The Ayyubid dynasty, also known as the Ayyubid Empire, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin had originally served Nur ad-Din of Syria, leading Nur ad-Din's army in battle against the Crusaders in Fatimid Egypt, where he was made Vizier. Following Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin was proclaimed as the first Sultan of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliphate, and rapidly expanded the new sultanate beyond the frontiers of Egypt to encompass most of the Levant, in addition to Hijaz, Yemen, northern Nubia, Tarabulus, Cyrenaica, southern Anatolia, and northern Iraq, the homeland of his Kurdish family. By virtue of his sultanate including Hijaz, the location of the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, he was the first ruler to be hailed as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, a title that would be held by all subsequent Sultans of Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517. Saladin's military campaigns in the first decade of his rule, aimed at uniting the various Arab and Muslim states in the region against the Crusaders, set the general borders and sphere of influence of the Sultanate of Egypt for the almost three and a half centuries of its existence. Most of the Crusader states, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However, the Crusaders reconquered the coast of Palestine in the 1190s.
Shaykh 'Abd al-Ghani ibn Isma′il al-Nabulsi (an-Nabalusi), was an eminent Sunni Muslim scholar, poet, and author on works about Sufism, ethnography and agriculture.
The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya is a takiyya in Damascus, Syria, located on the right bank of the Barada River. Commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the western building of the complex was built, following the plans of Mimar Sinan, between 1554 and 1559. Another building was added eastwards from it in 1566 to be used as a madrasa.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Beirut, Lebanon.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cairo, Egypt.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tunis, Tunisia.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Aleppo, Syria.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Alexandria, Egypt.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tripoli, Libya.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Amman, Kingdom of Jordan.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Bursa, Turkey.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hama, Syria.
The following is a timeline of the history of Kabul, Afghanistan.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Latakia, Syria.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hebron, West Bank, Palestinian territories.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mashhad, Iran.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Homs, Syria.
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