Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007)

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In early May, an upper-level trough dropped southward through the western Atlantic Ocean, forcing a back-door cold front—a cold front that moves southwestward ahead of a building surface ridge to its north or northeast—southward. For several days, forecast models had anticipated for the trough to evolve into a closed low pressure area, [2] and on May 6, a frontal low with a large and well-defined circulation developed about 90 miles (140 km) east of Cape Hatteras. The low maintained scattered convection around its circulation center, and in conjunction with the strong high pressure to its north, a very tight pressure gradient produced gale-force winds near the coastline. [3] The extratropical storm tracked southeastward and later turned to the southwest while steadily deepening; on May 7, it attained hurricane-force winds. [4] On the same day, the storm reached its extratropical peak, with a minimum central pressure of 988 millibars (29.2 inHg). [4] With a lack of tropical moisture, the storm's corresponding convection was minimal and scattered. [5]

The National Hurricane Center first mentioned the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis on May 8, while the storm was located about 230 miles (370 km) east-southeast of the South Carolina coastline. Its associated convection had steadily increased as it tracked slowly westward at 5–10 mph (8.0–16.1 km/h). [6] The system changed little in organization throughout the day, [7] though by the following morning, hurricane specialists indicated the low was acquiring subtropical characteristics [8] as it tracked over progressively warmer waters. [4] Early on May 9, a Hurricane Hunters flight into the system revealed winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) and a flat thermal core, which indicated the system was neither warm-core nor cold-core. In addition, satellite imagery indicated a consolidation of the convection near the center, as well as hints of upper-level outflow and a contraction of the radius of maximum winds from more than 115 miles (185 km) to about 70 miles (110 km). Based on the observations and the hybrid structure of the system, the National Hurricane Center classified the low as Subtropical Storm Andrea at 1500  UTC on May 9 about 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Daytona Beach, Florida. [9] During a subsequent analysis of the storm, researchers estimated that the storm had transitioned into a subtropical cyclone nine hours earlier. [4] As Andrea developed before June 1—the traditional start of hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean—it became the first pre-season storm since Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003. Additionally, the storm was the first Atlantic named storm in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981. [1]

A satellite animation of the formation of Subtropical Storm Andrea, as seen in water-vapor imagery Maystormvapor.gif
A satellite animation of the formation of Subtropical Storm Andrea, as seen in water-vapor imagery

Upon first becoming a subtropical cyclone, Andrea was embedded within a large, nearly stationary deep-layer trough, resulting in a westward movement. Drifting over sea surface temperatures of no more than 77 °  F (25 °C), [9] the organization of the system deteriorated with a significant decrease in convection. [10] By early on May 10, much of the associated weather was located to the east of the cyclone within a band of moderate convection due to a brief spell of westerly vertical wind shear. The center of circulation had become disorganized, with several small cloud swirls within the larger circulation. [11] This disorganization of the center, combined with increasing wind shear and dry air suppressing convective activity, caused it to begin weakening later that morning. [12] By 1500 UTC on May 10, only a few thunderstorms remained near the center, and thus the NHC downgraded Andrea to subtropical depression status. [13] Though a few intermittent thunderstorms persisted over the eastern semicircle, the depression remained disorganized and weak; the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on May 11, after it had been without significant deep convection for 18 hours about 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. [14]

Later on May 11, convection re-fired over the center as the system drifted south-southeastward, though it lacked sufficient organization to qualify as a tropical cyclone. [15] By May 12, shower activity had organized greatly to the east of the center, and the National Hurricane Center remarked that a small increase in convection would result in the formation of a tropical depression. [16] It accelerated east-northeastward away from the continental United States without redeveloping, and after passing over cooler waters, [17] the remnants of Andrea merged with an approaching cold front on May 14. [18]

Preparations

Due to rough surf from the precursor low, local National Weather Service offices issued a High Surf Advisory for much of the coastline from Florida through North Carolina. [3] Upon first becoming a subtropical cyclone, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from the mouth of the Altamaha River in Georgia southward to Flagler Beach, Florida. [19] The watch was discontinued after Andrea weakened to a subtropical depression. [13] Additionally, a gale warning was issued for much of the South Carolina coastline. [20]

At Isle of Palms in South Carolina, workers and dozens of firefighters prepared sandbags in preparation for high tide after waves from the storm previously caused moderate beach erosion. As a precaution, officials there intentionally cut power and gas to multiple uninhabited buildings. [20] Officials closed schools in Dare County, North Carolina due to the threat for high winds from the storm. The North Carolina Department of Transportation also canceled ferry transportation to and from Ocracoke and Knotts Island, North Carolina. [21]

Impact

Subtropical Storm Andrea shortly before being classified, on May 8 Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007).JPG
Subtropical Storm Andrea shortly before being classified, on May 8

Prior to becoming a subtropical cyclone, the low produced gale-force winds and dangerous surf near the coast from North Carolina through Georgia, [6] and later along the coast of Florida. [7] Significant swells were also reported in the Bahamas. [22] The waves caused beach erosion and washed up against coastal houses along the southeast coast of the United States. [23]

Southeastern U.S.

Off the coast of North Carolina, the storm produced 34-foot (10-m) waves and storm force winds which damaged three boats; their combined nine passengers were rescued by the Coast Guard. All nine were injured to some degree; three endured hypothermia, one received a broken rib, and one Coast Guardsman experienced back injuries from the surf. [24] Another boat and its four occupants were reported missing, [21] [25] and after twelve days they remain missing. [26] Rough waves from the precursor low left two kayakers missing near Seabrook Island, South Carolina. One was found the next day, [27] and the other was found dead a week later. [28]

Onshore, winds reached 52 mph (84 km/h) in Norfolk, Virginia, with an unofficial report of 57 mph (92 km/h) near Virginia Beach. Similar observations occurred along the Outer Banks, [29] with the winds knocking some tree limbs onto power lines; [30] some isolated power outages were reported. [21] Wind damage included some roofs losing shingles from the winds. [29] In Elizabeth City, North Carolina, an outer rainband dropped 0.5 inches (13 mm) of precipitation in about two hours as well as several lightning strikes; one bolt of lightning injured two firefighters. [21] The winds covered portions of North Carolina Highway 12 with sand, [29] and for a day the route was closed after waves from the storm washed out about 200 feet (61 m) of roadway. [21] In some locations, the waves eroded up to 20 feet (6.1 m) of beach, leaving 70 homes in imminent danger. [31] On St. Simons Island in Georgia, the storm produced a storm tide of 8.09 feet (2.47 m). Trace amounts of rainfall occurred in the southeastern portion of the state. [32]

Florida

In Florida, waves of over 10 feet (3.0 m) in height capsized a boat near Lantana; the two occupants were rescued without injury. Additionally, the waves displaced a sailboat that had previously been washed ashore in Juno Beach. Large waves flooded a parking lot and destroyed several fences and tree branches at Jupiter Beach, which resulted in its temporary closure; nearby a maintenance shed was destroyed. Eight leatherback sea turtle nests in Boca Raton were destroyed after the surf reached the dunes. [33] Due to high surf, the beach pier at Flagler Beach was closed for about a day. Minor to moderate beach erosion caused the Florida Department of Transportation to fill in areas near the seawall with sand. [32] One death occurred when a surfer drowned in the rough waves off the coast at New Smyrna Beach in Volusia County. [34] Outer rainbands produced light rainfall, with the highest report in the Jacksonville National Weather Service area of responsibility totaling 0.77 inches (20 mm); the bands also caused tropical storm force wind gusts in the northeastern portion of the state. [32] The winds spread smoke from local brush fires through the Tampa Bay area to Miami. [35] [36] High winds from Andrea were reported as fueling severe wildfires in northern Florida and southern Georgia. [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

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The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was a significantly below average season in which only ten tropical or subtropical cyclones formed. Six became named tropical storms, of which four became hurricanes. Among the four was Hurricane Andrew, a major hurricane, and the costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, surpassing Hugo of 1989. The season officially started on June 1 and officially ended on November 30. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by formation in April of an unnamed subtropical storm in the central Atlantic. A June tropical depression caused flooding in Cuba and in Florida, where two people were killed. In August, Andrew struck the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. In all, it caused $27.3 billion in damage, mostly in Florida, as well as 65 fatalities. The greatest impact was in South Florida, where the storm made landfall with 1-minute sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Beryl (2012)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2012

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Ana (2015)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2015

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Arthur (2020)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2020

Tropical Storm Arthur was a strong off-season tropical cyclone that impacted the East Coast of the United States in May 2020. The first of thirty-one depressions and thirty different named storms of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Arthur marked the record sixth consecutive year in the Atlantic basin with a tropical cyclone forming before June. It was one of two off-season storms in the season, alongside short-lived Tropical Storm Bertha. Arthur originated from a front that stalled over the Straits of Florida on May 10, which slowly drifted south for two days. The system became a tropical depression on May 16 north of The Bahamas. A day later, the system intensified into a tropical storm and was named Arthur. Arthur gradually intensified while tracking towards the Outer Banks of North Carolina, attaining its peak intensity with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg) on May 19, before skirting the region and becoming an extratropical cyclone. The cyclone then accelerated towards Bermuda and dissipated on May 21.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Epsilon (2020)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Epsilon was a strong tropical cyclone that affected Bermuda, and parts of North America and Western Europe. The twenty-seventh tropical or subtropical cyclone, the twenty-sixth named storm, the tenth hurricane, and the fourth major hurricane of the extremely-active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Epsilon had a non-tropical origin, developing from an upper-level low off the East Coast of the United States on October 13. The low gradually organized, becoming Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven on October 19, and six hours later, Tropical Storm Epsilon. The storm executed a counterclockwise loop before turning westward, while strengthening. On October 20, Epsilon began undergoing rapid intensification, becoming a Category 1 hurricane on the next day, before peaking as a Category 3 major hurricane on October 22, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 952 millibars (28.1 inHg). This made Epsilon the easternmost major hurricane this late in the calendar year, as well as the strongest late-season major hurricane in the northeastern Atlantic, and the fastest recorded case of a tropical cyclone undergoing rapid intensification that far northeast that late in the hurricane season. Afterward, Epsilon began to weaken as the system turned northward, with the storm dropping to Category 1 intensity late that day. Epsilon maintained its intensity as it moved northward, passing to the east of Bermuda. On October 24, Epsilon turned northeastward and gradually accelerated, before weakening into a tropical storm on the next day. On October 26, Epsilon transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, before being absorbed by another larger extratropical storm later that same day.

References

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  3. 1 2 Cangialosi (2007). "May 6 Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Jamie R. Rhome; Jack Beven & Mark Willis (2007). "Subtropical Storm Andrea Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
  5. ↑ Cangialosi (2007). "May 7 Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  6. 1 2 Knabb (2007). "May 8 Special Tropical Disturbance Statement". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
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  11. ↑ Avila (2007). "Subtropical Storm Andrea Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
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  13. 1 2 Knabb (2007). "Subtropical Depression Andrea Discussion Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  14. ↑ Rhome (2007). "Subtropical Depression Andrea Discussion Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
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  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Lauren King & Kristin Davis (2007-05-10). "Season's first named storm unleashes band of rain". Virginian Pilot. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
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  28. ↑ "DNA identifies missing Atlanta kayaker's body in S.C." Associated Press. 2007-05-24. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
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  31. ↑ Bryan Mims (2007). "Offshore Storm System Raked N.C. Beaches". WRAL.com. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  32. 1 2 3 Keegan, Shashy, McAllister, & Enyedi (2007). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Report". Jacksonville, Florida National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2007-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Erika Pesantes, Sally Apgar & Chrystian Tejedor (2007-05-09). "Sweeping erosion hits Palm Beach County coast: Low-pressure system sucks swaths of sand; Jupiter feels brunt of it". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  34. ↑ Tanya Caldwell (2007). "Holly Hill surfer drowns after taking on 'gigantic wave' in New Smyrna Beach". Orlando Sentinel .
  35. ↑ "Subtropical storm Andrea is swirling off the north Florida coastline". Bradenton Herald. 2007.
  36. ↑ "Atlantic's first named storm whips up wildfires". CNN. 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  37. ↑ Kevin Spear & Jim Stratton (2007-05-12). "'Fire of a lifetime' hits North Florida". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
Subtropical Storm Andrea
Andrea 2007-05-09 1615Z.png
Andrea shortly after being classified as a subtropical storm, on May 9
Pre-1850
1850–99
1900–49
1950–74
1975–99
2000s
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