White-crested spadebill | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Tyrannidae |
Genus: | Platyrinchus |
Species: | P. platyrhynchos |
Binomial name | |
Platyrinchus platyrhynchos (Gmelin, JF, 1788) | |
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The white-crested spadebill (Platyrinchus platyrhynchos) is a species of passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. [2]
The white-crested spadebill was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae . He placed it with the todies in the genus Todus and coined the binomial name Todus platyrhynchos. [3] The specific epithet is from Ancient Greek platurrhunkhos meaning "broad-billed" or "broad-beaked" (from platus meaning "broad" or "wide" and rhunkhos meaning "bill"). [4] Gmelin based his description on the "Todi Leucocephali" that had been described and illustrated in 1769 by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. [5] Pallas did not specify a locality but this was subsequently designated as Suriname. [6] The white-crested spadebill is now one of seven spadebills placed in the genus Platyrinchus that was introduced in 1805 by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest. [7] [2]
The white-crested spadebill has these four subspecies: [2]
The white-crested spadebill is 10.5 to 12 cm (4.1 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 11.5 to 13 g (0.41 to 0.46 oz). It has a large head and a stubby tail; its bill is the widest of all Platyrinchus spadebills. The sexes have almost the same plumage. Adult males of the nominate subspecies P. p. platyrhynchos have a mostly gray head with a darker crown, a partially hidden white patch in the center of the crown, and a pale buffy spot above the lores. Females have a smaller white patch than males. Both sexes' upperparts are russet-brown and their wings and tail are dusky brown. Their throat is white and their underparts bright ochraceous. Subspecies P. p. senex has a paler crown and lighter and less rich upperparts than the nominate. P. p. nattereri has a slightly paler and yellower belly than the nominate. P. p. amazonicus has less bright underparts than the nominate; the ochraceous color is limited to the breast and the belly is much paler and yellower. All subspecies have a dark iris, a very wide flat bill with a black maxilla and a pale mandible, and pinkish yellow legs and feet. [8]
The subspecies of the white-crested spadebill are found thus: [8] [9]
The white-crested spadebill inhabits the understory of humid terra firme forest, especially those on sandy soils. In elevation it ranges between sea level and 500 m (1,600 ft) in Brazil and reaches 300 m (1,000 ft) in Colombia and Ecuador and 1,100 m (3,600 ft) in Peru. [8] [10] [11] [9] [12] [13] [ excessive citations ]
The white-crested spadebill is a year-round resident. [8]
The white-crested spadebill feeds on arthropods. It typically forages in pairs and briefly joins mixed-species feeding flocks but does not follow them. It sits still, typically about 2 to 5 m (7 to 16 ft) above the ground in somewhat open areas, and captures prey mostly with short upward sallies from the perch to grab it from the underside of leaves and twigs. After a sally it typically lands on a different perch. [8] [10] [11]
The white-crested spadebill's breeding season has not been defined but includes November in Suriname and May in Colombia. Males make a display flight during which their wings whirr. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology. [8]
The white-crested spadebill's song is "a rapid, rising falling musical trill: breeEEE-B'RRRrrrewww" and its call "a loud, descending squeak: pew!". [13] Another rendition of its song is "pr're're'e'e'e'e'E'E'E'R'r'r'r'r'r'r'r'r". [11]
The IUCN has assessed the white-crested spadebill as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] It is considered "uncommon and local" in Colombia, "rare and local" in Ecuador, "rare to uncommon" in Peru, and "uncommon to locally fairly common" in Venezuela. [10] [11] [12] [13] [ excessive citations ] It occurs in several protected areas. "Although this is in general a scarce species, much of its habitat remains in relatively undisturbed condition." [8]