Tricholoma vaccinum

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Tricholoma vaccinum
Tricholoma vaccinum 99338.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Tricholoma
Species:
T. vaccinum
Binomial name
Tricholoma vaccinum
(Schaeff.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus vaccinusSchaeff. (1774)
  • Agaricus rufolivescensBatsch (1783) [2]
  • Agaricus rufus Pers. (1798) [3]
  • Gyrophila vaccina(Schaeff.) Quél. (1886) [4]
  • Tricholoma vaccinium [5]
Tricholoma vaccinum
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.pnggills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg cap is convex or flat
Adnate gills icon2.svgSinuate gills icon2.svg hymenium is adnate or sinuate
Bare stipe icon.svg stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgecology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngedibility: not recommended

Tricholoma vaccinum, commonly known as the russet scaly tricholoma, the scaly knight, or the fuzztop, is a fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma . It produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) that have a distinctive hairy reddish-brown cap with a shaggy margin when young. The cap, which can reach a diameter of up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) wide, breaks up into flattened scales in maturity. It has cream-buff to pinkish gills with brown spots. Its fibrous, hollow stipe is white above and reddish brown below, and measures 4 to 7.5 cm (1.6 to 3.0 in) long. Although young fruit bodies have a partial veil, it does not leave a ring on the stipe.

Contents

Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, Tricholoma vaccinum is found in northern Asia, Europe and North America. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with spruce or pine trees, and its mushrooms are found on the ground growing in groups or clusters in late summer and autumn. Although some consider the mushroom edible, it is of poor quality and not recommended for consumption. The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research.

Taxonomy and naming

The species was first described in 1774 by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer as Agaricus vaccinus. [6] According to MycoBank, synonyms include August Batsch's 1783 Agaricus rufolivescens, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's 1783 Amanita punctata var. punctata, and Lucien Quélet's 1886 Gyrophila vaccina. [1] Marcel Bon described the variety T. vaccinum var. fulvosquamosum in 1970, which has squamules (minute scales) arranged in a concentric fashion on the cap; [7] Manfred Enderle published this taxon as a form in 2004. [8]

According to the infrageneric classification of Tricholoma proposed by Rolf Singer in 1986, [9] Tricholoma vaccinum is placed in the section Imbricata, subgenus Tricholoma in the genus Tricholoma. Imbricata includes species with a dry cap cuticle, with a texture that ranges from roughened or squamulose (resembling suede) to almost smooth. [10] The specific epithet derives from the Latin word vaccinus and means "cow-colored". The mushroom's common names include the "russet scaly tricholoma", [11] "fuzztop", [12] and "scaly knight". [13]

Description

Collection from Sweden Tricholoma vaccinum 191275.jpg
Collection from Sweden

The cap of T. vaccinum is initially broadly conical, then convex and finally flattened; its diameter is usually between 2.5 and 8 cm (1 and 3 in). [14] The cap margin is initially curved inwards, and shaggy from hanging remnants of the partial veil. The partial veil is cotton-like, and does not leave a ring on the stipe. The fibrous to scaly cap surface ranges in color from reddish-cinnamon to brownish-orange to tan. The gills have an adnate to sinuate attachment to the stipe, and are crowded closely together. There are between three and nine tiers of lamellulae—short gills that do not extend completely from the cap edge to the stipe. The gills are dingy white, and frequently stain reddish brown. The stipe is 3 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) long and 1 to 2 cm (0.5 to 1 in) thick, and becomes hollow in age. [14] It is roughly equal in width throughout its length and ranges in color from whitish to the same color as the cap, but lighter, and sometimes with reddish-brown stains; it is lighter in color near the apex. Like the cap, the stipe surface is fibrous to scaly. [15] The odor of the fruit bodies is unpleasant. [16]

The mushrooms produce a white spore print, and the spores are broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline (translucent), inamyloid, measuring 6–7.5 by 4–5  μm. [11] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, without clamps, and measure 17–32 by 6.0–7.5 μm. The hymenium lacks cystidia. The arrangement of the hyphae in the cap cuticle ranges from a cutis (with hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface) to a trichoderm (hyphae perpendicular to the cap surface); these hyphae are roughly cylindrical, and measure 3.5–8.0 μm wide, with roughly cylindrical to club-shaped ends that are 6.0–11.0 μm wide. There are no clamp connections in the hyphae of T. vaccinum. [15]

Although the fruit bodies have sometimes been considered edible, [17] they are of low quality, and generally not recommended for consumption due to their resemblance to and potential for confusion with toxic brown Tricholomas. [18] Orson K. Miller, Jr. considers them "bitter and not edible". [16] Roger Phillips says they may be poisonous. [5] The fruit bodies can be used to create yellow dyes to color wool or other fibers. [19]

Similar species

Tricholoma imbricatum Tricholoma imbricatum 68626.jpg
Tricholoma imbricatum

With its reddish-brown wooly cap, white gills, and hollow stipe, Tricholoma vaccinum is a fairly distinct mushroom and is unlikely to be confused with other Tricholoma. [20] Tricholoma imbricatum somewhat resembles T. vaccinum, but has duller brown colors, is less robust in stature, and has a solid (not hollow) stalk. [12] Another lookalike, T. inodermeum , has a less woolly cap texture and flesh that turns bright pinkish red when injured. It associates solely with pine species and prefers calcareous soil. [15] Other brownish Tricholoma species include T. fracticum , T. dryophilum , and T. muricatum . [14] The scaly and fibrous cap surface of T. vaccinum might be confused with Inocybe , but species in this genus can be distinguished by their brown spore prints. [21]

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies often grow on the ground in moss, like this cluster photographed under spruce in Oregon. Tricholoma vaccinum 187805.jpg
Fruit bodies often grow on the ground in moss, like this cluster photographed under spruce in Oregon.

Tricholoma vaccinum is a mycorrhizal species, and grows in association with coniferous trees, especially pine and spruce. [18] It forms ectomycorrhizae that have been called "Medium-Distance fringe exploration type", indicative of the ectomycorrhiza's ecological role in space occupation in the soil, their possible reach regarding nutrient acquisition and their demand of carbohydrates that have to be invested by the trees for their fungal partners. [22] Fruit bodies usually appear in groups or clusters on the ground, sometimes with moss. The fungus fruits in late summer and autumn. [18] It is found in northern Asia, [13] Europe, and, in North America, is widely distributed in the United States and Canada, [12] and has also been recorded in Mexico. [23] It is one of the most common species of Tricholoma in Central Europe, [24] and is often found in large groups in spruce forests. [20] It is rare in the United Kingdom, and most records have been from Scotland. [10] The fungus may be extinct in the Netherlands. [13]

The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research. Ectomycorrhizae of Tricholoma species can vary considerably among species in the genus, and differences in the structure of rhizomorphs (a cordlike fusions of hyphae resembling a root) have been used to key out species. [25] Mycorrhizae formed with Norway spruce (Picea abies) are conspicuously hairy with numerous hyphae. The hyphae are partly densely interconnected to rhizomorphs that have a pigment in their outer membrane. The emanating hyphae mostly lack "contact septae" (fully developed simple septae) and contact clamps, and the rhizomorph hyphae vary markedly in diameter. The Hartig net (a network of hyphae that extend into the root) formed by T. vaccinum grows more deeply towards the epidermis, is composed of more rows of hyphae and has more tannin cells in close proximity to the epidermis, and consequently, fewer cortical cells in this position. It is here that the rhizomorphs make the closest contact with the rootlets. [26] The mantle is prosenchymatous, meaning that the constituent hyphae are loosely organized with spaces between them. [25] A combination of techniques including freeze fracturing and scanning electron microscopy has been used to probe the microstructure of the ectomycorrhizae, including inner mantle thickness and the nature of the interface between the Hartig net and host cells. [27] Several fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction between T. vaccinum and Picea abies have been identified, including some involved in a plant pathogen response, nutrient exchange and growth in the plant, signal transduction, and stress response. [28] The first characterized fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, ALD1, helps circumvent ethanol stress—a critical function in mycorrhizal habitats. [29]

See also

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<i>Tricholoma vernaticum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma vernaticum is an agaric fungus of the genus Tricholoma native to the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The fungus was originally described in 1976 as a species of Armillaria when that genus was more inclusive; it received its current name twenty years later. The stout fruit bodies (mushrooms) have moist white to grayish caps, a membranous ring on the stipe, and an odor resembling cucumbers. Mycorrhizal with conifers, the fungus fruits in the spring or early summer, with its mushrooms appearing on the ground singly or in groups at high elevations, often at the edge of melting snowbanks. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown, but it has a strong unpleasant odor and a mealy taste.

<i>Boletus subluridellus</i> Species of fungus

Boletus subluridellus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1971 by American mycologists, the bolete is found in the eastern United States and Canada. It grows on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees, especially oak. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) have orangish-red, broadly convex caps that are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter, with small, dark reddish pores on the underside. The pale yellow stipe measures 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) long by 1.5–2.3 cm (0.6–0.9 in) thick. All parts of the fruit body will quickly stain blue when injured or touched.

<i>Russula densifolia</i> Species of agaric fungus

Russula densifolia, commonly known as the crowded russula or the reddening russula, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was first described in 1833 and given its current name in 1876. A widespread species, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it fruits on the ground in mixed and deciduous forests. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are robust and squat, with caps up to 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in diameter, and stems that are 2–7.5 cm (0.8–3.0 in) long by 1.2–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) thick. The mushrooms are characterized by the red and then black color changes that occur in the flesh when it is bruised, and a relatively thick cap cuticle. Although the mushroom is sold as an edible species in some areas of Asia, it is mild to moderately toxic, and may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the mushroom.

<i>Phellodon niger</i>

Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.

<i>Thelephora terrestris</i>

Thelephora terrestris is an inedible species of fungus in the Basidiomycota phylum. It is commonly known by the name Common Fiber Vase because of its circular and overlapping cap. As well, it has also been called the Earthfan fungus.

References

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  24. ↑ Pilát, Albert (1961). Mushrooms and other Fungi. London, UK: Peter Nevill. p. 71.
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  26. ↑ Agerer R. (1987). "Studies on ectomycorrhizae .9. Mycorrhizae formed by Tricholoma sulfureum and Tricholoma vaccinum on spruce". Mycotaxon. 28 (2): 327–60.
  27. ↑ Scheidegger C, Brunner I (1993). "Freeze-fracturing for low-temperature scanning electron-microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies, Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas". New Phytologist. 123 (1): 123–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb04538.x . JSTOR   2557778.
  28. ↑ Krause K.; Kothe (2006). "Use of RNA fingerprinting to identify fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 46 (5): 387–99. doi:10.1002/jobm.200610153. PMID   17009294. S2CID   25333268.
  29. ↑ Asiimwe T, Krause K, Schlunk I, Kothe E (2012). "Modulation of ethanol stress tolerance by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum". Mycorrhiza. 22 (6): 471–84. doi:10.1007/s00572-011-0424-9. PMID   22159964. S2CID   14809764.
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