County Police Act 1839

County Police Act 1839 ^[1]

Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act for the Establishment of County and District Constables by the Authority of the Justices of the Peace.
Introduced by	Lord John Russell
Territorial extent	England and Wales
Dates
Royal assent	27 August 1839
Other legislation
Amended by	Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)
Repealed by	Police Act 1964
Status: Repealed

The County Police Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 93) (also known as the Rural Police Act or the Rural Constabularies Act) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Police Acts 1839 to 1893. ^[2] The Act enabled Justices of the Peace in England and Wales to establish police forces in their counties. The Act was not compulsory, and constabularies were only established in 25 out of 55 counties^{[ citation needed ]} by 1856, when the County and Borough Police Act 1856 made their provision mandatory. ^[3]

Royal commission

The legislation was based on the recommendations of a royal commission appointed in 1836 to "inquire into the best means of establishing an efficient constabulary force in the counties of England and Wales". ^[4] The three members of the commission, or "Constabulary Commissioners" as they were informally called were Colonel Charles Rowan, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Edwin Chadwick and Charles Shaw Lefevre. The commission was appointed against a background of unrest and violence in some areas of the country, with protests against the New Poor Law and agitation by Chartists for social and political reform. ^[5] Chadwick was strongly in favour of the creation of a single centralised force, but this was opposed by not only the two other commissioners but also by the Home Secretary, Lord John Russell. Russell wrote to the magistrates of the various counties asking them to support the resolution passed in Shropshire to establish a body of constables paid for out of the county rate and under the control of the magistrates. ^[5] The commission's report, issued in 1839, followed the lines favoured by Russell. It recommended that "a properly trained and equipped preventative police force" based on the pattern of the existing Metropolitan Police, should be established in all counties where the magistrates were in favour. Each force should be funded mostly by local rates, with 25% of the cost met by central government. The force would be under the supervision of the county magistrates, who would have the power to employ or remove officers, subject to statutory regulations. ^{[6] [7]}

Provisions of the act

The act allowed justices of the peace of any county, in general or quarter sessions, to appoint constables "for the preservation of the peace and protection of the inhabitants" where they felt the existing system of parish constables was insufficient.

The constables were to be appointed on a ratio of not more than one officer per one thousand of population. Boroughs operating under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 had the power to form their own police force and were to be excluded from the jurisdiction of the county police.

In each county where the act was adopted a chief constable was to be appointed. Where a county was divided into two parliamentary divisions by the Reform Act 1832, a chief constable could be appointed to each division. It was also permitted for one chief constable to be appointed to two or more neighbouring counties.

For the purposes of the act all county exclaves were to be part of the county by which they were surrounded, or with which they had the longest common boundary. All franchises or liberties, other than reformed boroughs were also to come under the county police.

A "county" for the purposes of the act was defined as being "any County, Riding or Division having a separate Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace or in which separate County Rates are made". The act was not to extend to the Metropolitan Police District.

Establishing a force

In order to establish a force in a county, it was necessary for three or more magistrates to make a requisition to the chairman of the quarter sessions to bring the matter to a vote. If the sessions chose to adopt the act they were obliged to prepare a report on the area and population of the county and the existing method of policing. The report would set out how it was proposed to apply the legislation to the county, detailing the number of constables, the divisions of the county and the salaries to be paid and making any additional rules and regulations deemed necessary. The report was then submitted for approval to the Home Secretary who could modify parts of the scheme but did not have the power to alter the number of constables or their salaries. The sessions had the power to choose a chief constable, but his appointment was also subject to the approval of the Home Secretary. In some cases magistrates chose to form a force in only part of a county. ^[8]

The first county to form a constabulary under the 1839 Act was Wiltshire. On 13 November the court of quarter sessions agreed to adopt the act, and on 28 November appointed Commander Samuel Meredith, Royal Navy as chief constable. The appointment was approved on 5 December, and Wiltshire's example was quickly followed by Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and Durham. ^[9]

Amendment: the County Police Act 1840

County Police Act 1840

Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to Amend the Act for the Establishment of County and District Constables.
Citation	3 & 4 Vict. c. 88
Introduced by	Fox Maule
Territorial extent	England and Wales
Dates
Royal assent	7 August 1840
Other legislation
Amended by	Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)
Repealed by	Police Act 1964
Status: Repealed

Within a few months of the first county constabularies being formed, a number of problems with the legislation became apparent. Accordingly, the Hon. Fox Maule introduced a bill to the House of Commons in February 1840. Maule outlined the problems:

"...difficulties had arisen from the mode of payment provided for carrying into effect the regulations of the act, by levying it out of the county rates; a difficulty as to that provision had arisen in various counties, in which certain districts only had adopted the act. In counties, also, in which there were isolated portions of other counties, it was difficult to say how those isolated portions were to be dealt with, because they were incorporated in the police districts of another county than that in which they were rated for the payment..." ^[10]

The bill was enacted as the County Police Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 88). It provided inter alia for the voluntary merging of borough police forces with county constabularies and the levying of a new "police rate". ^[11]

The main provisions of the Act were:

• Justices of the peace were permitted to transfer areas from one county to another for police purposes.
• A special police rate was to be levied to finance the county constabulary, instead of the cost being part of the general county rate.
• Where parts of one county were policed by the constabulary of another county, the rate payers were to pay the police rate to the county providing the constables.
• Boroughs were permitted to consolidate their police force with that of the county in which they were situate, and a single chief constable could be appointed for a consolidated force.
• The chief constable of a consolidated force could dismiss borough constables, but new constables for the area were to be appointed by the Watch Committee of the borough corporation.
• Justices were empowered to divide the county into districts, each with a population of not less than 25,000. Separate police rates could be levied on ratepayers of each division. However, constables were liable to serve throughout the county, regardless of which district they were assigned to.
• The act repeated the definition of a county as in the 1839 Act, and noted that the Isle of Ely should be considered a county for constabulary purposes.
• Permission was given to the justices to acquire land and buildings, and borrow money for the construction of police stations and to build strong rooms for the temporary confinement of prisoners.
• If, in the opinion of the justices in quarter sessions, the constables provided under the 1839 Act were no longer needed, they could disband them, having given six months notice to the Home Secretary. No county forces were dis-established, and a resolution in 1843 to dissolve the Worcestershire Constabulary as "the benefit derived from the employment of the rural police in the County of Worcester has not been equal to the expense it has occasioned to the ratepayers" was soundly defeated. ^[12]

List of forces established under the County Police Acts

By 1851 constabularies had been formed to cover all or part of the following counties: ^[13]

County	Notes
Bedfordshire	Adopted in 1840 [13] [14]
Cambridgeshire	Isle of Ely: adopted in 1841 [15]
	Cambridgeshire: adopted in 1851 [13] [15]
Cardiganshire [13]	Adopted in part of the county 1844. Extended to rest of county in 1846. [16]
Carmarthenshire	Adopted in 1843 [13] [17]
Cumberland	Only formed in the Derwent Division of the county. [13]
Denbighshire	Formed 1840 for whole county. [18] County force abolished 1 January 1851 on grounds of cost. [19] Separate Denbigh and Wrexham District Constabularies 1851-56. Force compulsorily reconsolidated by Police Act 1856. [20]
Dorset	Constables appointed in the consolidated divisions of Sturminster Newton and Shaftesbury and in the Borough of Shaftesbury.
Durham	Adopted act in 1839 [9]
Essex [13]	Act adopted 25 November 1839, chief constable appointed 11 February 1840 [21]
Gloucestershire	Adopted in 1839 [9]
Hampshire [13]	Act adopted December 1839. [22] Chief constable elected by magistrates on 31 December 1839. [23]
Hertfordshire [13]	Adopted in 1841. [24]
Lancashire [13]
Leicestershire [13]	Adopted in 1839
Montgomeryshire [13]
Norfolk [13]
Northamptonshire	Northamptonshire [13]
	Not in Liberty of Peterborough [13] [15]
Nottinghamshire [13]
Pembrokeshire [13]
Rutland [13]
Shropshire [13]
Staffordshire [13]	1839 - originally only in the southern division of Offlow Hundred. [25] Extended to entire county in 1842 [26] [27]
Suffolk	Eastern Division [13]
	Western Division [13]
Surrey	Constabulary formed in 1851 in the part of the county not included in the Metropolitan Police District [13]
Sussex	Western Division only. [13]
Warwickshire	Only in one of four hundreds of county. [13]
Westmorland	In East Ward and West Ward only: In 1851 it had been decided to extend the acts to Kendal Ward to form a consolidated force with the Kendal Borough Police [13]
Wiltshire	Adopted in 1839. [9]
Worcestershire	Adopted in 1839 [9]
Yorkshire, East Riding	In one division only. [13]

References

1. The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
2. The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and Schedule 2
3. Waters, Les. "A Short History of the Police". The Police Gazette Part 1: Issues for 1866-1878, 1882-1897 and 1899-1900 from the Cambridgeshire Police Archive. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Adam Matthews Publications. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
4. Handley, Robin (1986). "Public order, petitioning and freedom of assembly". The Journal of Legal History. 7 (2): 134. doi:10.1080/01440368608530861. ISSN   0144-0365.
5. Taylor, David (1997). The new police in nineteenth-century England: crime, conflict, and control. Manchester University Press. pp. 27–35. ISBN   978-0-7190-4729-9.
6. Waters, Les. "Appendix A: Notes on the First Report of the Constabulary Commissioners". The Police Gazette Part 1: Issues for 1866-1878, 1882-1897 and 1899-1900 from the Cambridgeshire Police Archive. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Adam Matthews Publications. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
7. First report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire as to the best means of establishing an efficient constabulary force in the counties of England and Wales. HMSO. 1839.
8. "Establishment of a County Police". The Leicester Chronicle: or, Commercial and Agricultural Advertiser. Leicester. 26 October 1839.
9. "The Magistrates Take Action". The History of Wiltshire Constabulary. Wiltshire Constabulary. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 11 March 2011.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
10. "County Constabulary Act - Amendment (HC Deb 18 February 1840 vol 52 cc385-92)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 18 February 1840. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
11. Sir George Kettilby Rickards, ed. (1840). The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 80. London: HMSO. pp. 359–371.
12. "Worcester Quarter Sessions. Proposed Dismissal Of The Rural Police". The Times . 29 June 1843. p. 8.
13. "Number and Charge of Police in England and Wales". Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons. Vol. 14. HMSO. 1852. pp. 283–285.
14. "Records of Bedfordshire Police". Bedford Borough Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
15. "History of Policing". Cambridgeshire Criminal Justice Board. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
16. "Cardiganshire Quarter Sessions". The Welshman. 3 July 1846. p. 3.
17. "History of the County Lockup". Force Museum. Dyfed-Powys Police . Retrieved 10 March 2011.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
18. "Denbighshire Quarter Sessions". Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald. 11 January 1840. p. 3.
19. "The Denbighshire Constabulary". North Wales Chronicle. 8 February 1851. p. 5.
20. "Denbighshire Quarter Sessions". Wrexham Advertiser. 18 October 1856. p. 4.
21. Scollan, Maureen. "The Making of a Chief Constable". Essex Police Museum. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
22. "Rural Police for Hampshire". Winchester Chronicle. 28 December 1839.
23. "Hants General Quarter Sessions". Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian. Southampton. 4 January 1840.
24. "Hertfordshire. Adjourned Easter Sessions". Hertford Mercury and Reformer. 17 April 1841. pp. 1–2.
25. "Staffordshire Adjourned Sessions. County Police". Staffordshire Advertiser. 23 November 1839. p. 3.
26. "AJ1 - Records of the Staffordshire Police, formerly Staffordshire Constabulary". Gateway to the Past: Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent's Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
27. "Staffordshire Michaelmas Sessions". Staffordshire Advertiser. 22 October 1842. p. 3.