Timeline of Douala

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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Douala, Cameroon.

Contents

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prior to 20th century

20th century

21st century

See also

Related Research Articles

Duala is a dialect cluster spoken by the Duala and Mungo peoples of Cameroon. Douala belongs to the Bantu language family, in a subgroup called Sawabantu. It is a tonal language with subject–verb–object word order. Maho (2009) treats Douala as a cluster of five languages: Douala proper, Bodiman, Oli, Pongo and Mongo. He also notes a Douala-based pidgin named Jo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bafoussam</span> Communauté Urbaine in West, Cameroon

Bafoussam is the capital and largest city of the West Region of Cameroon, in the Bamboutos Mountains. It is the 3rd most important (financially) city in Cameroon, after Yaoundé and Douala. The communauté urbaine of Bafoussam, is a decentralized territorial collectivity. Originally called Urban Commune of Bafoussam, the communauté urbaine of Bafoussam, was born after the Presidential Decree N ° 2008/022 of January 17, 2008 and composed of three communes, namely: the Commune of Bafoussam I, the Commune of Bafoussam II (Baleng) and the Commune of Bafoussam III (Bamougoum).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duala people</span> Ethnic group in Cameroon

The Duala are a Bantu ethnic group of Cameroon. They primarily inhabit the littoral and southwest region of Cameroon and form a portion of the Sawabantu or "coastal people" of Cameroon. The Dualas readily welcomed German and French colonial policies. The number of German-speaking Africans increased in central African German colonies prior to 1914. The Duala leadership in 1884 placed the tribe under German rule. Most converted to Protestantism and were schooled along German lines. Colonial officials and businessmen preferred them as inexpensive clerks to German government offices and firms in Africa. They have historically played a highly influential role in Cameroon due to their long contact with Europeans, high rate of education, and wealth gained over centuries as slave traders and landowners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douala</span> Largest city and economic capital of Cameroon

Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital. It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region. Home to Central Africa's largest port and its major international airport, Douala International Airport (DLA), it is the commercial and economic capital of Cameroon and the entire CEMAC region comprising Gabon, Congo, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic and Cameroon. Consequently, it handles most of the country's major exports, such as oil, cocoa and coffee, timber, metals and fruits. As of 2015, the city and its surrounding area had an estimated population of 5,768,400. The city sits on the estuary of Wouri River and its climate is tropical.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ginette Daleu</span> Cameroonian artist (1977–2018)

Ginette Daleu was an artist from Cameroon.

References

  1. ↑ Derrick 1980.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Muluh Henry; Ndoh Bertha (2002), "Evolution of the Media in Cameroon", in Festus Eribo; Enoh Tanjong (eds.), Journalism and mass communication in Africa: Cameroon, Lanham, Maryland, US: Lexington Books, ISBN   0739103776
  3. ↑ Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon 1920.
  4. 1 2 Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Cameroon"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–113.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ralph A. Austen; Jonathan Derrick (1999), Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN   0521562287
  6. ↑ Paul G. Halpern (1994), A naval history of World War I, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN   0870212664
  7. ↑ Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-85052-979-1.
  8. ↑ Schler 2002.
  9. ↑ Joseph 1974.
  10. ↑ Meredith Terretta (2013). Petitioning for Our Rights, Fighting for Our Nation: The History of the Democratic Union of Cameroonian Women, 1949-1960. Bamenda: Langaa. ISBN   9789956728053.
  11. ↑ "L'Effort Camerounais in Brief". Douala: National Bishop's Conference of Cameroon. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  12. ↑ "Cameroon: News". Africa South of the Sahara. US: Stanford University. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  13. 1 2 Victor T. Le Vine (1968). "The Trauma of Independence in French-Speaking Africa". Journal of Developing Areas. 2 (2): 211–224. JSTOR   4189457.
  14. ↑ "Terrorists Raid Cameroons Port", New York Times, 1 January 1960
  15. 1 2 World Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011, ISBN   9783110230710
  16. ↑ "IPD-AC". Institut Panafricain pour le Développement Afrique Centrale. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  17. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. 1 2 3 "Historique" (in French). Ville de Douala. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  19. ↑ "About Us". American School of Douala. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  20. ↑ "Douala (Cameroon) Newspapers". WorldCat. US: Online Computer Library Center . Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  21. ↑ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321.{{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. 1 2 "The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequalities and Urban Land Markets". United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-06-17.
  23. ↑ "Strike Aims to Bleed Cameroon's Economy to Force President's Fall". New York Times. 5 August 1991.
  24. ↑ "Doual'art". Douala. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  25. ↑ "Presentation generale de l'Université de Douala" (in French). L'Université de Douala. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  26. ↑ "Historique du festival" (in French). Massao. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  27. ↑ "Cameroon". Political Chronology of Africa. Political Chronologies of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 58+. ISBN   0203409957.
  28. ↑ "Accueil Femmes Francophones de Douala" (in French). Fédération Internationale des Accueils Français et francophones à l'Etranger. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  29. ↑ "Cameroon - Douala Infrastructure Project". Washington, DC: World Bank. 2010.
  30. ↑ Piet Konings (2011). Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa: State and Civil Society in Cameroon. Langaa. ISBN   978-9956717415.
  31. ↑ "Site officiel de la Communauté Urbaine de Douala" (in French). Archived from the original on 2005-06-26 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
  33. ↑ "Public Art and Urban Change in Douala". Domus . 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  34. ↑ Mark D. DeLancey; et al. (2010), Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (4th ed.), Lanham, Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press, ISBN   9780810858244
  35. ↑ Fanny Pigeaud (2011). "Cameroon". In Andreas Mehler; et al. (eds.). Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2010. Koninklijke Brill. pp. 211–220. ISBN   978-90-04-20556-7.
  36. ↑ "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and the German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

  • D. Gardinier (1969). "Urban Politics in Douala, Cameroun". African Urban Notes. 4.
  • Joyce Sween; Remi Clignet (1969). "Urban Unemployment as a Determinant of Political Unrest: The Case Study of Douala, Cameroon". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 3.
  • Remi Clignet; Frank Jordan (1971). "Urbanization and Social Differentiation in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Structures of Douala and Yaoundé". Cahiers d'Études africaines . 11 (42): 261–297. doi:10.3406/cea.1971.2803 – via Persee.fr. Lock-green.svg
  • Richard A. Joseph (1974). "Settlers, Strikers and Sans-Travail: The Douala Riots of September 1945". Journal of African History. 15 (4): 669–687. doi:10.1017/S0021853700013931. JSTOR   180996. S2CID   161114929.
  • Jonathan Derrick (1980). "The 'Germanophone' Elite of Douala under the French Mandate". Journal of African History. 21 (2): 255–267. doi:10.1017/S002185370001820X. JSTOR   182138. S2CID   163003718.
  • Lynn Schler (2002). "Looking through a Glass of Beer: Alcohol in the Cultural Spaces of Colonial Douala, 1910-1945". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 35 (2/3): 315–334. doi:10.2307/3097616. JSTOR   3097616. PMID   17494231.
  • Lynn Schler (2003). "Ambiguous Spaces: The Struggle over African Identities and Urban Communities in Colonial Douala, 1914-45". Journal of African History. 44.
  • Lynn Schler (2003). "Bridewealth, Guns and Other Status Symbols: Immigration and Consumption in Colonial Douala". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 16.
  • Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Douala, Cameroon". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN   0415234794.
  • Poverty and Urban Mobility in Douala, World Bank, 2004
  • Abdou Maliqalim Simone (2004), "The Spectral: Assembling Douala, Cameroon", For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities , Duke University Press, ISBN   9780822334347
  • Lynn Schler (2005). "History, the Nation-State, and Alternative Narratives: An Example from Colonial Douala". African Studies Review. 48.
  • Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005). "Douala". Encyclopedia of African History. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN   978-1-57958-245-6.
  • Lucia Babina and Marilyn Douala Bell, ed. (2007). Douala in Translation: A View of the City and its Creative Transformative Potentials. Rotterdam: Episode.
  • Marta Dorenda-Zaborowicz (2011). "Douala: A City of Lost Hopes? Consequences of Decolonisation in Africa Versus Sustainable Development". Problemy Ekorozwoju - Problems of Sustainable Development. 6.
  • Michaela Alejandra Oberhofer (2012), "Fashioning African Cities: The Case of Johannesburg, Lagos and Douala", Streetnotes, 20 (20), doi: 10.5070/S5201012052 – via California Digital Library

in French

in German

  • Ernst Vollbehr (1912), "Duala", Mit Pinsel und Palette durch Kamerun (in German), Leipzig: List & von Bressensdorf, OCLC   9352214
  • "Duala". Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon (in German). Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. 1920. hdl:2027/wu.89005273230.
  • Andreas Eckert (1999). Grundbesitz, Landkonflikte und kolonialer Wandel: Douala 1880 bis 1960 (in German). Stuttgart: Steiner.
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