Insulin-like growth factor 1

Last updated

IGF1
Protein IGF1 PDB 1bqt.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases IGF1 , IGF-I, IGF1A, IGFI, MGF, insulin like growth factor 1, IGF
External IDs OMIM: 147440 MGI: 96432 HomoloGene: 515 GeneCards: IGF1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3479

16000

Ensembl

ENSG00000017427

ENSMUSG00000020053

UniProt

P05019

P05017

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000618
NM_001111283
NM_001111284
NM_001111285

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000609
NP_001104753
NP_001104754
NP_001104755

NP_001104744
NP_001104745
NP_001104746
NP_001300939
NP_034642

Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 102.4 – 102.48 Mb Chr 10: 87.69 – 87.77 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults. [5] In the 1950s IGF-1 was called "sulfation factor" because it stimulated sulfation of cartilage in vitro, [6] and in the 1970s due to its effects it was termed "nonsuppressible insulin-like activity" (NSILA). [7]

IGF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene. [8] [9] IGF-1 consists of 70 amino acids in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 has a molecular weight of 7,649 daltons. [10] In dogs, an ancient mutation in IGF1 is the primary cause of the toy phenotype. [11]

IGF-1 is produced primarily by the liver. Production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). Most of IGF-1 is bound to one of 6 binding proteins (IGF-BP). IGFBP-1 is regulated by insulin. IGF-1 is produced throughout life; the highest rates of IGF-1 production occur during the pubertal growth spurt. [12] The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age. [13] [14]

Low IGF-1 levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, while high GF-1 levels are associated with cancer. Mid-range IGF-1 levels are associated with the lowest mortality.

A synthetic analog of IGF-1, mecasermin, is used for the treatment of growth failure in children with severe IGF-1 deficiency. [15] Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a metabolite of hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). It has a cyclic structure, lipophilic nature, and is enzymatically stable which makes it a more favourable candidate for manipulating the binding-release process between IGF-1 and its binding protein, thereby normalising IGF-1 function. [16]

Synthesis and circulation

The polypeptide hormone IGF-1 is synthesized primarily in the liver upon stimulation by growth hormone (GH). It is a key mediator of anabolic activities in numerous tissues and cells, such as growth hormone-stimulated growth, metabolism and protein translation. [17] Due to its participation in the GH-IGF-1 axis it contributes among other things to the maintenance of muscle strength, muscle mass, development of the skeleton and is a key factor in brain, eye and lung development during fetal development. [18]

A deficiency of IGF-1 is associated with the increased risks of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes type 2, as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. [17] [19] Studies have shown the importance of the GH-IGF-1 axis in directing development and growth, where mice with a IGF-1 deficiency had a reduced body- and tissue mass. Mice with an excessive expression of IGF-1 had an increased mass. [19]

The levels of IGF-1 in the body vary throughout life, depending on age, where peaks of the hormone is generally observed during puberty and the postnatal period. After puberty, when entering the third decade of life, there is a rapid decrease in IGF-1 levels due to the actions of GH. Between the third and eight decade of life, the IGF-1 levels decrease gradually, but unrelated to functional decline. [18] However, protein intake is proven to increase IGF-1 levels. [20]

3-d model of IGF-1 IGF-1.GIF
3-d model of IGF-1

Mechanism of action

IGF-1 is a primary mediator of the effects of growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone is made in the anterior pituitary gland, released into the bloodstream, and then stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1. IGF-1 then stimulates systemic body growth, and has growth-promoting effects on almost every cell in the body, especially skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone, liver, kidney, nerve, skin, hematopoietic, and lung cells. In addition to the insulin-like effects[ further explanation needed ], IGF-1 can also regulate cellular DNA synthesis. [21]

IGF-1 binds to at least two cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases: the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), and the insulin receptor. Its primary action is mediated by binding to its specific receptor, IGF1R, which is present on the surface of many cell types in many tissues[ further explanation needed ]. Binding to the IGF1R initiates intracellular signaling. IGF-1 is one of the most potent natural activators of the Akt signaling pathway, a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation, and a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death. [22] [23] The IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor are two closely related members of a transmembrane tetrameric tyrosine kinase receptor family. They control vital brain functions, such as survival, growth, energy metabolism, longevity, neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. [24]

Metabolic effects

As a major growth factor, IGF-1 is responsible for stimulating growth of all cell types, and causing significant metabolic effects. [25] One important metabolic effect of IGF-1 is signaling cells that sufficient nutrients are available for them to undergo hypertrophy and cell division. [26] Its effects also include inhibiting cell apoptosis and increasing the production of cellular proteins. [26] IGF-1 receptors are ubiquitous, which allows for metabolic changes caused by IGF-1 to occur in all cell types. [25] IGF-1's metabolic effects are far-reaching and can coordinate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism in a variety of different cell types. [25] The regulation of IGF-1's metabolic effects on target tissues is also coordinated with other hormones such as growth hormone and insulin. [27]

The IGF system

IGF-1 is part of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. [28] This system consists of three ligands (insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2), two tyrosine kinase receptors (insulin receptor and IGF-1R receptor) and six ligand binding proteins (IGFBP 1–6). [28] Together they play an essential role in proliferation, survival, regulation of cell growth and affect almost every organ system in the body. [29]

Similarly to IGF-1, IGF-2 is mainly produced in the liver and after it is released into circulation, it stimulates growth and cell proliferation. IGF-2 is thought to be a fetal growth factor, as it is essential for a normal embryonic development and is highly expressed in embryonic and neonatal tissues. [30]

Variants

A splice variant of IGF-1 sharing an identical mature region, but with a different E domain is known as mechano-growth factor (MGF). [31]

Disorders

Laron syndrome

Patients with severe primary insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency (IGFD), called Laron syndrome (LS) or Laron dwarfism, may be treated with Mecasermin (brand name Increlex). This is a synthetic analog of IGF-1 which is approved for the treatment of growth failure. [32]

The FDA has grouped these diseases[ further explanation needed ] into a disorder called severe primary IGF deficiency. Patients with severe primary IGFD typically present with normal to high GH levels, height below 3 standard deviations (SD), and IGF-1 levels below 3 SD. [33] Severe primary IGFD includes patients with mutations in the GH receptor, post-receptor mutations or IGF mutations. As a result, these patients do not respond to GH treatment. [34]

People with Laron syndrome have very low rates of both cancer and diabetes. [35]

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a syndrome caused by the anterior pituitary gland producing excess growth hormone (GH). [36] A number of disorders may increase the pituitary's GH output, although most commonly it involves a tumor called pituitary adenoma, derived from a distinct type of cell (somatotrophs). It leads to anatomical changes and metabolic dysfunction caused by elevated GH and IGF-1 levels. [37]

High level of IGF-1 in acromegaly is related to an increased risk of some cancers, particularly colon cancer and thyroid cancer. [38]

Use as a diagnostic test

IGF-1 levels can be analyzed and used by physicians as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency (GHD), [39] acromegaly and gigantism. [33] However, IGF-1 has been shown to be a bad diagnostic screening test for growth hormone deficiency. [40] [41]

The ratio of IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 has shown to be a useful diagnostic test for GHD. [42] [43]

Causes of elevated IGF-1 levels

Health effects

Mortality

Both high and low levels of IGF‐1 increase mortality risk, with the mid‐range (120–160 ng/ml) being associated with the lowest mortality. [49]

Cancer

Several studies have shown associations between high levels of IGF-1 and an increased risk of tumor development. High levels of IGF-1 are associated with a 65% risk increase in the risk of premenopausal breast cancer, [50] and a 49% increase in the risk of prostate cancer. [50] One study found that with an increase in serum IGF-1 levels of 100 ng/ml, there is a corresponding 69% increase in the risk of colorectal cancer. [51] [49] Another study found that high levels of IGF-1 are associated with a 106% increase in the risk of lung cancer. [52] [49]

Dairy consumption

It has been suggested that consumption of IGF-1 in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer. [53] [54] However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers". [54] Certain dairy processes such as fermentation are known to significantly decrease IGF-1 concentrations. [55]

Cardiovascular disease

Increased IGF-1 levels are associated with a 16% lower risk of cardiovascular disease and a 28% reduction of cardiovascular events. [56]

Diabetes

Low IGF-1 levels are shown to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. [57] On the other hand, a high IGF-1 bioavailability in people with diabetes may delay or prevent diabetes-associated complications, as it improves impaired small blood vessel function. [58]

Clinical trials

Mecasermin

Mecasermin is a complex consisting of recombinant human IGF-1 and recombinant human IGF-binding protein-3. [59] The complex is used for the long-term treatment in children with growth failure, where they suffer from severe IGF-1 deficiency unresponsive to GH. Children with growth failure were given 0,12 mg/kg subcutaneous mecasermin two times a day over a period with a mean duration of 4,4 years (range: 0,04-12,5 years). During the first year of treatment the height velocity of the children increased from a mean of 2,8 cm/year at baseline to a mean of 8,0 cm/year. The mean growth velocities continued to remain above baseline for up to 8 years. [60]

Mecasermin therapy is also shown to be beneficial with other conditions including diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa. [60]

rhIGF-1

Several companies have evaluated administering recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) in clinical trials for type 1 diabetes. These patients, despite having increased GH secretion, have low levels of circulating IGF-1 and therefore may benefit from rhIGF-1 therapy. [61] Results shows that a rhIGF-1 therapy two times a day in adults with type 1 diabetes increased the circulating IGF-1. This was with a reciprocal decrease in IGF-2 and an elevation of IGFBP-2. [61]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insulin-like growth factor</span> Proteins similar to insulin that stimulate cell proliferation

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system consists of two cell-surface receptors, two ligands, a family of seven high-affinity IGF-binding proteins, as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Growth hormone</span> Peptide hormone, that stimulates growth

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, also known as human growth hormone in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus important in human development. GH also stimulates production of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and increases the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids. It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to the receptors on certain types of cells. GH is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gigantism</span> Human growth disorder

Gigantism, also known as giantism, is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of growth hormone in childhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Growth hormone deficiency</span> Medical condition

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD), or human growth hormone deficiency, is a medical condition resulting from not enough growth hormone (GH). Generally the most noticeable symptom is that an individual attains a short height. Newborns may also present low blood sugar or a small penis size. In adults there may be decreased muscle mass, high cholesterol levels, or poor bone density.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthosis nigricans</span> Medical condition

Acanthosis nigricans is a medical sign characterised by brown-to-black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is usually found in body folds, such as the posterior and lateral folds of the neck, the armpits, groin, navel, forehead and other areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insulin-like growth factor 2</span> Protein hormone

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin. The MeSH definition reads: "A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on somatotropin. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is a major growth factor in adults."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor</span> Cell surface tyrosine kinase associated receptor, quiche mediates the effects of Igf-1

The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells. It is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by a hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and by a related hormone called IGF-2. It belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. This receptor mediates the effects of IGF-1, which is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. IGF-1 plays an important role in growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults – meaning that it can induce hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and other target tissues. Mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor die late in development, and show a dramatic reduction in body mass. This testifies to the strong growth-promoting effect of this receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein</span> Transport protein for insulin-like growth factor 1

The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) serves as a transport protein for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laron syndrome</span> Medical condition

Laron syndrome (LS), also known as growth hormone insensitivity or growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHRD), is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a lack of insulin-like growth factor 1 production in response to growth hormone. It is usually caused by inherited growth hormone receptor (GHR) mutations.

Growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) is a soluble carrier protein for growth hormone (GH). The full range of functions of GHBP remains to be determined however, current research suggests that the protein is associated with regulation of the GH availability and half-life in the circulatory system, as well as modulating GH receptor function.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IGFBP3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, also known as IGFBP-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP3 gene. IGFBP-3 is one of six IGF binding proteins that have highly conserved structures and bind the insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 with high affinity. IGFBP-7, sometimes included in this family, shares neither the conserved structural features nor the high IGF affinity. Instead, IGFBP-7 binds IGF1R, which blocks IGF-1 and IGF-2 binding, resulting in apoptosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IGFBP6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP6 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IGFBP7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP7 gene. The major function of the protein is the regulation of availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in tissue as well as in modulating IGF binding to its receptors. IGFBP7 binds to IGF with low affinity compared to IGFBPs 1-6. It also stimulates cell adhesion. The protein is implicated in some cancers.

Mecasermin, sold under the brand name Increlex, also known as recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1), is a recombinant form of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) which is used in the long-term treatment of growth failure and short stature in children with severe primary IGF-I deficiency, for instance due to growth hormone deficiency or Laron syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acromegaly</span> Human disease that results in excess growth of certain parts of the body

Acromegaly is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body. It is caused by excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be an enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other symptoms may include joint pain, thicker skin, deepening of the voice, headaches, and problems with vision. Complications of the disease may include type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.

Breast development, also known as mammogenesis, is a complex biological process in primates that takes place throughout a female's life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Examorelin</span> Chemical compound

Examorelin (INN) (developmental code names EP-23905, MF-6003), also known as hexarelin, is a potent, synthetic, peptidic, orally-active, centrally-penetrant, and highly selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and a growth hormone secretagogue which was developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici. It is a hexapeptide with the amino acid sequence His-D-2-methyl-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 which was derived from GHRP-6. These GH-releasing peptides have no sequence similarity to ghrelin, but mimic ghrelin by acting as agonists at the ghrelin receptor.

Long arginine 3-IGF-1, abbreviated as IGF-1 LR3 or LR3-IGF-1, is a synthetic protein and lengthened analogue of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). It differs from native IGF-1 in that it possesses an arginine instead of a glutamic acid at the third position in its amino acid sequence, and also has an additional 13 amino acids at its N-terminus (MFPAMPLLSLFVN) ("long"), for a total of 83 amino acids. The consequences of these modifications are that IGF-1 LR3 retains the pharmacological activity of IGF-1 as an agonist of the IGF-1 receptor, has very low affinity for the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and has improved metabolic stability. As a result, it is approximately three times more potent than IGF-1, and possesses a significantly longer half-life of about 20–30 hours.

des(1-3)IGF-1 is a naturally occurring, endogenous protein, as well as drug, and truncated analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). des(1-3)IGF-1 lacks the first three amino acids at the N-terminus of IGF-1. As a result of this difference, it has considerably reduced binding to the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and enhanced potency relative to IGF-1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclic glycine-proline</span> Small neuroactive peptide

Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a small neuroactive peptide that belongs to a group of bioactive 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) and is also known as cyclo-glycine-proline. cGP is a neutral, stable naturally occurring compound and is endogenous to the human body; found in human plasma, breast milk and cerebrospinal fluid. DKPs are bioactive compounds often found in foods. Cyclic dipeptides such as 2,5 DKPs are formed by the cyclisation of two amino acids of linear peptides produced in heated or fermented foods. The bioactivity of cGP is a property of functional foods and presents in several matrices of foods including blackcurrants.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000017427 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020053 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Tahimic CG, Wang Y, Bikle DD (2013). "Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 4: 6. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00006 . PMC   3563099 . PMID   23382729.
  6. ↑ Salmon WD, Daughaday WH (June 1957). "A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro". The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 49 (6): 825–836. PMID   13429201.
  7. ↑ Meuli C, Zapf J, Froesch ER (April 1978). "NSILA-carrier protein abolishes the action of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) on perfused rat heart". Diabetologia. 14 (4): 255–259. doi:10.1007/BF01219425. PMID   640301.
  8. ↑ Höppener JW, de Pagter-Holthuizen P, Geurts van Kessel AH, Jansen M, Kittur SD, Antonarakis SE, et al. (1985). "The human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor I is located on chromosome 12". Human Genetics. 69 (2): 157–160. doi:10.1007/BF00293288. PMID   2982726. S2CID   5825276.
  9. ↑ Jansen M, van Schaik FM, Ricker AT, Bullock B, Woods DE, Gabbay KH, et al. (1983). "Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor". Nature. 306 (5943): 609–611. Bibcode:1983Natur.306..609J. doi:10.1038/306609a0. PMID   6358902. S2CID   4336584.
  10. ↑ Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE (April 1978). "The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 253 (8): 2769–2776. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40889-1 . PMID   632300.
  11. ↑ Callaway E (February 2022). "Big dog, little dog: mutation explains range of canine sizes". Nature. 602 (7895): 18. Bibcode:2022Natur.602...18C. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00209-0. PMID   35087254. S2CID   246359754.
  12. ↑ Decourtye L, Mire E, Clemessy M, Heurtier V, Ledent T, Robinson IC, et al. (2017). "IGF-1 Induces GHRH Neuronal Axon Elongation during Early Postnatal Life in Mice". PloS One. 12 (1): e0170083. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270083D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170083 . PMC   5226784 . PMID   28076448.
  13. ↑ Suwa S, Katsumata N, Maesaka H, Tokuhiro E, Yokoya S (December 1988). "Serum insulin-like growth factor I (somatomedin-C) level in normal subjects from infancy to adulthood, pituitary dwarfs and normal variant short children". Endocrinologia Japonica. 35 (6): 857–864. doi: 10.1507/endocrj1954.35.857 . PMID   3250861. S2CID   6965802.
  14. ↑ Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G, Rosén T, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, et al. (September 1994). "Serum insulin-like growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: relation to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin". Clinical Endocrinology. 41 (3): 351–357. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02556.x. PMID   7955442. S2CID   24346368.
  15. ↑ Keating GM (2008). "Mecasermin". BioDrugs. 22 (3): 177–188. doi:10.2165/00063030-200822030-00004. PMID   18481900.
  16. ↑ Guan J, Li F, Kang D, Anderson T, Pitcher T, Dalrymple-Alford J, et al. (January 2023). "Cyclic Glycine-Proline (cGP) Normalises Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Function: Clinical Significance in the Ageing Brain and in Age-Related Neurological Conditions". Molecules. 28 (3): 1021. doi: 10.3390/molecules28031021 . PMC   9919809 . PMID   36770687.
  17. 1 2 Larsson SC, Michaëlsson K, Burgess S (September 2020). "IGF-1 and cardiometabolic diseases: a Mendelian randomisation study". Diabetologia. 63 (9): 1775–1782. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05190-9. PMC   7406523 . PMID   32548700.
  18. 1 2 Guo J, Xie J, Zhou B, Găman MA, Kord-Varkaneh H, Clark CC, et al. (1 April 2020). "The influence of zinc supplementation on IGF-1 levels in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of King Saud University - Science. 32 (3): 1824–1830. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.01.018. ISSN   1018-3647.
  19. 1 2 Xie W, Tang Z, Guo Y, Zhang C, Zhang H, Han Y, et al. (September 2019). "Seasonal expressions of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in the scented glands of the muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 281: 58–66. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.05.014. PMID   31121166. S2CID   163168020.
  20. ↑ Levine ME, Suarez JA, Brandhorst S, Balasubramanian P, Cheng CW, Madia F, et al. (March 2014). "Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population". Cell Metabolism. 19 (3): 407–417. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006. PMC   3988204 . PMID   24606898.
  21. ↑ Yakar S, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Wu Y, Liu JL, et al. (September 2002). "Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 110 (6): 771–781. doi:10.1172/JCI15463. PMC   151128 . PMID   12235108.
  22. ↑ Peruzzi F, Prisco M, Dews M, Salomoni P, Grassilli E, Romano G, et al. (October 1999). "Multiple signaling pathways of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in protection from apoptosis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (10): 7203–7215. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.7203. PMC   84713 . PMID   10490655.
  23. ↑ Juin P, Hueber AO, Littlewood T, Evan G (June 1999). "c-Myc-induced sensitization to apoptosis is mediated through cytochrome c release". Genes & Development. 13 (11): 1367–1381. doi:10.1101/gad.13.11.1367. PMC   316765 . PMID   10364155.
  24. ↑ Moloney AM, Griffin RJ, Timmons S, O'Connor R, Ravid R, O'Neill C (February 2010). "Defects in IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor and IRS-1/2 in Alzheimer's disease indicate possible resistance to IGF-1 and insulin signalling". Neurobiology of Aging. 31 (2): 224–243. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.04.002. PMID   18479783. S2CID   14265087.
  25. 1 2 3 Clemmons DR (June 2012). "Metabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor-I in normal physiology and diabetes". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 41 (2): 425–43, vii–viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.017. PMC   3374394 . PMID   22682639.
  26. 1 2 Bikle DD, Tahimic C, Chang W, Wang Y, Philippou A, Barton ER (November 2015). "Role of IGF-I signaling in muscle bone interactions". Bone. 80: 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.036. PMC   4600536 . PMID   26453498.
  27. ↑ Clemmons DR (January 2004). "The relative roles of growth hormone and IGF-1 in controlling insulin sensitivity". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (1): 25–27. doi:10.1172/JCI200420660. PMC   300772 . PMID   14702105.
  28. 1 2 García-Mato Á, Cervantes B, Murillo-Cuesta S, Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Varela-Nieto I (September 2021). "Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Signaling in Mammalian Hearing". Genes. 12 (10): 1553. doi: 10.3390/genes12101553 . PMC   8535591 . PMID   34680948.
  29. ↑ Annunziata M, Granata R, Ghigo E (March 2011). "The IGF system". Acta Diabetologica. 48 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/s00592-010-0227-z. PMID   21042815. S2CID   24843614.
  30. ↑ Winston BW, Ni A, Aurora RC (2006). "Insulin-like Growth Factors". In Laurent GJ, Shapiro SD (eds.). Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine. pp. 339–346. doi:10.1016/B0-12-370879-6/00453-1. ISBN   978-0-12-370879-3. GF-II appears to be essential for normal embryonic development and, as such, IGF-II is thought to be a fetal growth factor. IGF-II is highly expressed in embryonic and neonatal tissues and promotes proliferation of many cell types primarily of fetal origin.
  31. ↑ Carpenter V, Matthews K, Devlin G, Stuart S, Jensen J, Conaglen J, et al. (February 2008). "Mechano-growth factor reduces loss of cardiac function in acute myocardial infarction". Heart, Lung & Circulation. 17 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2007.04.013. PMID   17581790.
  32. ↑ Rosenbloom AL (August 2007). "The role of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I in the treatment of the short child". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 19 (4): 458–464. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282094126. PMID   17630612. S2CID   23165648.
  33. 1 2 Trivellin G, Daly AF, Faucz FR, Yuan B, Rostomyan L, Larco DO, et al. (December 2014). "Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 microduplications and GPR101 mutation". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (25): 2363–2374. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1408028. PMC   4291174 . PMID   25470569.
  34. ↑ Cohen J, Blethen S, Kuntze J, Smith SL, Lomax KG, Mathew PM (March 2014). "Managing the child with severe primary insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency (IGFD): IGFD diagnosis and management". Drugs in R&D. 14 (1): 25–29. doi:10.1007/s40268-014-0039-7. PMC   3964293 . PMID   24639006.
  35. ↑ Guevara-Aguirre J, Balasubramanian P, Guevara-Aguirre M, Wei M, Madia F, Cheng CW, et al. (February 2011). "Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans". Science Translational Medicine. 3 (70): 70ra13. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001845. PMC   3357623 . PMID   21325617.
  36. ↑ "Acromegaly - NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  37. 1 2 Giustina A, Chanson P, Kleinberg D, Bronstein MD, Clemmons DR, Klibanski A, et al. (April 2014). "Expert consensus document: A consensus on the medical treatment of acromegaly". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 10 (4): 243–248. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.21 . PMID   24566817.
  38. ↑ AlDallal S (August 2018). "Acromegaly: a challenging condition to diagnose". review. International Journal of General Medicine. 11: 337–343. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S169611 . PMC   6112775 . PMID   30197531.
  39. ↑ Shen Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Yan Y, Liu Y, Cai J (April 2015). "Diagnostic value of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review with meta-analysis". European Journal of Pediatrics. 174 (4): 419–427. doi:10.1007/s00431-014-2406-3. PMID   25213432.
  40. ↑ Iwayama H, Kitagawa S, Sada J, Miyamoto R, Hayakawa T, Kuroyanagi Y, et al. (August 2021). "Insulin-like growth factor-1 level is a poor diagnostic indicator of growth hormone deficiency". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 16159. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1116159I. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95632-0. PMC   8352887 . PMID   34373538.
  41. ↑ Fatani TH (February 2023). "Diagnostic Value of IGF-1 in Growth Hormone-Deficient Children: Is a Second Growth Hormone Stimulation Test Necessary?". Journal of the Endocrine Society. 7 (4): bvad018. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvad018 . PMC   9954969 . PMID   36846213.
  42. ↑ Haj-Ahmad LM, Mahmoud MM, Sweis NW, Bsisu I, Alghrabli AM, Ibrahim AM, et al. (March 2023). "Serum IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 Molar Ratio: A Promising Diagnostic Tool for Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 108 (4): 986–994. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac609. PMID   36251796.
  43. ↑ Lambrecht N (March 2023). "IGF-1/IGFBP-3 Serum Ratio as a Robust Measure to Determine GH Deficiency and Guide Human Recombinant GH Therapy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 108 (4): e54–e55. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac687. PMID   36454697.
  44. ↑ Imran SA, Pelkey M, Clarke DB, Clayton D, Trainer P, Ezzat S (2010). "Spuriously Elevated Serum IGF-1 in Adult Individuals with Delayed Puberty: A Diagnostic Pitfall". primary. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2010: 1–4. doi: 10.1155/2010/370692 . PMC   2939391 . PMID   20862389.
  45. 1 2 3 Freda PU (August 2009). "Monitoring of acromegaly: what should be performed when GH and IGF-1 levels are discrepant?". review. Clinical Endocrinology. 71 (2): 166–170. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03556.x. PMC   3654652 . PMID   19226264.
  46. ↑ Phillips JD, Yeldandi A, Blum M, de Hoyos A (October 2009). "Bronchial carcinoid secreting insulin-like growth factor-1 with acromegalic features". primary. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 88 (4): 1350–1352. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.042. PMID   19766843.
  47. ↑ Levine ME, Suarez JA, Brandhorst S, Balasubramanian P, Cheng CW, Madia F, et al. (March 2014). "Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population". primary. Cell Metabolism. 19 (3): 407–417. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006 . PMC   3988204 . PMID   24606898.
  48. ↑ Melnik BC, John SM, Schmitz G (June 2011). "Over-stimulation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling by western diet may promote diseases of civilization: lessons learnt from laron syndrome". primary. Nutrition & Metabolism. 8: 41. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-41 . PMC   3141390 . PMID   21699736.
  49. 1 2 3 Rahmani J, Montesanto A, Giovannucci E, Zand H, Barati M, Kopchick JJ, et al. (February 2022). "Association between IGF-1 levels ranges and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis". Aging Cell. 21 (2): e13540. doi:10.1111/acel.13540. PMC   8844108 . PMID   35048526.
  50. 1 2 Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M (April 2004). "Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis". Lancet. 363 (9418): 1346–1353. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16044-3. PMID   15110491.
  51. ↑ Ma J, Pollak MN, Giovannucci E, Chan JM, Tao Y, Hennekens CH, et al. (April 1999). "Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 91 (7): 620–625. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.7.620. PMID   10203281.
  52. ↑ Yu H, Spitz MR, Mistry J, Gu J, Hong WK, Wu X (January 1999). "Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and lung cancer risk: a case-control analysis". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 91 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.2.151. PMID   9923856.
  53. ↑ Harrison S, Lennon R, Holly J, Higgins JP, Gardner M, Perks C, et al. (June 2017). "Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Causes & Control. 28 (6): 497–528. doi:10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1. PMC   5400803 . PMID   28361446.
  54. 1 2 "Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet" (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  55. ↑ Meyer Z, Höflich C, Wirthgen E, Olm S, Hammon HM, Hoeflich A (August 2017). "Analysis of the IGF-system in milk from farm animals - Occurrence, regulation, and biomarker potential". Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 35: 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.05.004 . PMID   28544872.
  56. ↑ Li T, Zhao Y, Yang X, Feng Y, Li Y, Wu Y, et al. (December 2022). "Association between insulin-like growth factor-1 and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 45 (12): 2221–2231. doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01819-1. PMID   35596917. S2CID   248924624.
  57. ↑ Biadgo B, Tamir W, Ambachew S (1 May 2021). "Insulin-like Growth Factor and its Therapeutic Potential for Diabetes Complications - Mechanisms and Metabolic Links: A Review". The Review of Diabetic Studies. 16 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1900/RDS.2020.16.24 (inactive 28 April 2024). PMC   9380093 . PMID   33905470.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
  58. ↑ Biadgo B, Tamir W, Ambachew S (1 May 2021). "Insulin-like Growth Factor and its Therapeutic Potential for Diabetes Complications - Mechanisms and Metabolic Links: A Review". The Review of Diabetic Studies. 16 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1900/RDS.2020.16.24 (inactive 28 April 2024). PMC   9380093 . PMID   33905470.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
  59. ↑ Keegan MT (2019). "Endocrine Pharmacology". In Hemmings Jr HC, Egan TD (eds.). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia (2nd ed.). pp. 708–731. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-48110-6.00036-3. ISBN   978-0-323-48110-6. S2CID   262107214. Mecasermin is a complex of recombinant human IGF-1 and recombinant human IGF-binding protein-3 (rhIGFBP-3) used to treat children with severe IGF-1 deficiency unresponsive to GH.
  60. 1 2 Keating GM (2008). "Mecasermin". BioDrugs. 22 (3): 177–188. doi:10.2165/00063030-200822030-00004. PMID   18481900.
  61. 1 2 Carroll PV, Umpleby M, Alexander EL, Egel VA, Callison KV, Sönksen PH, et al. (December 1998). "Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: effects on IGFs, IGF-binding proteins, glucose levels and insulin treatment". Clinical Endocrinology. 49 (6): 739–746. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00600.x. PMID   10209561. S2CID   20727527.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.