Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor

Last updated
GLP2R
Identifiers
Aliases GLP2R , entrez:9340, glucagon like peptide 2 receptor
External IDs OMIM: 603659 MGI: 2136733 HomoloGene: 3132 GeneCards: GLP2R
Gene location (Human)
Ideogram human chromosome 17.svg
Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) [1]
Human chromosome 17 ideogram.svg
HSR 1996 II 3.5e.svg
Red rectangle 2x18.png
Band 17p13.1Start9,822,206 bp [1]
End9,892,102 bp [1]
RNA expression pattern
PBB GE GLP2R 221312 at fs.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

9340

93896

Ensembl

ENSG00000065325

ENSMUSG00000049928

UniProt

O95838

Q5IXF8

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_004246

NM_175681

RefSeq (protein)

NP_004237

NP_783612

Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 9.82 – 9.89 Mb Chr 11: 67.66 – 67.77 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP-2R) is a protein that in human is encoded by the GLP2R gene located on chromosome 17. [5]

Protein biological molecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

Gene basic physical and functional unit of heredity

In biology, a gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic trait. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Chromosome 17 human chromosome

Chromosome 17 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 17 spans more than 83 million base pairs and represents between 2.5 and 3% of the total DNA in cells.

Contents

Function

The GLP2 receptor (GLP2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily member closely related to the glucagon receptor (GLP1 receptor). Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2) is a 33-amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells. Like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and glucagon itself, it is derived from the proglucagon peptide encoded by the GCG gene. GLP2 stimulates intestinal growth and upregulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. Moreover, GLP2 prevents intestinal hypoplasia resulting from total parenteral nutrition. GLP2R, a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily member is expressed in the gut and closely related to the glucagon receptor (GCGR) and the receptor for GLP1 (GLP1R). [6]

G protein-coupled receptor a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and cellular responses

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2 is produced by the intestinal endocrine L cell and by various neurons in the central nervous system. Intestinal GLP-2 is co-secreted along with GLP-1 upon nutrient ingestion.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 chemical compound

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 31 amino acid long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. It is produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. The initial product GLP-1 (1–37) is susceptible to amidation and proteolytic cleavage which gives rise to the two truncated and equipotent biologically active forms, GLP-1 (7–36) amide and GLP-1 (7–37). Active GLP-1 composes two α-helices from amino acid position 13–20 and 24–35 separated by a linker region.

See also

Related Research Articles

Incretin A group of gastrointestinal hormones

Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood glucose-dependent mechanism.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide chemical compound

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) or gastroinhibitory peptide, also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While it is weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion.

Proglucagon is a protein that is cleaved from preproglucagon. Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the GCG gene.

Peptide YY protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY gene. Peptide YY is a short peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; similarly, when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is also anorexigenic, i.e., it reduces appetite.

Glucagon receptor protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa protein that is activated by glucagon and is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors, coupled to G alpha i, Gs and to a lesser extent G alpha q. Stimulation of the receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and increased levels of intracellular cAMP. In humans, the glucagon receptor is encoded by the GCGR gene.

Enteroendocrine cell

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a receptor protein found on beta cells of the pancreas. It is involved in the control of blood sugar level by enhancing insulin secretion. In humans it is synthesised by the gene GLP1R, which is present on chromosome 6. It is a member of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors. GLP1R is composed of two domains, one extracellular (ECD) that binds the C-terminal helix of GLP-1, and one transmembrane (TMD) domain that binds the N-terminal region of GLP-1. In the TMD domain there is a fulcrum of polar residues that regulates the biased signaling of the receptor while the transmembrane helical boundaries and extracellular surface are a trigger for biased agonism.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIP-R), also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GIPR gene. GIP-R is a member of the 7-transmembrane protein family, a class of G protein–coupled receptors. GIP-R is found on beta-cells in the pancreas.

The glucagon receptor family is a group of closely related G-protein coupled receptors which include:

VIPR2 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.

GPR119 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR119 gene.

GPR120 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G-protein coupled receptor 120 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR120 gene.

Secretin family receptor proteins, also known as Family B or family 2 of G-protein coupled receptors are regulated by peptide hormones from the glucagon hormone family. The family is different from adhesion G protein-coupled receptors.

Secretin family

Glucagon/GIP/secretin/VIP hormones are a family of evolutionarily related peptide hormones that regulate activity of G-protein coupled receptors from secretin receptor family.

GNAT3 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-3, also known as gustducin alpha-3 chain, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNAT3 gene.

Daniel J. Drucker Professor of Medicine at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto.

Daniel Joshua Drucker FRS FRCPC is a professor of medicine at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto. In 1996, Drucker first identified the proliferative effects that GLP-2 has on small bowel proliferation in rats.

Semaglutide chemical compound

Semaglutide is a pharmaceutical drug developed by Danish company Novo Nordisk. Originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in 2012, it was found in 2017 that it can be used for the treatment of obesity.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000065325 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000049928 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
  5. ↑ Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ (2002). "Structure-function of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors: the glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors". Receptors & Channels. 8 (3-4): 179–88. doi:10.1080/10606820213687. PMID   12529935.
  6. ↑ "Entrez Gene: Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor".

Further reading

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