Wildlife of South Korea

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The wildlife of South Korea includes 8,271 plant species, 18,117 animal species and 3,528 species of fungi and others. [1] 30,000 species are known to exist in South Korea, but it is estimated that there are more than 100,000 species. [2]

Contents

Animalia

Red-crowned crane couple Red-Crowned Crane.gif
Red-crowned crane couple
Finless porpoise in Namhae Neophocaena phocaenoides DSC 03.jpg
Finless porpoise in Namhae

South Korea has complex terrain and is surrounded by water on three sides. Therefore, South Korea has various climate zones and high precipitation, and leading to a diversity of wildlife. [3]

In South Korea, there are 18,117 species of animals, including 1,528 species of vertebrate, 13,025 species of insect and 3,564 species of other invertebrates. [1]

Endangered wildlife

Article 2 of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act discusses endangered wild animals in South Korea. [4] [5] There are 246 endangered animals in South Korea, [6] with numerous species in need of urgent conservation measures. [7] Endangered wild animals in South Korea include:

Harmful wild animals

Harmful wild animals are wild animals which damage property or endanger people. [14]

Harmful wild animals in South Korea include

Flora

In South Korea, there are 8,271 species of plants, consisting of 4,662 vascular plant species and 3,609 non-vascular plant species. [1] Wild plants in South Korea include species native to Korea such as Pentactina . Despite the biodiversity, ecosystems in South Korea are unstable because of land development. 67 km2 of forest disappear each year, accounting for 0.1% of all South Korean forests. [21]

Abies koreana Abies koreana01.jpg
Abies koreana
Berberis koreana Berberis koreana.JPG
Berberis koreana
Thuja koraiensis Thuja koraiensis PAN foliage 2.JPG
Thuja koraiensis

Distribution of plants

Korea can be divided largely into three biozones by plant distribution: warm-temperate forest, temperate forest and subalpine forest. Evergreen broad-leaved trees grow in warm-temperate forests. Warm-temperate forests in Korea includes the southern coastal region, Jeju Island and several islands of the southern sea which are under 35°N.

Warm-temperate forest

Some of the species here include Quercus myrsinaefolia , Quercus acuta , Quercus salicina , Daphniphyllum macropodum , Castanopsis cuspidata , Ligustrum foliosum nakai, Machilus thunbergii .

Ulleungdo: A sort of trees which reseed with Mt. Seonginbong as a center based on approximately 600 m altitude. Altitudes below 600 m have wild plants in the Southern province that are magnolia, Euonymus japonicus , Camellia japonica , Hedera rhombea , Ardisia japonica , Vitex rotundifolia and others. An altitude of 600 m or above has Fagus crenata and Sorbus commixta . [22]

Jejudo can be divided into coast vegetation and mountain vegetation. Coast vegetation consists of Sinomenium acutum , Machilus thunbergii , Daphniphyllum macropodum , Camellia japonica , Vitex rotundifolia , Centella asiatica . Reynoutria elliptica , Hydrangea serrata , Eleutherococcus senticosus , Aconitum napiforme , Schisandra repanda and others. [22]

Temperate forest

South Korea is dominated by temperate forests, which takes up 85% of its territory. Land between the Korean Demilitarized Zone and the northern part of 35°N belong to this . Common species in temperate forest are Carpinus laxiflora , Carpinus tschonoskii and Quercus mongolica . A subalpine forest exists in the Kaema Plateau in North Korea or south-central's higher mountains. Picea jezoensis , Pinus pumila , Abies nephrolepis , Larix gmelinii and Abies holophylla can be found there. [22]

The southern part of temperate forest is contained in a region 37°N at the west coast, 38°N at the east coast and inner land's temperate forest that is a southern part of 36.5°. There are common bamboo, Acer palmatum , Carpinus laxiflora and others. In Jirisan mountain, there are Hemerocallis fulva , Picea jezoensis, Cornus officinalis , Rhododendron mucronulatum , Abies koreana , Eleutherococcus senticosus , Aconitum chiisanense , Angelica gigas and others. In Mt. Deogyusan, there are Aconitum uchiyamai , Sorbus commixta , Acanthopanax sessiliflorus , Cimicifuga simplex and others. In the coast district, there are Camellia japonica , Euonymus japonicus , Daphniphyllum macropodum , Camellia sinensis and others. [22]

The central part of temperate forest contains 39°N at the west coast, 40°N at the east coast and inner land's temperate forest that include between a southern part of 38° boundary line (38th parallel north) and Northern Limit Line of south temperate forest. There are Quercus dentatomongolica , Acer pictum subsp. mono, Betula costata , Zanthoxylum planispinum and others. In Seoraksan Mountain, there are Hemerocallis dumortieri , Ampelopsis brevipedunculata , Rhododendron brachycarpum , Rhododendron fauriae and others. In Odaesan Mountain, there are Astilbe chinensis , Berberis koreana , lily of the valley and others. In Chiaksan Mountain, there are Codonopsis lanceolata , Lactuca indica , Hieracium umbellatum , Aconitum and others. In Mt.Taebaeksan, there are Juniperus chinensis , Taxus cuspidata , Juniperus rigida , Pinus densiflora , Viola diamantica Nakai, Trientalis europaea , Arisaema erubescens and others. In Cheonmasan Mountain, there are Juniperus chinensis , Taxus cuspidata , Juniperus rigida , Draba nemorosa L., Eranthis stellata Maxim, Hepatica asiatica Nakai, Adonis amurensis , Heloniopsis koreana and others. In Mt.Sobaeksan, there are Iris rossii , Hylomecon and others. In Woraksan Mountain, there are Actinidia arguta , Thymus quinquecostatus , Rubus coreanus and others. In Mt.Songnisan, there are Leonurus japonicus , Angelica gigas and others. In Juwangsan mountain, there are Staphylea pinnata , Jeffersonia , Fraxinus rhynchophylla , Rhododendron schlippenbachii and others. In the islands of the west coast, there are Machilus thunbergii , Camellia japonica , Epimedium koreanum , Scopolia japonica , Berberis koreana , Valeriana fauriei , Cornus officinalis , Schisandra chinensis and others. [22]

The northern part of the temperate forest is in between a north limit of central temperate forest and boundary line(38th parallel north). There are Betula platyphylla , Pinus koraiensis , Acer komarovii , Ligularia fischeri , Rhododendron aureum , Epimedium koreanum , rhubarb, Viola mandshurica , Lithospermum erythrorhizon and others. [22]

Subalpine forest

In South Korea, boreal forests do not exist in the lowlands.[ citation needed ] However, subalpine coniferous forest is found in highland or mountainous district in South Korea. Part of Hallasan, part of Seoraksan, fir forest of Jirisan and Gotjawal Forest in Jeju Province are the subalpine forests in South Korea. At an altitude of 1200 m–1500 m in Hallasan, there is a coniferous forest which consists of pine, juniper, a Korean fir. Fruticeta is formed in 1500 m–1700 m and the alpine zone spread out above 1850 m. South-facing slopes have more mild weather than north-facing slopes. Therefore, its height extends a little more on the south side. [23] [24] [25] [26]

Endangered wild plants

Endangered wild plants are divided into first grade and second grade. [27]

Rhododendron aureum Rhododendron aureum Kibanashakunage in kannondake 2003 6 21.jpg
Rhododendron aureum
Neofinetia falcata Vanda falcata.jpg
Neofinetia falcata
Sundew Drosera spatulata KansaiHabit.jpg
Sundew

First grade endangered wild plants refers to species of plant in which the number is significantly reduced by natural causes or artificial factors. The species are selected by the minister of environment after a prior consultation with the minister of central administration organization. First grade endangered wild plants refer to the following species:

Second grade endangered wild plants are species of plant in which the number is significantly reduced by natural causes or artificial factors. These plants have the possibility of becoming extinct in the foreseeable future. The species are selected by the Minister of Environment:

Wildlife in the Demilitarized Zone

The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is the unmanned strip of land that exists between North and South Korea. [56] It has been a representation of the two nations' tensions for over 50 years and it is a contributing factor of the events that led to the Korean War in 1950. [56] Since the Armistice between the two nations, the ecosystem of the area has reverted to its natural state due to the lack of human interference; the DMZ and Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) (a buffer to the DMZ) encompass many rivers and an abundant amount of diverse ecosystems along with substantial amounts of plant, mammal, fish and bird species, many of which are globally endangered. [56]

Over 5,000 species of plants and animals have been identified as living in the DMZ, including a significant amount which are considered protected on the endangered species list. [57] These endangered species living in the DMZ include: Siberian musk deer, white-naped crane, red-crowned crane, Asiatic black bear, cinereous vulture and the long-tailed goral. [57]

Asiatic black bear in captivity Asiatic BlackBear.jpg
Asiatic black bear in captivity

Preserving biodiversity in the DMZ

The DMZ and the CCZ are bordered by land mines which leave the areas untouched by humans. This untouched habitat is significant for persevering the East Asia flyway system of migratory birds from Russia to Australia. The white-naped crane and red-crowned crane populations are most affected. [56]

This area is also home to many other endangered species of birds and mammals, including the Asian black bear, [58] who is considered threatened on the endangered species list due to people harvesting their stomach bile and using it for Chinese herbology. [59]

The importance of wildlife conservation and undisturbed habitats is recognized by many, including the South Korean Ministry of Environment, [57] which wishes to keep the DMZ untouched by people in order to safeguard biodiversity. [58]

Controversies

The Han River ecosystem is endangered because the water flow changed due to water blocking construction at Ilsan Bridge. Deposition of materials in the river caused environmental damage. The Korean Association for the Protection of Wild Birds claimed to remove the structure, which possibly destroyed the natural ecology and caused the bank to overflow. [60]

In the media

The Nakdong River Basin Environmental Office set up an unmanned camera and successfully captured images of the wildlife. In the video, wild animals are seen moving around the alpine wetland and displayed various actions such as hunting and marking their territories. Martens that were observed at this time were selected as endangered animals and they were apex predators in South Korea. The video has great importance to scientific research as it is the first to document the wildlife in real time. In addition, it offers scientists and government officials the opportunity to reconsider the preservation of the alpine climate. [61]

See also

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References

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  8. ↑ Lee, Saro; Lee, Sunmin; Song, W.; Lee, M. J. (2017). "Habitat potential mapping of Marten (Martes flavigula) and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in South Korea using artificial neural network machine learning". Applied Sciences. 7 (9): 912. doi: 10.3390/app7090912 .
  9. ↑ "'두루미 보호'로 상 받은 수자원공사…알고 보니 서식지 파괴" [The K-Water received a award for protection of red-crowned crane. But it transpired that K-Water had destroyed the red-crowned crane's habitat]. KBS 뉴스. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  10. ↑ "Red-crowned Crane" [두루미. Durumi]. terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  11. ↑ "Golden eagle(검독수리. Gum-Doksuri)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  12. ↑ "Musk deer(사향노루. Sahyang-noru)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  13. ↑ "Wolf(늑대. Nuekdae)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  14. ↑ Law of wildlife conservation and management[Law article2, 2011.7.28., revision of a part]
  15. ↑ Song, Janghoon (August 2005). 배 과수원 유해조류 피해 방지법에 관한 연구 = Bird Control in the Orchards of Oriental Pear (Pyrus pyriforia) (PhD) (in Korean). Chunbuk University. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  16. ↑ Bang, Jeongsik (1998). 까치에 의한 전력설비 피해방지 대책 [Protecting of Electrical Equipment Faults Caused by Magpie]. Korea Electronics Society (in Korean). pp. 1663–1665. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  17. ↑ Ryu, Jaehyun (16 June 2016). "애물단지 비둘기·백로, 퇴치도 곤란" [Pigeons and white heron causes problem, hard to control them]. Korea Broadcasting Service (in Korean). Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  18. ↑ Jeong, Hoisung (28 June 2016). "광주 도심서 멧돼지 이틀 새 3차례 출몰" [Wild boars appeared in downtown Gwangju 3 times in 2 days]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  19. ↑ Park, Yeseul (12 June 2016). "70대 농부, 밭에 가다 멧돼지에 7곳 물려 중상" [Farmer aged 70s bit 7 places by wild boar and seriously injured while moving to his farm]. Kukinews (in Korean). Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  20. ↑ Choi, Moon-bo; Seo, Joeng-Geun; Ha, Bu-Kyeong; Kim, Hyo-Nam; Jang, Minho (2014). "The Species Diversity of Vespidae and Damage Prevention in Three National Parks (Naejangsan, Odaesan and Juwangsan National Park)". Journal of National Park Research (in Korean). 5 (3): 114–121.
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  25. ↑ "Korea Forest Service-Forest vegetation belt" . Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  26. ↑ "Jejudo story" . Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  27. ↑ Won, Byeong-oh (30 July 2005). Endangered wild species in Korea (in Korean) (3 ed.). Gyohakssa. p. 268. ISBN   9788909110259.
  28. ↑ "Crataegus komarovii Sargent(이노리나무. Inori-namu)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  29. ↑ "Cypripedium japonicum Thunb(광릉요강꽃. Gwangreungyogang-ggot)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  30. ↑ "나도풍란. Nadopung-nan". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  31. ↑ "Aerides japonicum(만년콩. Mannyeon-kong)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  32. ↑ "Diapensiaceae(돌매화나무. Dolmaehwa-namu)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  33. ↑ "Cymbidium lancifolium(죽백란. Jukbaek-nan)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  34. ↑ "Neofinetia falcata(풍란. Pung-nan)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  35. ↑ "Cymbidium kanran(한란. Han-nan)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  36. ↑ "Euryale ferox Salisb(가시연꽃. Gasi yeon-ggot)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  37. ↑ "Siberian ginseng(가시오갈피나무. Gasi ogalpi-namu)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  38. ↑ "Chinese Twinleaf(깽깽이풀. GgaengGgaeng ii-pul)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  39. ↑ "Sundew(끈끈이귀개. Ggeun Ggeun ii gwi-gae)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  40. ↑ "Rhododendron aureum(노랑만병초. Noran Manbyeong-cho)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  41. ↑ "Iris odaesanensis Y. N. Lee(노랑무늬붓꽃. Norang Mooni Boot-ggot)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  42. ↑ "Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae(단양쑥부쟁이. Danyang Ssookboojaeng-ii)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  43. ↑ "Ranunculus kazusensis(매화마름. MaeHwa-MaRuem)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  44. ↑ "Isoetes japonica(물부추. Mul-BooChoo)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  45. ↑ "Vexillabium yakushimense(백운란. Baek woon-nan)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  46. ↑ "Saururus chinensis(Lour.) Baill(삼백초. Sambaek-cho)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  47. ↑ "Viola raddeanaRegel.(선제비꽃. Sunjaebi-ggot)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  48. ↑ "Lilium cernuumKom(솔나리. Sol-nari)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  49. ↑ "Psilotum nudum(L.) Griseb.(솔잎란. Sollip-nan)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  50. ↑ "Millettiajaponica. (Sieb. et Zucc.) A. Gray(애기등. Ehgi-deung)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  51. ↑ "Viola websteri Hemsl(왕제비꽃. Wang jebi-ggot)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  52. ↑ "Galeola septentrionalis Reichb. fil(으름난초. Eureum-nancho)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  53. ↑ "Polygonatumstenophyllum Maxim(층층둥굴레. Cheung-Cheung Doong-gul-le)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  54. ↑ "Mankyua chejuense(제주고사리삼. Jeju-gosarisam)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  55. ↑ "Leontice microrhyncha S. Moore(한계령풀. Hangyeryeung-pul)". terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Healy, Hall. "Korean Demilitarized Zone: Peace and Nature Park". International Journal on World Peace. 24: 61–83 – via JSTOR.
  57. 1 2 3 Harbage, Claire (April 2019). "In Korean DMZ, Wildlife Thrives. Some Conservationists Worry Peace Could Disrupt It". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  58. 1 2 Kim, Ke Chung (1997). "Preserving Biodiversity in Korea's Demilitarized Zone". Science. 278 (5336): 242–243. doi:10.1126/science.278.5336.242 – via JSTOR.
  59. ↑ Raloff, Janet (October 2005). "A Galling Business". Science News. 168 (16): 250–252. doi:10.2307/4016817. JSTOR   4016817.
  60. ↑ "물막이 공사로 한강 생태계 파괴 (Wild life of Han River was destroyed by construction of stop gate)". May 13, 2015.
  61. ↑ "전체 - 멸종위기종 담비·삵의 고산습지 서식 영상 최초 공개 (The first movie about alpine climate habitation of species close to extinction martens and wildcats was released)". www.me.go.kr. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
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