Old World sparrow

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Old World sparrow
House sparrow male in Prospect Park (53532).jpg
Male house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
Superfamily: Passeroidea
Family: Passeridae
Rafinesque, 1815
Type genus
Passer
Brisson, 1760
Genera

Old World sparrows are a group of small passerine birds forming the family Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, a name also used for a particular genus of the family, Passer . [1] They are distinct from both the New World sparrows, in the family Passerellidae, and from a few other birds sharing their name, such as the Java sparrow of the family Estrildidae. Many species nest on buildings and the house and Eurasian tree sparrows, in particular, inhabit cities in large numbers. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects. Some species scavenge for food around cities and, like pigeons or gulls, will eat small quantities of a diversity of items.

Contents

Description

Male house sparrow in Germany Passer domesticus male head (Germany).jpg
Male house sparrow in Germany
Yellow-throated sparrow at Keoladeo National Park, India Chestnut-shouldered Petronia (Petronia xanthocollis) at Bharatpur I IMG 5262.jpg
Yellow-throated sparrow at Keoladeo National Park, India
Sparrow in Tharparkar, Sindh Birds in Tharparkar.jpg
Sparrow in Tharparkar, Sindh

Generally, Old World sparrows are small, plump, brown and grey birds with short tails and stubby, powerful beaks. The differences between sparrow species can be subtle. Members of this family range in size from the chestnut sparrow (Passer eminibey), at 11.4 centimetres (4.5 in) and 13.4 grams (0.47 oz), to the parrot-billed sparrow (Passer gongonensis), at 18 centimetres (7.1 in) and 42 grams (1.5 oz). Sparrows are physically similar to other seed-eating birds, such as finches, but have a vestigial dorsal outer primary wing feather and an extra bone in the tongue. [2] [3] This bone, the preglossale, helps stiffen the tongue when holding seeds. Other adaptations for eating seeds are specialised bills and elongated and specialised alimentary canals. [4]

Taxonomy and systematics

A sparrow chick Sparrowchick.JPG
A sparrow chick
Painting of black-winged snowfinches MontifringillaAdamsiGould.jpg
Painting of black-winged snowfinches

The family Passeridae was introduced (as Passernia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. [5] [6] Under the classification used in the Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) main groupings of the sparrows are the true sparrows (genus Passer ), the snowfinches (typically one genus, Montifringilla), and the rock sparrows ( Petronia and the pale rockfinch). These groups are similar to each other, and are each fairly homogeneous, especially Passer. [4] Some classifications also include the sparrow-weavers ( Plocepasser ) and several other African genera (otherwise classified among the weavers, Ploceidae) [4] which are morphologically similar to Passer. [7] According to a study of molecular and skeletal evidence by Jon Fjeldså and colleagues, the cinnamon ibon of the Philippines, previously considered to be a white-eye, is a sister taxon to the sparrows as defined by the HBW. They therefore classify it as its own subfamily within Passeridae. [7]

Many early classifications of the Old World sparrows placed them as close relatives of the weavers among the various families of small seed-eating birds, based on the similarity of their breeding behaviour, bill structure, and moult, among other characters. Some, starting with P. P. Suskin in the 1920s, placed the sparrows in the weaver family as the subfamily Passerinae, and tied them to Plocepasser. Another family sparrows were classed with was the finches (Fringillidae). [4]

Some authorities previously classified the related estrildid finches of the Old World tropics and Australasia as members of the Passeridae. Like sparrows, the estrildid finches are small, gregarious and often colonial seed-eaters with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are broadly similar in structure and habits, but tend to be very colourful and vary greatly in their plumage. The 2008 Christidis and Boles taxonomic scheme lists the estrildid finches as the separate family Estrildidae, leaving just the true sparrows[ clarification needed ] in Passeridae. [8]

Despite some resemblance such as the seed-eater's bill and frequently well-marked heads, New World sparrows are members of a different family, Passerellidae, with 29 genera recognised. [9] Several species in this family are notable singers. New World sparrows are related to Old World buntings, and until 2017, were included in the Old World bunting family Emberizidae. [10] [11] [4] The hedge sparrow or dunnock (Prunella modularis) is similarly unrelated. It is a sparrow in name only, a relict of the old practice of calling more types of small birds "sparrows". [12] A few further bird species are also called sparrows, such as the Java sparrow, an estrildid finch.

Passeridae

Gymnoris – 4 species

Passer – 28 species

Phylogeny based on a study by Martin Päckert and colleagues published in 2021. The monotypic genera Carpospiza and Hypocryptadius were not sampled. [13]

Species

The family contains 43 species divided into eight genera: [14]

ImageGenusLiving species
Cinnamon Ibon (cropped2).jpg Hypocryptadius
Carpospiza brachydactyla (cropped).jpg Carpospiza
Petronia petronia -Ariege, Midi-Pyrenee, France-8-4c.jpg Petronia
White-rumped Snowfinch north Sikkim India 15.10.2019.jpg Onychostruthus
A Tibetan Snowfinch juvenile - Tso Moriri, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir India.jpg Montifringilla
Rufous-necked Snowfinch Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 18.10.2015.jpg Pyrgilauda
Chestnut-shouldered petronia IMG 4865.jpg Gymnoris
Passer domesticus male (15).jpg Passer , the true sparrows

Distribution and habitat

A male Dead Sea sparrow in southeastern Turkey Beytika bicuk ner.jpg
A male Dead Sea sparrow in southeastern Turkey

The Old World sparrows are indigenous to Europe, Africa and Asia. In the Americas, Australia, and other parts of the world, settlers imported some species which quickly naturalised, particularly in urban and degraded areas. House sparrows, for example, are now found throughout North America, Australia (every state except Western Australia), parts of southern and eastern Africa, and over much of the heavily populated parts of South America. [4]

The Old World sparrows are generally birds of open habitats, including grasslands, deserts, and scrubland. The snowfinches and ground-sparrows are all species of high latitudes. A few species, like the Eurasian tree sparrow, inhabit open woodland. [4] The aberrant cinnamon ibon has the most unusual habitat of the family, inhabiting the canopy of cloud forest in the Philippines. [7]

Behaviour and ecology

Old World sparrows are generally social birds, with many species breeding in loose colonies and most species occurring in flocks during the non-breeding season. The great sparrow is an exception, breeding in solitary pairs and remaining only in small family groups in the non-breeding season. They form large roosting aggregations in the non-breeding seasons that contain only a single species (in contrast to multi-species flocks that might gather for foraging). Sites are chosen for cover and include trees, thick bushes and reed beds. The assemblages can be quite large with up to 10,000 house sparrows counted in one roost in Egypt. [4]

The Old World sparrows are some of the few passerine birds that engage in dust bathing. They will first scratch a hole in the ground with their feet, then lie in it and fling dirt or sand over their bodies with flicks of their wings. They will also bathe in water, or in dry or melting snow. Water bathing is similar to dust bathing, with the sparrow standing in shallow water and flicking water over its back with its wings, also ducking its head under the water. Both activities are social, with up to a hundred birds participating at once, and is followed by preening and sometimes group singing. [4]

Eggs

The house sparrow typically lays 3-6 eggs, but has been known to lay as few as 1 and as many as 8 greenish-white eggs. The incubation period is typically 10–14 days. [15]

Relationships with humans

House sparrows being fed brioche in front of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris. Sparrows being fed in front of Notre-Dame Cathedrale.jpg
House sparrows being fed brioche in front of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.

Old World sparrows may be the most familiar of all wild birds worldwide. [16] Many species commonly live in agricultural areas, and for several, human settlements are a primary habitat. The Eurasian tree and house sparrows are particularly specialised in living around humans and inhabit cities in large numbers. 17 of the 26 species recognised by the Handbook of the Birds of the World are known to nest on and feed around buildings. [4]

Grain-eating species, in particular the house and Sudan golden sparrows, can be significant agricultural pests. They can be beneficial to humans as well, especially by eating insect pests. Attempts at large-scale control have failed to affect populations significantly, or have been accompanied by major increases in insect attacks probably resulting from a reduction of numbers, as in the Great Sparrow Campaign in 1950s China. [4]

Because of their familiarity, the house sparrow and other species of the family are frequently used to represent the common and vulgar, or the lewd. [17] Birds usually described later as Old World sparrows are referred to in many works of ancient literature and religious texts in Europe and western Asia. These references may not always refer specifically to Old World sparrows, or even to small, seed-eating birds, but later writers who were inspired by these texts often had the house sparrow and other members of the family in mind. In particular, Old World sparrows were associated by the ancient Greeks with Aphrodite, the goddess of love, due to their perceived lustfulness, an association echoed by later writers such as Chaucer and Shakespeare. [4] [17] [18]

Jesus's use of "sparrows" as an example of divine providence in the Gospel of Matthew [19] also inspired later references, such as that in the final scene of Shakespeare's Hamlet [17] and the Gospel hymn "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". [20]

Sparrows are represented in ancient Egyptian art very rarely, but an Egyptian hieroglyph
Old World sparrow
is based on the house sparrow. The symbol had no phonetic value and was used as a determinative in words to indicate small, narrow, or bad. [21]

Old World sparrows have been kept as pets at many times in history, even though most are not particularly colourful and their songs are unremarkable.[ citation needed ] They are also difficult to keep, as pet sparrows must be raised by hand and a considerable amount of insects are required to feed them. Nevertheless, many people succeed at hand-raising orphaned or abandoned baby sparrows. [22]

The earliest mentions of pet sparrows are from the Romans. Not all the passeri mentioned, often as pets, in Roman literature were necessarily sparrows, but some accounts of them clearly describe their appearance and habits. [23] The pet passer of Lesbia in Catullus's poems may not have been a sparrow, but a thrush or European goldfinch. John Skelton's The Boke of Phyllyp Sparowe is a lament for a pet house sparrow belonging to a Jane Scrope, narrated by Scrope. [4] [17] [23] [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrildidae</span> Family of birds

Estrildidae, or estrildid finches, is a family of small seed-eating passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "finch" being included in the common names of some species, they are not closely related to birds with this name in other families, such as the Fringillidae, Emberizidae or Passerellidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ploceidae</span> Family of small passerine birds

Ploceidae is a family of small passerine birds, many of which are called weavers, weaverbirds, weaver finches, or bishops. These names come from the nests of intricately woven vegetation created by birds in this family. In most recent classifications, the Ploceidae are a clade that excludes some birds that have historically been placed in the family, such as some of the sparrows, but which includes the monotypic subfamily Amblyospizinae. The family is believed to have originated in the mid-Miocene. All birds of the Ploceidae are native to the Old World, most in Africa south of the Sahara, though a few live in tropical areas of Asia. A few species have been introduced outside their native range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock sparrow</span> Species of bird

The rock sparrow or rock petronia is a small passerine bird in the sparrow family Passeridae. It is the only member of the genus Petronia. It breeds on barren rocky hills from the Iberian Peninsula and western north Africa across southern Europe and through the Palearctic Siberia and north and central China. It is largely resident in the west of its range, but Asian birds migrate to more southerly areas, or move down the mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dead Sea sparrow</span> Species of bird

The Dead Sea sparrow is a species of bird in the Old World sparrow family Passeridae, with one subspecies breeding in parts of the Middle East and another in western Afghanistan and eastern Iran. The eastern subspecies P. m. yatii is sometimes considered a separate species known as Yate's sparrow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudan golden sparrow</span> Species of bird

The Sudan golden sparrow is a small species of bird in the sparrow family found in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a famous cage bird, and in aviculture, it is known as the golden song sparrow. The Arabian golden sparrow and this species are sometimes considered one species, as the "golden sparrow".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iago sparrow</span> Species of bird

The Iago sparrow, also known as the Cape Verde or rufous-backed sparrow, is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae. It is endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago, in the eastern Atlantic Ocean near western Africa. Females and young birds have brown plumage with black marks above, and a dull grey underside, and are distinguished from other species of sparrow by their large, distinct supercilium. Males have a brighter underside and bold black and chestnut stripes on their head. At 12.5–13 centimetres (4.9–5.1 in) long, it is a smaller sparrow. This bird's vocalisations are mostly variations on its chirp, which differ somewhat between males and females.

<i>Passer</i> Genus of birds

Passer is a genus of sparrows, also known as the true sparrows. The genus contains 28 species and includes the house sparrow and the Eurasian tree sparrow, two of the most common birds in the world. They are small birds with thick bills for eating seeds, and are mostly coloured grey or brown. Native to the Old World, some species have been introduced throughout the world.

<i>Montifringilla</i> Genus of birds

Montifringilla is a genus of passerine birds in the sparrow family Passeridae. It is one of three genera containing the snowfinches. As the English and scientific names suggest, these are high-altitude species, found in the mountain ranges of southern Eurasia, from the Pyrenees east to the Himalayas, Tibet and western China.

Snowfinches are a natural group of small passerine birds in the sparrow family Passeridae. At one time all eight species were placed in the genus Montifringilla but they are now divided into three genera:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut sparrow</span> Species of bird

The chestnut sparrow is a species of passerine bird in the sparrow family Passeridae. It is the smallest member of the sparrow family, at about 11 cm (4.3 in) long. The breeding male has deep chestnut plumage and the female and juvenile are coloured a duller grey with some chestnut markings. Like its closest relatives in the genus Passer, the Arabian golden sparrow and the Sudan golden sparrow, it is gregarious and found in arid areas. Ranging through the east of Africa from Darfur in Sudan to Tanzania, it is found in dry savanna, papyrus swamps, and near human habitation. Adults and juveniles both feed mostly on grass seeds, and fly in flocks, often with other species of birds, to find food. It nests in trees, building its own domed nests, and also usurping the more elaborate nests of weavers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape sparrow</span> Species of bird from southern Africa

The Cape sparrow, or mossie, is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae found in southern Africa. A medium-sized sparrow at 14–16 centimetres (5.5–6.3 in), it has distinctive plumage, including large pale head stripes in both sexes. Its plumage is mostly grey, brown, and chestnut, and the male has some bold black and white markings on its head and neck. The species inhabits semi-arid savannah, cultivated areas, and towns, and ranges from the central coast of Angola to eastern South Africa and Eswatini. Three subspecies are distinguished in different parts of its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russet sparrow</span> Small passerine bird found in Asia

The russet sparrow, also called the cinnamon or cinnamon tree sparrow, is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae. A chunky little seed-eating bird with a thick bill, it has a body length of 14 to 15 cm (5.5–5.9 in). Its plumage is mainly warm rufous above and grey below. It exhibits sexual dimorphism, with the plumage of both sexes patterned similarly to that of the corresponding sex of house sparrow. Its vocalisations are sweet and musical chirps, which when strung together form a song.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sind sparrow</span> Sparrow species of bird found in South Asia

The Sind sparrow is a passerine bird of the sparrow family, Passeridae, found around the Indus valley region in South Asia. Its name refers to the province of Sindh, and it is also known as the jungle, Sind jungle, or rufous-backed sparrow. Very similar to the related house sparrow, it is smaller and has distinguishing plumage features. As in the house sparrow, the male has brighter plumage than female and young birds, including black markings and a grey crown. Distinctively, the male has a chestnut stripe running down its head behind the eye, and the female has a darker head than other sparrow species. Its main vocalisations are soft chirping calls that are extended into longer songs with other sounds interspersed by breeding males. Historically, this species was thought to be very closely related to the house sparrow, but its closest evolutionary affinities may lie elsewhere. The species was discovered around 1840, but went undetected for several decades afterwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghan snowfinch</span> Species of bird

The Afghan snowfinch or the Afghan ground-sparrow, bar-tailed snowfinch, Meinertzhagen's snowfinch, or Theresa's snowfinch, is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, endemic to the northern parts of the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. There are no major threats to the species despite its restricted range, so it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. This species is mostly a seed-eater, supplementing its diet with some insects. It builds its nest in the burrows or hollows of ground-dwelling rodents, lined with hair or feathers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted finch</span> Australian bird

The painted finch is a common species of estrildid finch found in Australia. The painted finch acquired its name due to the red and white spotted and mottled underparts of both males and females. The binomial comes from emblema meaning 'mosaic or inlaid work'; and pictum derives from the Latin word pictus, meaning 'painted'. Other names include Emblema finch, mountain finch, painted firetail and Emblema. The painted finch is a popular bird to be kept in captivity and in backyard aviaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New World sparrow</span> Family of birds

New World sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. They are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange weaver</span> Species of bird

The orange weaver is a species of bird in the weaver family, Ploceidae. It is sparsely distributed across African tropical rainforest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-capped social weaver</span> Species of bird

The grey-capped social weaver is a sparrow-like liver-colored bird, with a pale grey crown, a dark grey bill, a whitish eye-ring, horn-colored legs, with some black in the wing and a light terminal band in the tail, that builds roofed nests made of straws, breeds in colonies in thorny Acacia trees, and feeds in groups gathering grass seeds and insects. Male and female have near identical plumage. DNA-analysis confirms it is part of the weaver family. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-capped social weaver</span> Species of bird

The black-capped social weaver is a sparrow-like species of bird that has been assigned to the weaverbird family. It was originally described by Fisher and Reichenow, and later re-classified by the latter to the genus Pseudonigrita. Adults have a large black cap, ivory-colored bill, red eyes, brown back and wings, blackish-brown tail, white throat and underparts with a black midline, and dark horn-colored legs. It breeds in colonies and roofed nests with an entrance at the bottom in thorny trees such as acacias are constructed by the male from grass stems. It is found in parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. It is sometimes kept and bred in captivity.

<i>Gymnoris</i> Genus of birds

Gymnoris is a genus of passerine birds in the sparrow family Passeridae. Three species are found in Africa while the yellow-throated sparrow ranges from Turkey to India.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Summers-Smith 2005 , p. 17
  2. ↑ Bledsoe, A. H.; Payne, R. B. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 222. ISBN   978-1-85391-186-6.
  3. ↑ Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-03424-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2009). "Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN   978-84-96553-50-7.
  5. ↑ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 68.
  6. ↑ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 157, 252. hdl:2246/830.
  7. 1 2 3 Fjeldså, J.; Irestedt, M.; Ericson, P. G. P.; Zuccon, D. (2010). "The Cinnamon Ibon Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus is a forest canopy sparrow" (PDF). Ibis. 152 (4): 747–760. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01053.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
  8. ↑ Christidis & Boles 2008 , p. 177
  9. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "New World Sparrows, Bush Tanagers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  10. ↑ American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds. 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
  11. ↑ R. Terry Chesser; Kevin J. Burns; Carla Cicero; Jon L. Dunn; Andrew W. Kratter; Irby J. Lovette; Pamela C. Rasmussen; J. V. Remsen Jr.; James D. Rising; Douglas F. Stotz; Kevin Winker (2017). "Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". Auk (Submitted manuscript). 134 (3): 751–773. doi: 10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 .[ permanent dead link ]
  12. ↑ Summers-Smith 1988 , p. 13
  13. ↑ Päckert, M.; Hering, J.; Belkacem, A.A.; Sun, Y.-H.; Hille, S.; Lkhagvasuren, D.; Islam, S.; Martens, J. (2021). "A revised multilocus phylogeny of Old World sparrows (Aves: Passeridae)". Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 353–366. doi: 10.3897/vz.71.e65952 .
  14. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  15. ↑ "Hoiuse Sparrow". Aububon.ordg. 13 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Clement, Peter; Colston, P. R. (2003). "Sparrows and Snowfinches". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp.  590–591. ISBN   978-1-55297-777-4.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Summers-Smith 1963 , pp. 49, 215
  18. ↑ Shipley, A. E. (1899). "Sparrow". In Cheyne, Thomas Kelley; Black, J. Sutherland (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica . Vol. 4. Toronto : Morang.
  19. ↑ Matthew 10:29–31
  20. ↑ Todd 2012 , pp. 56–58
  21. ↑ Houlihan & Goodman 1986 , pp. 136–137
  22. ↑ "Starling Talk: The Care and Feeding of Injured and Orphaned Starlings".
  23. 1 2 Summers-Smith 2005 , pp. 29–35
  24. ↑ Ferber, Michael (2007). "Sparrow". A Dictionary of Literary Symbols. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-01.

Works cited

  • Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN   978-0-643-06511-6.
  • Houlihan, Patrick E.; Goodman, Steven M. (1986). The Natural History of Egypt, Volume I: The Birds of Ancient Egypt. Warminster: Aris & Philips. ISBN   978-0-85668-283-4.
  • Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1963). The House Sparrow. New Naturalist (1st. ed.). London: Collins.
  • Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988). The Sparrows. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN   978-0-85661-048-6.
  • Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2005). On Sparrows and Man: A Love-Hate Relationship. Guisborough (Cleveland). ISBN   978-0-9525383-2-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Todd, Kim (2012). Sparrow. Animal. Reaktion Books. ISBN   978-1-86189-875-3.
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