duo formed in Littlehampton in 2011. The current lineup consists of Mike Kerr and Ben Thatcher (drums). Their signature sound is built around Kerr's bass playing style, which sees him using various effects pedals and amps to make his bass guitar sound like an electric guitar and bass guitar at the same time. The duo were signed by Warner Chappell Music in 2013 and have since released four studio albums: Royal Blood (2014), How Did We Get So Dark? (2017), Typhoons (2021), and Back to the Water Below (2023).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish Album of the Year Award</span> Music award in Scotland

The Scottish Album of the Year (SAY) Award is an award given annually for an outstanding album produced by a Scottish artist. The award was launched in 2012 by the Scottish Music Industry Association (SMIA) in partnership with Creative Scotland. The winner receives a £20,000 prize and the nine shortlisted artists receive £1,000.

Pa Salieu Gaye is a British rapper and singer. In January 2020, he released his debut single "Frontline", which was the most-played track of 2020 on BBC Radio 1Xtra. He has since featured on songs with South London's SL for "Hit the Block", Meekz, M1llionz and Teeway for "Year of the Real" and joined BackRoad Gee and Ambush for the remix to "Party Popper". He has collaborated with artists such as FKA Twigs and Yasin. His style is renowned for blending elements of Afro-beats, grime and UK drill. In June 2020, he released "Betty" and "Bang Out". He released his debut mixtape titled Send Them to Coventry on 13 November 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PinkPantheress</span> English singer (born 2001)

Victoria Beverley Walker, known professionally as PinkPantheress, is an English singer, songwriter, and record producer. Her songs, which are frequently short in length and include samples of music from the 1990s and 2000s, span a number of genres, including alt-pop, bedroom pop, drum and bass, and 2-step garage. She has been nominated for three Brit Awards and was named Producer of the Year by Billboard Women in Music in 2024.

References

  1. ↑ "Sound of 2003". BBC. 24 December 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  2. ↑ "Sound of 2004". BBC. 9 January 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  3. ↑ "Sound of 2005". BBC. 7 January 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  4. ↑ "Sound of 2006". BBC. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  5. ↑ "Sound of 2007". BBC. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  6. ↑ "Sound of 2008". BBC. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  7. ↑ "Sound of 2009". BBC. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  8. ↑ "Sound of 2010". BBC. 6 January 2010.
  9. ↑ "Sound of 2011". BBC. 8 January 2011.
  10. ↑ "Sound of 2012". BBC. 6 January 2012.
  11. ↑ "Sound of 2013". BBC. 4 January 2013.
  12. ↑ "Sound of 2014". BBC. 10 January 2014.
  13. ↑ "Sound of 2015". BBC. 9 January 2015.
  14. ↑ "Sound of 2016". BBC. 8 January 2016.
  15. ↑ "Sound of 2017". BBC. 6 January 2017.
  16. ↑ "Sound of 2018". BBC. 12 January 2018.
  17. ↑ "Sound of 2019". BBC. 11 January 2019.
  18. ↑ "Sound of 2020". BBC. 9 January 2020.
  19. ↑ "Sound of 2021". BBC. 7 January 2021.
  20. ↑ "Sound of 2022". BBC. 6 January 2022.
  21. ↑ "Sound of 2023". BBC. 5 January 2023.
  22. ↑ "Sound of 2024". BBC. 5 January 2024.
  23. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2009: The pundits". BBC News website. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  24. ↑ "Little Boots tops BBC Sound of 2009 list". 9 January 2009.
  25. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2009: The longlist". BBC News website. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  26. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2010: The longlist". BBC News website. 7 December 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  27. ↑ Youngs, Ian (8 January 2010). "Ellie Goulding tops BBC Sound of 2010 music list". BBC News website . Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  28. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2011 list revealed". BBC News website. 6 December 2010.
  29. ↑ "Jessie J tops BBC Sound of 2011 list". BBC News. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  30. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2012 list revealed". Digital Spy. 5 December 2011.
  31. ↑ Savage, Mark (6 January 2012). "Sound of 2012: Michael Kiwanuka". BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  32. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2013 longlist revealed". BBC News. 9 December 2012.
  33. ↑ Youngs, Ian (4 January 2013). "Haim top BBC Sound of 2013 list". BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  34. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2014 longlist revealed". BBC News . 2 December 2013.
  35. ↑ Savage, Mark (10 January 2014). "Sam Smith named BBC Sound of 2014". BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  36. ↑ "BBC Music Sound of 2015 longlist revealed". BBC News. 1 December 2014.
  37. ↑ Youngs, Ian (9 January 2015). "Years & Years top BBC Sound Of 2015 list". BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  38. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2016 longlist revealed". BBC News. 30 November 2015.
  39. ↑ Savage, Mark (8 January 2016). "Jack Garratt tops BBC Sound of 2016 list". BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  40. ↑ Savage, Mark (28 November 2016). "BBC Sound of 2017: Urban acts dominate longlist". London: BBC. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  41. ↑ "BBC Sound Of 2017: Ray BLK wins". BBC News. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  42. ↑ Savage, Mark (27 November 2017). "BBC Sound of 2018: Will these artists define the year?". London: BBC. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  43. ↑ Savage, Mark (12 January 2018). "Sigrid: Norwegian pop star wins BBC Sound of 2018". BBC News . Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  44. ↑ Savage, Mark (10 December 2018). "BBC Sound of 2019: Which rising stars have made the longlist?". London: BBC. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  45. ↑ Savage, Mark (11 January 2019). "Octavian wins the BBC Sound of 2019". BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  46. ↑ Savage, Mark (12 December 2019). "Yungblud, Georgia and Celeste make the BBC Sound of 2020 longlist" . Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  47. ↑ Savage, Mark (9 January 2020). "Celeste got fired over her love of music. Now she's won the BBC Sound of 2020". BBC News . Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  48. ↑ Savage, Mark (6 December 2020). "BBC Sound of 2021 longlist includes Griff, Girl In Red and Greentea Peng" . Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  49. ↑ Youngs, Ian (6 January 2021). "Rapper Pa Salieu wins BBC Sound of 2021: 'I am the voice of the voiceless'". BBC News . Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  50. ↑ Savage, Mark (6 December 2021). "Wet Leg, Pink Pantheress and Central Cee make BBC Sound of 2022 list" . Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  51. ↑ Savage, Mark (5 January 2022). "PinkPantheress made hits from her bedroom - now she's won the BBC Sound Of 2022". BBC News . Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  52. ↑ Savage, Mark (5 December 2022). "Flo, Cat Burns and Gabriels tipped as Sound Of 2023" . Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  53. ↑ Savage, Mark (4 January 2023). "Girl group Flo win the BBC Sound Of 2023". BBC News . Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  54. ↑ Savage, Mark (4 December 2023). "BBC Sound of 2024: Tyla, Last Dinner Party and Kenya Grace tipped for success" . Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  55. ↑ Savage, Mark (5 January 2024). "The Last Dinner Party win BBC Radio 1's Sound Of 2024". BBC News . Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  56. ↑ Empire, Kitty (7 December 2007). "Tipping the sound of 2008". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  57. 1 2 Burgis, Joe (6 December 2011). "BBC's Sound of 2012 list favours mainstream acts". London: The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 November 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.