Women's Rights Pioneers Monument

Last updated

Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
Womens-Rights-Pioneers-Monument Meredith-Bergmann 2021-05-13 19-05.jpg
Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
Subject
Location New York City, New York, U.S.
Coordinates 40°46′14″N73°58′21″W / 40.7705°N 73.9725°W / 40.7705; -73.9725

The Women's Rights Pioneers Monument is a sculpture by Meredith Bergmann. It was installed in Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, on August 26 (Women's Equality Day), 2020. [1] [2] The sculpture is located at the northwest corner of Literary Walk along The Mall, the widest pedestrian path in Central Park. [3] [4] The sculpture commemorates and depicts Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883), Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906), and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902), pioneers in the suffrage movement who advocated women's right to vote and who were pioneers of the larger movement for women's rights. [5] [6]

Contents

It is the first sculpture in Central Park to depict historical women and was created to "break the bronze ceiling" [7] as, previously, the only other female figures depicted in the park was Alice from Alice in Wonderland and Juliet from Romeo and Juliet. [1] [8] Original plans for the memorial included only Stanton and Anthony, but after critics raised objections to the lack of inclusion of women of color, Truth was added to the design. [9] [10] [11]

History

Since 2013, the Statue Fund/Monumental Women campaign (originally known as the Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Statue Fund) [12] worked with the city to "break the bronze ceiling" in Central Park to create the first statue of non-fictional women in the Park's 165-year history. [13] [14] Breaking the bronze ceiling is a phrase used to link “breaking the glass ceiling” with the lack of statues of women in America, since only 8% of sculptures around the U.S. are of women. [15] Previously, there had been no new additions to the statue collection in Central Park since the 1950s. [16] The campaign was run by Gary Ferdman and Myriam Miedzian, who argued that Stanton and Anthony were ideal subjects for the monument based on their legacy as "long lasting leaders of the largest non-violent revolution in our nation's history." [17] [18] The Parks Department rejected the original Stanton/Anthony proposal multiple times. This is because of their policy that statues need to have some relevance or connection to New York City or Central Park. This policy has been selectively enforced in the past, but the statue was eventually approved when evidence was presented that Stanton and Anthony had a connection to Central Park. [16] Proponents of the statue were able to prove that Anthony used to walk across Central Park on her daily commute. [12]

Monumental Women raised $1.5 million in mostly private funding to pay for the statue, [19] including contributions from foundations, businesses and over 1,000 individual donations. [9] [19] Several troops of the Girl Scouts of Greater New York have donated money from their cookie sales to the fund [4] and the fund has received a $500,000 grant from New York Life. [19] Additionally, Girl Scout Troop 3484 of New York protested the lack of female representation in New York’s public monuments which brought national attention to the current effort of raising funds for the suffragist’s statue. [20] Manhattan borough president, Gale Brewer, who was a vocal supporter of the project, and Councilwoman Helen Rosenthal also donated a total of $135,000 to the project. [21] Other supporters of the effort included numerous elected officials, every member of the New York City Council Women's Caucus, Congresswomen, U.S. Senators, and historians. [22]

The Women's Rights Pioneers Monument was created by sculptor Meredith Bergmann, [23] who in July 2018 was chosen out of 91 artists who applied for the commission to create the statue. [24] Bergmann was thrilled to apply for the position, as a Manhattan resident of two decades. Her husband was born and raised in Manhattan, and together they raised their son there. [25] The first design of the statue, featuring Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton with a scroll that contained the names of other rhetors, faced criticism for not including other suffragettes. [26]

In response, Bergmann revised the statue to include Black activist Sojourner Truth collaborating at a table with Anthony and Stanton, [27] with each representing the three elements of activism, "Sojourner Truth is speaking, Susan B. Anthony is organizing, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton is writing." [28] The scroll was omitted. The New York City Public Design Commission approved Bergmann's statue design on October 21, 2019, [29] although there was still conversation about the framing of Truth, Anthony, and Stanton as collaborators. [30] [31] The sculpture was unveiled in Central Park on August 26, 2020, also celebrated as Women's Equality Day, to mark the centennial anniversary of the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote nationwide. [32] [33] Additionally, supporters of the movement, such as Pam Elam, Gale Brewer, sculptor Meredith Bergmann, and former New York senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, were present and gave speeches at the unveiling. [34]

Statue design and process

In 1995, the artist Meredith Bergmann was working on a film set in Central Park and noticed there were "no sculptures of actual women of note and accomplishment." The initial statue design was based on a photo of Anthony and Stanton side by side, with a long scroll tumbling down into a ballot box. [12] The design received some controversy over the inclusion of names of other suffragettes on the scroll, with TheNew York Times stating that Anthony and Stanton "are standing on the names of these other women". [35] 23 years later she was awarded the commission for the design chosen to honor women of the suffrage movement in Central Park. [23]

The call for sculptors involved a Request for Qualifications and Request for Proposals, in which Monumental Women invited sculptors to submit illustrations of previous work, curriculum vitae and their approach to the design of the monument in sketch, text form or both. 91 artists from across the nation applied. The submissions were reviewed in a blind selection process by a diverse jury consisting of art and design professionals, historians and representatives from the New York City Parks Department and the Monumental Women. [4] Four qualified finalists were invited to submit models for the monument [36] with Bergmann ultimately receiving the commission. [37] The competition was coordinated and managed by architecture firm Beyer Blinder Belle Architects & Planners LLP. [9]

In designing the monument, Bergmann was tasked with adhering to the neoclassical genre previously established in Central Park. Given the nature and prestige of the location, the commemorative privilege associated with constructing a new monument required consideration of several expectations for Bergmann's design. [38] The statue depicts Sojourner Truth speaking, Susan B. Anthony organizing, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton writing, "three essential elements of activism," in Bergmann's vision. Bergmann researched the women extensively, painstakingly studying every photo and description she could find in order to accurately portray not just their physical characteristics, but also their personalities. [9] She believes it is important that a monument to them be "larger than life" to reflect the large impact that they had on history. [39] Bergmann worked on a tight timeline to complete the statue in time for the unveiling on August 26, 2020, the fastest she has ever completed a work of this scale. [40] After receiving approval for her design from the New York City Public Design Commission in October 2019, [41] Bergmann immediately began creating the 9-foot-tall clay figures. The rest of the process, including making molds, casts, pouring the molten bronze, final touch-ups and patina, took nearly all the remaining time until the scheduled unveiling on August 26, 2020. [9]

The sculpture was installed in Central Park on August 25, 2020, to mark the centennial anniversary of the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted American women the right to vote. [32] [33]

Criticism

The monument's initial design faced significant criticism, complicating the approval process. The initial design of the statue features only Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The two women lean over a scroll listing the names of 22 other influential women's rights advocates. [35] This design was criticized for reducing these 22 other activists (seven of whom are women of color) to footnotes, portraying Stanton and Anthony being above the scroll implicating that the two are standing on all of those named below them. [17] In the second maquette of the statue, the scroll was removed entirely, leaving only Stanton and Anthony. [42] This version of the statue was unanimously approved by the New York City Public Design Commission. [43]

The Commission mostly issued critiques regarding the artistic elements of the statue, but concluded their statements saying, "(...) the Commission gives approval conditioned upon the understanding that, separate from the statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, the applicant will work to identify meaningful ways to acknowledge and commemorate women of color who played an active role in the Woman Suffrage Movement." [44] However, the monument began receiving public criticism about its lack of representation of women of color, and claims of "whitewashing the suffrage movement." [45] Statue fund organizers Miedzian and Feldman denied this by claiming that a word search of the first three volumes of The History of Woman Suffrage, which Stanton and Anthony co-edited, found African American woman suffragists mentioned at least 85 times. [46] Scholars have also claimed that Anthony and Stanton's advocacy for women's suffrage included themes of anti-Blackness, especially following the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment, which allowed Black men to vote. Particularly, racism against black women became a key part of validating white women's right to vote. [47] Anthony herself is quoted as saying, "I will cut off this right arm of mine before I will ever work or demand the ballot for the Negro and not the woman." [45] Stanton wrote a "letter to the editor" of the New York Standard regarding the political status of Black men compared to women. Fellow activist Angela Davis said, "Its indisputably racist ideas indicate that Stanton’s understanding of the relationship between the battle for Black Liberation and the struggle for women’s rights was, at best, superficial.” [48] Historian Martha Jones wrote that the monument promoted the myth of the suffrage movement led by White women and celebrated activists steeped in racist prejudice. Jones called particularly for the inclusion of Sojourner Truth, stating that "Her vision for women's rights insisted that we imagine a nation in which women's futures were no longer troubled by color, status and other man-made differences. That is a vision worth promoting, for our daughters and for ourselves." [49]

In the wake of public criticism, the statue was redesigned again, this time featuring three figures: Anthony, Stanton, and Sojourner Truth. [50] Truth, an African American abolitionist, suffragist, and activist, was active in the same time as Anthony and Stanton. Many people are satisfied with the inclusion of Truth as representation of women of color in the suffrage movement. Scholar Teresa Zackodnik, for instance, describes Truth as “the Black feminist of the nineteenth century’ and as a “highly transportable symbol of black feminist difference and of the intersection of race and gender.” Zackodnik justifies the title given to Truth via her contributions as a pioneer for women's rights, abolition, the rights of free people and African Americans, but more specifically, for black women. [51] Others, however, disagree with the depiction given Truth's opposition to Anthony and Stanton's comparison of black suffrage and female suffrage which may have overlooked black intelligence. [52] Truth is most famous for her 1851 "Ain't I a Woman" speech, [53] and Monumental Women lists this speech as a reason for her fame. [54] Truth’s speech was given, at the Woman’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio where she was the first woman to speak at the convention who had been formerly enslaved. [55] Several versions exist, as provided at The Sojourner Truth Project and the one most commonly reproduced portrays Truth as using a southern slave dialect unlikely for a New Yorker. [56] It was written by Frances Dana Barker Gage, nearly twelve years after the speech was given, and the statue does not specify any version. In the 1990's, Delores Tucker of the National Congress of Black Women asked Congress to add Truth to the statue because the original perpetuated the whitewashing of history. [57] The request was originally denied due to a lack of the artist's consent, but in 2009, Congress inaugurated Sojourner Truth's statue to the Capitol. [57]

This inclusion was meant to symbolize cross-racial collaboration and acknowledge the pivotal role of Black women in the suffrage movement. However, the revision also sparked further debate. One particular scholar, Karma Chávez, stated that the monument "integrates Truth into present-day suffrage memory without asking viewers to engage the racism that shaped the movement." [58] Critics argued that while the monument now recognized Black women's involvement, it might also inadvertently downplay the racism inherent within some segments of the white suffrage movement, particularly in the years following the Fifteenth Amendment. [59]

The revised monument, therefore, was seen as both a step forward in acknowledging the diverse contributions to the suffrage movement and a subject of ongoing discussions about the complexities of public memorials in representing historical narratives. Continuing discussions involve arguments for a departure from typical monuments in favor of alternative methods of historical acknowledgement for women's rights achievements. Such alternatives might manifest as counter-monuments that defy typical monument conventions. [57] The WRPM's unveiling and the dialogues surrounding it underscore the significance of remembering the diverse and multifaceted history of women's rights activism while grappling with its historical intricacies and challenges. [60]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan B. Anthony</span> American womens rights activist (1820–1906)

Susan B. Anthony was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Declaration of Sentiments</span> 1848 document signed by attendees of the Seneca Falls Convention

The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, the convention is now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who modeled it upon the United States Declaration of Independence. She was a key organizer of the convention along with Lucretia Coffin Mott, and Martha Coffin Wright.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sojourner Truth</span> African-American activist (1797–1883)

Sojourner Truth was an American abolitionist and activist for African-American civil rights, women's rights, and alcohol temperance. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son in 1828, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</span> 1920 amendment mandating womens suffrage

The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to vote. The amendment was the culmination of a decades-long movement for women's suffrage in the United States, at both the state and national levels, and was part of the worldwide movement towards women's suffrage and part of the wider women's rights movement. The first women's suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress in 1878. However, a suffrage amendment did not pass the House of Representatives until May 21, 1919, which was quickly followed by the Senate, on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification, achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption, and thereby went into effect, on August 18, 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was certified on August 26, 1920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</span> American suffragist (1815–1902)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-19th century. She was the main force behind the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention to be called for the sole purpose of discussing women's rights, and was the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments. Her demand for women's right to vote generated a controversy at the convention but quickly became a central tenet of the women's movement. She was also active in other social reform activities, especially abolitionism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seneca Falls Convention</span> First womens rights convention (1848)

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in the Wesleyan Chapel of the town of Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions, including the Rochester Women's Rights Convention in Rochester, New York, two weeks later. In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women's Rights Conventions met in Worcester, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Woman Suffrage Association</span> US 19th-century suffrage organization

The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869, to work for women's suffrage in the United States. Its main leaders were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It was created after the women's rights movement split over the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which would in effect extend voting rights to black men. One wing of the movement supported the amendment while the other, the wing that formed the NWSA, opposed it, insisting that voting rights be extended to all women and all African Americans at the same time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Woman Suffrage Association</span> 19th-century political organization

The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was a single-issue national organization formed in 1869 to work for women's suffrage in the United States. The AWSA lobbied state governments to enact laws granting or expanding women's right to vote in the United States. Lucy Stone, its most prominent leader, began publishing a newspaper in 1870 called the Woman's Journal. It was designed as the voice of the AWSA, and it eventually became a voice of the women's movement as a whole.

Meredith Bergmann is an American sculptor, poet, and essayist whose work is said to "forge enriching links between the past and the concerns of the present."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amelia Bloomer</span> Womens rights activist and temperance advocate

Amelia Jenks Bloomer was an American newspaper editor, women's rights and temperance advocate. Even though she did not create the women's clothing reform style known as bloomers, her name became associated with it because of her early and strong advocacy. In her work with The Lily, she became the first woman to own, operate and edit a newspaper for women.

The National Women's Rights Convention was an annual series of meetings that increased the visibility of the early women's rights movement in the United States. First held in 1850 in Worcester, Massachusetts, the National Women's Rights Convention combined both female and male leadership and attracted a wide base of support including temperance advocates and abolitionists. Speeches were given on the subjects of equal wages, expanded education and career opportunities, women's property rights, marriage reform, and temperance. Chief among the concerns discussed at the convention was the passage of laws that would give women the right to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucretia Mott</span> American Quaker abolitionist and suffragist (1793–1880)

Lucretia Mott was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's Rights National Historical Park</span> Historic park and museum in New York state, USA

The Women's Rights National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park in Seneca Falls and Waterloo, New York, United States. Founded by an act of Congress in 1980 and first opened in 1982, the park was gradually expanded through purchases over the decades that followed. It recognizes the site of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, and the homes of several women's rights activists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Equal Rights Association</span> US 19th-century suffrage organization

The American Equal Rights Association (AERA) was formed in 1866 in the United States. According to its constitution, its purpose was "to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color or sex." Some of the more prominent reform activists of that time were members, including women and men, blacks and whites.

African-American women began to agitate for political rights in the 1830s, creating the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, and New York Female Anti-Slavery Society. These interracial groups were radical expressions of women's political ideals, and they led directly to voting rights activism before and after the Civil War. Throughout the 19th century, African-American women such as Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper worked on two fronts simultaneously: reminding African-American men and white women that Black women needed legal rights, especially the right to vote.

This timeline highlights milestones in women's suffrage in the United States, particularly the right of women to vote in elections at federal and state levels.

Pamela (Pam) Elam is a retired attorney and feminist activist who has worked for both women's and LGBT rights throughout her career. Elam was born in Kentucky, where she gained her undergraduate degree and JurisDoctorate before moving to New York to pursue her master's degree. Since, she has influenced New York governance through professional offices and activist organizations, and represented the LGBT community as an open lesbian since the late 1970s. Since retiring from government work, she has continued her activism through projects promoting women's visibility in New York City.

<i>Portrait Monument</i> 1920 marble sculpture by Adelaide Johnson in Washington, D.C., U.S.

Portrait Monument is a 1920 marble sculpture by Adelaide Johnson, installed in the U.S. Capitol's rotunda, in Washington, D.C. The artwork was dedicated in 1921 and features portrait busts of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott.

A bronze sculpture of Elizabeth Cady Stanton was installed in Johnstown's Sir William Johnson Park, in the U.S. state of New York, in 2021.

References

  1. 1 2 Levenson, Eric; Sambou, Tawanda Scott; Brunswick, Deborah (August 26, 2020). "Central Park is unveiling a statue of women's rights pioneers. It's the park's first statue of real women". CNN. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  2. ↑ Lewis, Sophie (August 26, 2020). "Central Park unveils statue of women's rights pioneers — its first statue of real-life women". CBS News. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  3. ↑ "First Ever Central Park Statue To Honor Women". CBS New York. July 20, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Statue Fund Announces The Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Woman Suffrage Movement Monument Design Competition Winner". Business Wire. July 19, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  5. ↑ Moore, Chadwick (July 12, 2015). "Fighting to Bring Women in History to Central Park". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  6. ↑ Hines, Morgan (August 26, 2020). "'We have broken the bronze ceiling': First monument to real women unveiled in NYC's Central Park". USA Today . Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Women's Rights Pioneers: A New Addition to Central Park's Landscape". Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  8. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (March 15, 2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. ISSN   0277-3945.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Haigh, Susan; Frederick, Joseph (November 21, 2019). "Sculptor crafting first women's statue for Central Park". AP NEWS. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  10. ↑ Thompson, Erin (August 25, 2020). "The Problem With NYC's New Women's Rights Monument". The Nation. ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  11. ↑ Jones, Martha S. (March 22, 2019). "Perspective | How New York's new monument whitewashes the women's rights movement". The Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 Rooney, Sierra (March 2022). "The Politics of Commemorating the Woman Suffrage Movement in New York City: On the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument". Journal of Urban History. 48 (2): 265–284. doi:10.1177/0096144220944120. ISSN   0096-1442. S2CID   225420711.
  13. ↑ "The New York City Council – Committee on Parks and Recreation". legistar.council.nyc.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  14. ↑ Cachero, Paulina (July 20, 2018). "Central Park (Finally) Builds Its First Real Female Statue". MAKERS. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  15. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (March 15, 2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. ISSN   0277-3945.
  16. 1 2 Rooney, Sierra (March 2022). "The Politics of Commemorating the Woman Suffrage Movement in New York City: On the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument". Journal of Urban History. 48 (2): 265–284. doi:10.1177/0096144220944120. ISSN   0096-1442.
  17. 1 2 Enoch, Jessica (March 28, 2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. S2CID   257842955 . Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  18. ↑ Jones, Martha S. 2019. "How New York's new monument whitewashes the women's rights movement." Washington, D.C., United States Washington, D.C.: WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post.
  19. 1 2 3 Offenhartz, Jake (January 18, 2017). "There Are Nearly 150 Historical Male Statues In NYC, And Only 5 Female Statues". Gothamist. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  20. ↑ Rooney, Sierra (March 2022). "The Politics of Commemorating the Woman Suffrage Movement in New York City: On the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument". Journal of Urban History. 48 (2): 265–284. doi:10.1177/0096144220944120. ISSN   0096-1442.
  21. ↑ Haridasani Gupta, Alisha (August 6, 2020). "For Three Suffragists, a Monument Well Past Due". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  22. ↑ "Womens' [sic] Suffrage Events in New York". Manhattan Borough President. November 15, 2017. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  23. 1 2 Sayej, Nadja (August 2, 2018). "'It's about time': Central Park's first historical female monument to arrive in 2020". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  24. ↑ Light, Mikey; Dziemianowicz, Joe (July 19, 2018). "Sculptor chosen to design the first statues of real women in Central Park". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  25. ↑ Bergmann, M. (2020), The Women's Rights Pioneers Monument for Central Park, New York City. Sculpture Review, 69: 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0747528420947670
  26. ↑ Thompson, Erin L. (August 25, 2020). "The Problem With NYC's New Women's Rights Monument". ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  27. ↑ McClain, Linda (October 1, 2020). "What Becomes a Legendary Constitutional Campaign Most? Marking the Nineteenth Amendment at One Hundred". Boston University Law Review. 100 (5): 1753.
  28. ↑ "Sculptor's Page » Monumental Women". Monumental Women. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  29. ↑ Dobnik, Verena (October 21, 2019). "Central Park to get first statue honoring women". AP NEWS. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  30. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (March 15, 2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. ISSN   0277-3945.
  31. ↑ Magazine, Smithsonian; McGreevy, Nora. "Why the First Monument of Real Women in Central Park Matters—and Why It's Controversial". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  32. 1 2 Levine, Lucie (July 20, 2018). "Design unveiled for Central Park's first statue dedicated to real women". 6sqft. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  33. 1 2 Sherr, Lynn (August 23, 2018). "Statue of NO limitations". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  34. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (March 15, 2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. ISSN   0277-3945.
  35. 1 2 Bellafante, Ginia (January 17, 2019). "Is a Planned Monument to Women's Rights Racist?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  36. ↑ Colangelo, Lisa (March 14, 2018). "Finalists for Central Park women's suffrage monument unveiled". amNewYork. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  37. ↑ Tieu, Van (July 20, 2018). "Statues of historic women coming to Central Park". NY1. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  38. ↑ Fitzmaurice, Megan Irene (August 7, 2016). "Commemorative Privilege in National Statuary Hall: Spatial Constructions of Racial Citizenship". Southern Communication Journal. 81 (4): 252–262. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2016.1200122. ISSN   1041-794X.
  39. ↑ "CBS2 Gets Exclusive Studio Tour As Sculptor Creates First Statues Depicting Real-Life Women For Central Park". CBS New York. November 25, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  40. ↑ Delikat, Stacey (December 13, 2019). "Sculptor finishing Central Park women's monument". FOX 5 NY. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  41. ↑ "New York's Central Park to erect first sculpture honoring women". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 21, 2019. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  42. ↑ Small, Zachary (March 19, 2019). "A Monument to Women's Suffrage Receives Unanimous Approval Despite Controversy". Hyperallergic. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  43. ↑ "New York City Public Design Commission Approves First Statue Depicting Real Women in Central Park" (PDF) (Press release). Monumental Women. October 21, 2019.
  44. ↑ "New York City Public Design Commission Meeting Minutes" (PDF).
  45. 1 2 Jessica Enoch (2023) Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 53:2, 110, DOI: 10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420
  46. ↑ Miedzian, Myriam; Ferdman, Gary (July 11, 2023). "Jessica Enoch's "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability" (RSQ 53.2)". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (5): 814–817. doi:10.1080/02773945.2023.2224695. ISSN   0277-3945.
  47. ↑ McDaneld, Jen (2013). "White Suffragist Dis/Entitlement: The Revolution and the Rhetoric of Racism". Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers. 30 (2): 243–264. doi:10.5250/legacy.30.2.0243. ISSN   1534-0643.
  48. ↑ Davis, Angela Y. (1981). Women, Race, & Class (PDF). New York: Vintage Books. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  49. ↑ Jones, Martha (2019). "How New York's new monument whitewashes the women's rights movement. The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  50. ↑ Brown, Nicole (August 13, 2019). "Sojourner Truth added to proposed women's suffrage monument in Central Park". amNewYork. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  51. ↑ Zackodnik, Teresa C. (2004). ""I Don't Know How You Will Feel When I Get through": Racial Difference, Woman's Rights, and Sojourner Truth". Feminist Studies. 30 (1): 49–73. ISSN   0046-3663. JSTOR   3178558.
  52. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (July 11, 2023). "Response from Jessica Enoch". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (5): 818–822. doi:10.1080/02773945.2023.2225383. ISSN   0277-3945.
  53. ↑ "Celebrate Women's Suffrage, but Don't Whitewash the Movement's Racism". American Civil Liberties Union. August 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  54. ↑ "About » Monumental Women" . Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  55. ↑ "News Item | U.S. Congresswoman Gwen Moore". gwenmoore.house.gov. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  56. ↑ "The Sojourner Truth Project". The Sojourner Truth Project. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  57. 1 2 3 Sorin, Claire (December 2024). "What (Counter) Monuments for Feminism? The Debates over Monumental Commemoration and the Search for New Feminist Memory Frameworks". Histories. 4 (4): 447–464. doi: 10.3390/histories4040023 . ISSN   2409-9252.
  58. ↑ Jessica Enoch (2023) Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 53:2, 110, DOI: 10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420
  59. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. S2CID   257842955.
  60. ↑ Enoch, Jessica (2023). "Suffrage Statuary and Commemorative Accountability: An Intersectional Analysis of the 2020 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, New York". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 53 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1080/02773945.2022.2095420. S2CID   257842955.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.