Village lock-up

Last updated

Lock-up in Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire BreedonBlindHouse.jpg
Lock-up in Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire
Interior cell of lock-up in Lacock, Wiltshire Lacock lock-up, interior.jpg
Interior cell of lock-up in Lacock, Wiltshire

A village lock-up is a historic building once used for the temporary detention of people in England and Wales, mostly where official prisons or criminal courts were beyond easy walking distance. Lockups were often used for the confinement of drunks, who were usually released the next day, or to hold people being brought before the local magistrate. The archetypal form comprises a small room with a single door and a narrow slit window, grating or holes. Most lock-ups feature a tiled or stone-built dome or spire as a roof and are built from brick, stone and/or timber.

Contents

Such a room was built in many shapes; many are round, which gives rise to a sub-description: the punishment or village round-house (Welsh : rheinws, rowndws). [1] [2] Village lock-ups, though usually freestanding, were often attached to walls, tall pillar/tower village crosses or incorporated into other buildings. Varying in architectural strength and ornamentation, they were all built to perform the same function.

Nicknames and forms

They have acquired local nicknames and descriptions including blind-house, bone-house, bridewell, village cage, punishment cage, jug, kitty, lobby, guard-house, round-house/roundhouse, tower and watch-house.

Rise of the village lock-up

The majority of surviving village lock-ups date from the 18th and 19th centuries when rural communities struggled to police thefts, burglaries, shootings, drunkenness, the obstruction of watchmen and the stealing of livestock. During this period a number of lock-ups were built, by official decree, as a temporary place of detention for local rogues and miscreants until they could be removed to a town. For example, in 1790 the Derbyshire court of quarter sessions issued an order that required that "all parishes in the county where there is not already a Round House, House of correction, or Gaol, shall provide a place of temporary confinement for the reception of vagrants, paupers, felons and the like". [3] Over time they became synonymous with drunkenness and many references to this coupling can be found in famous works of literature, including Barnaby Rudge (1841) by Charles Dickens, and The Water-Babies (1863) by Charles Kingsley, which contains the line:

Put him in the round house till he gets sober [4]

An 1830 description of a lock-up in Taunton describes "... a hole into which drunken and bleeding men were thrust and allowed to remain until the following day when the constable with his staff of office take the poor, crippled and dirty wretches before a magistrate, followed by half the boys and idle fellows of the town". [5]

Some lock-ups also had stocks, ducking stools, pillories, or pinfolds, alongside them and the origins of the 18th-century village lock-up evolved from much earlier examples of holding cells and devices.

The Oxford English Dictionary refers to a round-house as a place of detention for arrested persons and dates its first written usage to 1589. [6] [ full citation needed ]

Decline and later uses

The rooms fell out of use when the County Police Act 1839 was introduced and more stations were built with their own holding facilities. The Act allowed justices of the peace to set up a paid police force in each county and made it compulsory for that force to be provided with proper police stations and secure cells. The village lock-up became a redundant edifice as a result and only a small fraction have survived.

During World War II many were used by the Home Guard as sentry posts and arms stores.

In recent decades many owners have repaired these structures and/or seen nomination as listed buildings; a presumption of acceptance applies to buildings earlier than 1840. Some are local heritage attractions; others are in a ruinous state; others have been converted into parts of homes, yards or gardens.

A register of these structures, including those which have been lost, is held by the Village Lock-up Association.

Notable village lock-ups

The crest of Everton Football Club features Everton Lock-Up which still stands on Everton Brow, Liverpool.

D. H. Lawrence and his German-born wife Frieda had to report to the lock-up in Wirksworth during the First World War when they lived at Middleton-by-Wirksworth. [7]

In 1281 an analogous building (the Tun) was erected in Cornhill, central London – a two-storey barrel shaped design with a single cell on each floor. [8]

Surviving lock-ups in England and Wales

England

Bedfordshire

Barton-le-Clay, [9] Clophill, [10] Harrold, [11] Silsoe [12]

Berkshire

Aldermaston, [13] Pangbourne [14]

Bristol (City of)

Westbury-on-Trym [15]

Buckinghamshire

Amersham, [16] [a] Great Missenden, [17] Wendover, [18] [19] [a] West Wycombe [20] [21] [a]

Cambridgeshire

Broughton, [22] Burwell, [23] Coveney, [24] Eaton Socon, [25] Fen Drayton, [26] Fenstanton, [27] Litlington, [28] (Holywell-cum-)Needingworth, [29] Parson Drove, [30] Sawtry [31]

Cheshire

Farndon, [32] Farnworth, [33] Kelsall, [34] [a] Winsford [35]

Cumbria

Lower Allithwaite [36]

Derbyshire

Alfreton, [37] Ashbourne?, [38] Curbar, [39] [40] Cromford (Derwent Valley Mills), [41] [42] [a] Sandiacre, [43] Smisby, [44] Swarkestone (ruin), [45] [46] Ticknall, [47] Wirksworth [7] [48] [a]

Dorset

Gillingham, [49] Lyme Regis, [50] [51] [a] Swanage [52] [53]

Durham

Barnard Castle, [54] [55] [a] Staindrop [56] [a]

East Sussex

Alfriston, Lewes, Pevensey [57]

Essex [58]

Bradwell-on-Sea, [59] Braintree, [60] Canewdon, [61] Great Bardfield, [62] Great Dunmow, [63] Orsett, [64] Steeple Bumpstead, [65] Thaxted (in Guildhall [66] ), [67] Tollesbury [68]

Gloucestershire

Bisley, [69] Bibury, Cirencester, [70] Moreton-in-Marsh, Stroud, [a] Thornbury, [71] Westerleigh [a]

Greater London

Cranford, [72] [73] Hampstead, [a] [74] Petersham [75]

Hampshire

Easton (demolished), [76] Odiham [77]

Herefordshire

Bridstow, [78] [79] Leintwardine, [a] Yarpole [a]

Hertfordshire

Anstey, [80] Ashwell, Barley, Buntingford, Shenley [81]

Kent

Dartford, Lenham, Wateringbury [82]

Lancashire

Bury, North Meols, Poulton le Fylde?, Prescot

Leicestershire

Barrow-upon-Soar, Breedon-on-the-Hill, Castle Donington?, Packington, [83] Worthington

Lincolnshire

Deeping St James, Digby [84]

Merseyside

Everton, [85] Wavertree [86]

Norfolk

Docking, Horsham St Faith, Great Yarmouth, Thetford?, Walsingham?

Northamptonshire

Weldon

Northumberland

Stamfordham [87]

Nottinghamshire

Edwinstowe?, Mansfield Woodhouse?, Tuxford [88]

Oxfordshire

Banbury, [a] Bicester, [a] Burford, [a] Filkins, Stonesfield, Wheatley [89]

Shropshire

Prees [90]

Somerset

Bathford, Buckland Dinham, [91] Castle Cary, Frome, Kelston, Kilmersdon, Kingsbury Episcopi, [92] Mells, [93] Merriott, Monkton Combe, [94] Nunney, [95] Publow in Pensford, [96] Nether Stowey, [97] Watchett, Wells, [a] Wrington [a]

Staffordshire

Alton, [98] Gnosall, Penkridge, [99] Stafford: Forebridge [100]

Suffolk

Sproughton, Stoke by Nayland, Woolpit

Sussex

East Grinstead [101] [a]

Surrey

Charlwood, [102] Ewell, Lingfield

Wiltshire

Box, Bradford-on-Avon, Bromham, [103] Chippenham, Devizes, Great Bedwyn, Heytesbury, Hilperton, Lacock, Luckington, [104] Shrewton, Steeple Ashton, Trowbridge, [105] Warminster

Yorkshire

Addingham?, Fairburn, Illingworth, Heptonstall, Holmfirth (Holm Valley), [106] Hunmanby, [107] Workhouse Farm of Holme upon Spalding Moor [108] Horbury in Wakefield, [109] Kirkheaton, Luddenden, Nether Poppleton?, North Stainley?, Oswaldkirk, Rastrick, Rotherham, Seamer, Snaith, [110] Throp Arch, Topcliffe?, Wath-upon-Dearne [111] [a]

Wales

Flintshire

Bagillt?, Hawarden

Gwynedd

Barmouth, Clynnog Fawr

Wrexham
Ruabon
Notes
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Incorporated into other structures such as a church or house.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stocks</span> Restraining device

Stocks are feet restraining devices that were used as a form of corporal punishment and public humiliation. The use of stocks is seen as early as Ancient Greece, where they are described as being in use in Solon's law code. The law describing its use is cited by the orator Lysias: "'He shall have his or her foot confined in the stocks for five days, if the court shall make such addition to the sentence.' The 'stocks' there mentioned, Theomnestus, are what we now call 'confinement in the wood'".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingfield, Surrey</span> Village, civil parish and post town in Tandridge District, Surrey, South East England

Lingfield is a village and civil parish in the Tandridge district of Surrey, England, approximately 23 miles (37 km) south of London. Several buildings date from the Tudor period and the timber-frame medieval church is Grade I listed. The stone cage or old gaol, constructed in 1773, was last used in 1882 to hold a poacher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deeping St James</span> Village in Lincolnshire, England

Deeping St James is a large village in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish was reported as 7,051 at the 2011 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swarkestone</span> Human settlement in England

Swarkestone is a village and civil parish in the South Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 187.

Farndon is a civil parish in Cheshire West and Chester, England. It contains 19 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings. One of these is listed at Grade I, the highest grade, three at the middle grade, Grade II*, and the rest at the lowest grade, Grade II. Apart from the village of Farndon, the parish is rural. The listed buildings include houses in the village, the church and tombs in the churchyard, the ancient bridge crossing the River Dee, the former village lock-up, and a memorial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canewdon</span> Village and civil parish in Essex, England

Canewdon is a village and civil parish in the Rochford district of Essex, England. The village is located approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of the town of Rochford, while the parish extends for several miles on the southern side of the River Crouch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Everton Lock-Up</span> Village lock-up in Everton, Liverpool, England

Everton Lock-Up, sometimes referenced by one of its nicknames such as Prince Rupert's Tower or Prince Rupert's Castle, is a village lock-up located on Everton Brow in Everton, Liverpool. The 18th-century structure is one of two Georgian lock-ups that still survive in Liverpool; the other is in Wavertree. It is famous for being the centre-piece of the crest of Everton F.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smisby</span> Human settlement in England

Smisby is an ancient manor, civil parish and small village in South Derbyshire, England. It is 4 miles (6.4 km) from Melbourne and near the Leicestershire border and the town of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. The village including the outlying farms and houses has a population just over 200 that occupies some 110 properties. The population at the 2011 Census had increased to 260.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HM Prison Portland</span> Prison in Dorset, England

HM Prison Portland is a male Adult/Young Offenders Institution in the village of The Grove on the Isle of Portland, in Dorset, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. The prison was originally opened in 1848 as an adult convict establishment, before becoming a Borstal in 1921, and a YOI in 1988. In 2011 it became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swarkestone Hall Pavilion</span>

Swarkestone Hall Pavilion, also known as Swarkestone Stand and The Grandstand, is a 17th-century pavilion 200 metres north of the ruins of Swarkestone Hall, Swarkestone, Derbyshire. It is a Grade I listed building south of Chellaston on the A514.

Liverpool is a city and port in Merseyside, England, which contains many listed buildings. A listed building is a structure designated by English Heritage of being of architectural and/or of historical importance and, as such, is included in the National Heritage List for England. There are three grades of listing, according to the degree of importance of the structure. Grade I includes those buildings that are of "exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important"; the buildings in Grade II* are "particularly important buildings of more than special interest"; and those in Grade II are "nationally important and of special interest". Very few buildings are included in Grade I — only 2.5% of the total. Grade II* buildings represent 5.5% of the total, while the great majority, 92%, are included in Grade II.

Liverpool is a city and port in Merseyside, England, which contains many listed buildings. A listed building is a structure designated by English Heritage of being of architectural and/or of historical importance and, as such, is included in the National Heritage List for England. There are three grades of listing, according to the degree of importance of the structure. Grade I includes those buildings that are of "exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important"; the buildings in Grade II* are "particularly important buildings of more than special interest"; and those in Grade II are "nationally important and of special interest". Very few buildings are included in Grade I — only 2.5% of the total. Grade II* buildings represent 5.5% of the total, while the great majority, 92%, are included in Grade II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grade I listed churches in Derbyshire</span>

Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. The ceremonial county of Derbyshire includes the unitary authority of the city of Derby. This is a complete list of the Grade I listed churches and chapels in the ceremonial county as recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Buildings are listed by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport on the recommendation of Historic England. Grade I listed buildings are defined as being of "exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important"; only 2.5 per cent of listed buildings are included in this grade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wavertree Lock-up</span> Historic site in Wavertree, Liverpool

Wavertree Lock-up is an 18th-century grade II listed village lock-up located in Wavertree, Liverpool, England.

This is a list of scheduled monuments in the district of South Derbyshire in the English county of Derbyshire.

Middleton-by-Wirksworth is a civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire, England. The parish contains six listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish contains the village of Middleton-by-Wirksworth and the surrounding area, and the listed buildings consist of houses, cottages and associated structures, a milestone and a church.

Smisby is a civil parish in the South Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. The parish contains nine listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Smisby and the surrounding countryside, and the listed buildings consist of houses, farmhouses, a church with associated structures, a village lock-up and a war memorial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smisby lock-up</span> Village lock-up in Derbyshire, England

The lock-up in Smisby, Derbyshire, England, is a village lock-up dating from the late 18th century. Such lock-ups were fairly common in England at that time and were used to hold miscreants, often drunkards, or other low-level offenders awaiting transportation to the local assizes, for short periods of time. The Smisby lock-up is built of brick and is a Grade II* listed building.

Swarkestone is a civil parish in the South Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. The parish contains 19 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, three are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Swarkestone and the surrounding area. The Trent and Mersey Canal passes through the northern part of the parish, and the listed buildings associated with it are bridges, a lock, mileposts, and a former toll house with an outbuilding. The other listed buildings include houses and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings, a church and a cross in the churchyard, a public house and its former stable block, and former reading rooms.

Wirksworth is a civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire, England. The parish contains 107 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, nine are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the market town of Wirksworth and the surrounding countryside. Most of the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, shops, farmhouses and farm buildings. The other listed buildings include a church and associated structures, public houses, a cotton spinning mill and associated structures, mileposts and milestones, a cemetery chapel, a railway bridge, groups of bollards, schools, a former engine house, a war memorial and a telephone kiosk.

References

  1. ↑ "Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru". welsh-dictionary.ac.uk.
  2. ↑ "Clynnog Fawr Lock-up". 19th Century Prison History.
  3. ↑ Hales, Joy (5 March 2018). "Monumental Musings: The history of village lock-ups in Derbyshire". Derbyshire Life. Great British Life. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  4. ↑ Kingsley, Charles (1863). The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby .
  5. ↑ Worthington Parish Council, The Round House Worthington (pamphlet), North West Leicestershire District Council
  6. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary
  7. 1 2 "Wirksworth County Lock Up House". Prison History. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  8. ↑ "Cornhill, Gracechurch Street, and Fenchurch Street'". Old and New London. 1878. pp. 170–183.
  9. ↑ Page, William, ed. (1908). "Parishes: Barton in the Clay". A History of the County of Bedford. Vol. 2. London: Victoria County History. pp. 308–313. Retrieved 4 March 2020– via British History Online. There is an ancient round-house or lock-up, a red-brick building with a lead roof, but it has not been used for some years.
  10. ↑ Historic England. "Village lock-up and pound, Clophill (Grade II) (1137830)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 7 March 2020. Walled pound. Cell indifferent to a small garage, corbelled brick cornice to squat pyramid slate roof.
  11. ↑ Historic England. "The Lock Up, Harrold (Grade II) (1159459)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020. Round limestone rubble, wooden lintel to door, very tall conical stone roof and small ball finial.
  12. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock Up, Silsoe (Grade II) (1113777)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  13. ↑ Historic England. "Lock up Approximately 25 Metres to North of Hind's Head Inn (Grade II) (1117349)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  14. ↑ Historic England. "Lock up Approximately 10 Metres to South of Church Cottage (Grade II) (1214020)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  15. ↑ Historic England. "Lock Up, City of Bristol (Grade II) (1282059)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  16. ↑ "Amersham Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  17. ↑ Historic England. "The Wagon and Horses Public House with Outbuilding to South (Grade II) (1332542)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  18. ↑ Historic England. "Clock Tower with Attached Wall and Drinking Fountain (Grade II) (1332853)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Wendover Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  20. ↑ Historic England. "The Church Loft (Grade II*) (1125134)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  21. ↑ "West Wycombe Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  22. ↑ Historic England. "Lock Up, Broughton (Grade II) (1128527)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  23. ↑ "Burwell Lock Up". Prison History. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  24. ↑ Historic England. "Pound and Lockup, Coveney (Grade II) (1127003)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  25. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock-Up (The Cage) [Eaton Socon] (Grade II) (1330629)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  26. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock Up, Fen Drayton (Grade II) (1127231)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020. Two cells.
  27. ↑ Historic England. "Clock Tower Lock Up, Fenstanton (Grade II) (1309432)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  28. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock Up, Litlington (Grade II) (1128246)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  29. ↑ Historic England. "Lock Up, Needingworth (Grade II) (1128459)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  30. ↑ Historic England. "Former Lockup, About 50 Yards South West of Swan Inn (Grade II) (1310221)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  31. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lockup Rear Number 14 The Green (Grade II) (1309484)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  32. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lockup [Farndon] (Grade II) (1228751)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  33. ↑ Historic England. "Bridewell, adjacent to St Luke's Church [Farnworth] (Grade II) (1330353)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  34. ↑ Historic England. "Lock Up on the end of the barn at Weldon House [Kelsall] (Grade II) (1130532)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Historic England. "Cross Base and Lock-Up [Winsford] (Grade II) (1310425)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 March 2020. Very square pyramid resembling an oversized modern war memorial base, nine plain stone courses, stone cross on top.
  36. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock-up, Lower Allithwaite (Grade II) (1087160)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  37. ↑ Historic England. "House of Confinement, Alfreton (Grade II) (1109033)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  38. ↑ "Ashbourn County Lock Up House". Prison History. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  39. ↑ Historic England. "Lock-Up 250 yards north east of Lane Farm, Curbar (Grade II) (1088216)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  40. ↑ "Curbar Lock-up". Prison History. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  41. ↑ Historic England. "The Old Village Lock up to Rear of Number 21 Swift's Hollow [Cromford] (Grade II) (1248427)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  42. ↑ "Cromford Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  43. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock-Up and Pound, Sandiacre (Grade II) (1334852)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 March 2020. With large pound, plaque noting 1660 founding, later reconstruction.
  44. ↑ Historic England. "The Lock up (round House), Smisby (Grade II*) (1281737)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 March 2020. Octagonal very tall brick roof, two stone courses, ball finial.
  45. ↑ "Swarkestone Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  46. ↑ "DERBYSHIRE. Lock-ups at Sandiacre, Smisby, Ticknall and Swarkestone". Roy's blog (blog post). 9 April 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2020. I understand that there was a lock-up at Swarkestone near to the pub. Now just a pile of stones waiting to be rebuilt?
  47. ↑ Historic England. "The Lock-Up, Ticknall (Grade II*) (1096445)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  48. ↑ "The History". Wirksworth: The Old Lockup B&B. Retrieved 15 March 2020. Now a B&B.
  49. ↑ Historic England. "Lock-up, Gillingham (Grade II) (1324574)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  50. ↑ Historic England. "The Guildhall, Lyme Regis (Grade II*) (1228691)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  51. ↑ "Lyme Regis Borough Lock Up". Prison History. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  52. ↑ Historic England. "The old prison and pump, Swanage (1002727)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  53. ↑ "Swanage Lock-up". Prison History. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  54. ↑ Historic England. "Market Cross, Barnard Castle (Grade I) (1201323)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  55. ↑ "Barnard Castle Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  56. ↑ "Staindrop Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  57. ↑ Historic England. "The Court House and Wallby (Grade II) (1182588)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  58. ↑ Bettley, James (2007). Essex (Buildings of England series). New Haven and London: Yale UP. ISBN   978-0300116144.
  59. ↑ Historic England. "Village lock-up with stocks and whipping post attached to door-frame, south east corner of Churchyard of St. Thomas, Bradwell-on-Sea (Grade II) (1337396)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  60. ↑ Historic England. "The Cage or Lock Up (Grade II) (1338314)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  61. ↑ Historic England. "Canewdon (1147585)". National Heritage List for England. Wooden, stocks locked up inside.
  62. ↑ Historic England. "The Great Bardfield Cage (Grade II) (1123505)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  63. ↑ "Great Dunmow Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  64. ↑ Historic England. "Village Lock-up or Cage, Thurrock (Grade II) (1111609)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  65. ↑ Historic England. "Lock-up approx. 30 metres NW of Parish Church (Grade II) (1122309)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  66. ↑ Historic England. "Guildhall, Thaxted (Grade I) (1112905)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  67. ↑ "Thaxted Lock-Up". Prison History. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  68. ↑ Historic England. "The Cage, immediately south-west of no. 7, Tollesbury (Grade II) (1141669)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  69. ↑ Shipman, Juliet. The Bisley Lock-up: A story of crime and punishment.
  70. ↑ Historic England. "Canewdon (1187695)". National Heritage List for England. Partition inside, of stone and slate.
  71. ↑ Historic England. "Thornbury (1321133)". National Heritage List for England.
  72. ↑ "Cranford Village Lock Up". Heritage of London Trust. 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  73. ↑ Historic England. "The Village Lock-up (also known as the Round House) (Grade II) (1080306)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  74. ↑ Historic England. "Old Parish Lock-up, Hampstead (1272513)". National Heritage List for England.
  75. ↑ Fison, Vanessa (2009). The Matchless Vale: the story of Ham and Petersham and their people. Ham and Petersham Association. pp. 104–105. ISBN   978-0-9563244-0-5.
  76. ↑ "Easton Lock-up". Prison History. n.d. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  77. ↑ "Odiham County Bridewell". Prison History. n.d. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  78. ↑ "Bridstow (Wilton) Lock-Up". Prison History. n.d. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  79. ↑ Historic England. "Old Prison (Grade II) (1288739)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  80. ↑ Historic England. "Lychgate (Grade II) (1101869)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  81. ↑ "The Cage, London Road, Shenley, Hertfordshire". Historic England. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  82. ↑ Historic England. "Wateringbury (1186252)". National Heritage List for England.
  83. ↑ Historic England. "Packington (1074344)". National Heritage List for England. Octagonal with tall brick roof and ball finial.
  84. ↑ Historic England. "Digby (1254194)". National Heritage List for England. In stone, former wellhead, ogee-domed stone cap with ball finial.
  85. ↑ Historic England. "Everton (1062539)". National Heritage List for England. On green of Everton Brow.
  86. ↑ Historic England. "Wavertree (1068320)". National Heritage List for England.
  87. ↑ Historic England. "Stamfordham (1178865)". National Heritage List for England.
  88. ↑ Historic England. "Tuxford (1224354)". National Heritage List for England.
  89. ↑ Historic England. "Wheatley (1047479)". National Heritage List for England. Tall, hexagonal unstepped, stone pyramid with ball finial.
  90. ↑ Historic England. "Prees (1236333)". National Heritage List for England.
  91. ↑ Historic England. "Buckland Dinham (1174096)". National Heritage List for England.
  92. ↑ Historic England. "Kingsbury Episcopi (1057720)". National Heritage List for England., octagonal with ball finial
  93. ↑ Historic England. "Mells (1058320)". National Heritage List for England.
  94. ↑ Historic England. "Monckton Combe (1288263)". National Heritage List for England.
  95. ↑ Historic England. "Nunney (1174628)". National Heritage List for England.
  96. ↑ Historic England. "Publow (1129494)". National Heritage List for England.
  97. ↑ "Nether Stowey Lock-up". 19th Century Prison History. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  98. ↑ Historic England. "Alton (1374689)". National Heritage List for England. Has a quite small cupola above dome.
  99. ↑ Historic England. "Penkridge (1039218)". National Heritage List for England. Has small, dentillated eaves.
  100. ↑ Historic England. "Stafford (1195356)". National Heritage List for England.
  101. ↑ Historic England. "East Grinsted: combined gaol cell with residence of town constable (1249132)". National Heritage List for England.
  102. ↑ Historic England. "Charlwood (1277887)". National Heritage List for England.
  103. ↑ Historic England. "Bromham (1365574)". National Heritage List for England.
  104. ↑ Historic England. "Luckington (1283174)". National Heritage List for England.
  105. ↑ Historic England. "Trowbridge (1283671)". National Heritage List for England.
  106. ↑ Historic England. "Holmfirth (1313578)". National Heritage List for England.
  107. ↑ Historic England. "Hunmanby (1168000)". National Heritage List for England. Two entrances, one per cell.
  108. ↑ Historic England. "Lockup at Workhouse Farm (1376869)". National Heritage List for England. (No longer worked by the poor, latterly by those of the local poor law union of parishes.)
  109. ↑ Historic England. "Horbury (1135517)". National Heritage List for England.
  110. ↑ Historic England. "Snaith & Cowick (1161768)". National Heritage List for England.
  111. ↑ Historic England. "Wath upon Dearne (1314579)". National Heritage List for England. Constable's cell above with fireplace, both with latrines/later toilets, enhanced window above today and door with diamond window.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.