Lestaurtinib

Last updated
Lestaurtinib
Lestaurtinib.svg
Lestaurtinib ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Routes of
administration
By mouth [1]
ATC code
  • None
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding highly protein-bound, especially to α-1 acid glycoprotein [1]
Metabolism liver P450 (CYP34A) enzyme system [1]
Identifiers
  • (5S,6S,8R)-6-Hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-7,8,14,15-tetrahydro-5H-16-oxa-4b,8a,14-triaza-5,8-methanodibenzo[b,h]cycloocta[jkl]cyclopenta[e]-as-indacen-13(6H)-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C26H21N3O4
Molar mass 439.471 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C[C@@]12[C@](C[C@@H](O1)n3c4ccccc4c5c3c6n2c7ccccc7c6c8c5C(=O)NC8)(CO)O
  • InChI=1S/C26H21N3O4/c1-25-26(32,12-30)10-18(33-25)28-16-8-4-2-6-13(16)20-21-15(11-27-24(21)31)19-14-7-3-5-9-17(14)29(25)23(19)22(20)28/h2-9,18,30,32H,10-12H2,1H3,(H,27,31)/t18-,25+,26+/m1/s1 X mark.svgN
  • Key:UIARLYUEJFELEN-LROUJFHJSA-N X mark.svgN
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Lestaurtinib (rINN, codenamed CEP-701) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor structurally related to staurosporine. This semisynthetic derivative of the indolocarbazole K252a was investigated by Cephalon as a treatment for various types of cancer. [1] It is an inhibitor of the kinases fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), [2] Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), [3] tropomyosin receptor kinase (trk) A (TrkA), TrkB and TrkC. [4]

Contents

Uses

Lestaurtinib has undergone clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers, including pancreatic and prostate cancers, V617F JAK2 positive polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis, [1] and refractory neuroblastoma. [5] The most significant effort was invested in developing lestaurtinib for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). 24% of the adult AML-affected population exhibits FLT3 mutations, which are associated with an increased likelihood of relapse and mortality after treatment above the general AML population. FLT3 mutations suppress apoptosis in mutated cells, but lestaurtinib has the potential to overcome this suppression by inhibiting FLT3 kinase activity. [1]

Preclinical studies

Lestaurtinib was identified early on as a trk receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, with a concentration inhibiting 50% of tyrosine kinase activity (IC50) of 25 nM. In vivo trials demonstrated a 50–70% reduction in tumor burden for xenografted pancreatic and prostate cancers; however, subsequent clinical trials for pancreatic and prostate cancers did not achieve the endpoints specified. In 2001, lestaurtinib was shown to have an IC50 of 2–3 nM with respect to FLT3 tyrosine kinase, with no significant effect on structurally similar tyrosine kinases at those concentrations. Since leukemias typically develop multiple pathways of survival, lestaurtinib was studied in conjunction with traditional chemotherapy; it was determined that, whereas lestaurtinib treatment prior to chemotherapy produced antagonistic results, lestaurtinib treatment concurrent or subsequent to chemotherapy produced synergistic results. Most recently, lestaurtinib’s potency as a JAK2 inhibitor was investigated. [1]

Clinical trials

Lestaurtinib was filed as Investigational New Drug (IND) number 76431. [6]

Initial Phase I studies with lestaurtinib involved determination of pharmacokinetic parameters following a single dose in healthy volunteers. Next, safety and tolerability were investigated in a Phase I trial involving 30 volunteers with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Although there were no notable tumor responses, a strong correlation was noted between dose and adverse events, with the primary adverse event reported being gastrointestinal reaction. A Phase II study in 18 patients with pancreatic cancer was initiated for combination treatment with lestaurtinib and gemcitabine, but efficacy of lestaurtinib was not observed. [1]

In 2004, a Phase I/II study involved 17 patients at 2 locations with relapsed, refractory poor-risk AML with FLT3 mutations; this study demonstrated effective FLT3 inhibition by lestaurtinib. A multi-center Phase II study of 29 patients above the age of 60 was initiated for treatment with lestaurtinib alone; the results, reported in 2006, indicated that the primary endpoint of complete remission was not achieved in any participants. Despite this failure, another multi-center Phase II trial involving 42 patients combined lestaurtinib with conventional chemotherapy; the results, reported in 2005, indicated that twice as many patients showed a clinical response when treated with lestaurtinib as compared to those not treated. [1] Consequently, a Phase III trial was initiated with 224 patients for lestaurtinib following chemotherapy; no significant difference in cancer remission was seen between patients treated with chemotherapy alone and with lestaurtinib and chemotherapy, according to results in a 2011 report. [7]

Additional clinical trials have been initiated since this Phase III trial. These include a multi-center Phase II trial involving 37 patients with V617F JAK2 positive polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis; results published in 2014 indicate that the trial did not achieve the endpoint of 15% reduction of V617F JAK2 allele burden in 15% of patients. [8] A Phase I study of 47 patients reported in 2010 that treatment of refractory neuroblastoma was well tolerated at the recommended doses, [5] and an additional Phase I study in children with refractory neuroblastoma was completed in 2011. [9] Phase I results were reported in 2015 for a lestaurtinib trial involving patients with V617F JAK2 positive myelofibrosis. [10]

Commercialization and intellectual property

Lestaurtinib was studied by Cephalon, an international pharmaceutical company based in Frazer, PA. [11] Founded in 1987, Cephalon had grown to a Fortune 1000 company by 2011, with 4000 employees and 170 products sold in 100 countries. [12]

Lestaurtinib was mentioned as one of two oncology drugs being developed by Cephalon in a 2007 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) report. According to this report, in addition to holding patent applications involving methods of treatment, formulations, and polymorphs of lestaurtinib, Cephalon held a composition of matter patent for lestaurtinib in the United States that would expire in 2008. In 2006, the U.S. FDA granted lestaurtinib orphan drug status for the treatment of AML, reflecting the significant need but minimal market for treatment of AML. [13] In the wake of preliminary failing results for the Phase III clinical trial involving Lestaurtinib, Cephalon founder and CEO Frank Baldino, Ph.D., issued the following statement in 2009:

We made a significant financial investment in this pioneering effort to develop lestaurtinib for this molecularly targeted patient population with a poor prognosis and few treatment options. Patients with life-threatening diseases need companies like Cephalon to make that investment and take that risk if we are to improve patient outcomes and the overall cost of healthcare. [14]

In 2011, Cephalon was acquired by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (NASDAQ: TEVA) for $6.8 billion in cash, making Cephalon a wholly owned subsidiary of Teva. This acquisition was in line with Teva’s vision to expand their branded and specialty drug offerings, more than doubling branded drug sales to a value of $7 billion. [11] [12] In their 2011 annual SEC report, Teva did not include lestaurtinib in a listing of major oncology drugs in their pipeline. [15]

A significant number of patents are related to lestaurtinib. A Google patent search yields 1,278 patents involving lestaurtinib, 6 of which include lestaurtinib in the title and 8 of which are assigned to Cephalon. 2,017 patents involve CEP-701, none of which include CEP-701 in the title and 8 of which are assigned to Cephalon. 13,666 patents are related to FLT3 inhibitors, 7 of which include FLT3 inhibition in the title and 3 of which are assigned to Cephalon. [16] FLT3 inhibitors currently undergoing clinical trials for AML include sorafenib, midostaurin, and quizartinib. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philadelphia chromosome</span> Genetic abnormality in leukemia cancer cells

The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells. This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11), of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, and contains a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This gene is the ABL1 gene of chromosome 9 juxtaposed onto the breakpoint cluster region BCR gene of chromosome 22, coding for a hybrid protein: a tyrosine kinase signaling protein that is "always on", causing the cell to divide uncontrollably by interrupting the stability of the genome and impairing various signaling pathways governing the cell cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acute myeloid leukemia</span> Cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. Symptoms may include feeling tired, shortness of breath, easy bruising and bleeding, and increased risk of infection. Occasionally, spread may occur to the brain, skin, or gums. As an acute leukemia, AML progresses rapidly, and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruton's tyrosine kinase</span> Kinase that plays a role in B cell development

Bruton's tyrosine kinase, also known as tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, is a tyrosine kinase that is encoded by the BTK gene in humans. BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation</span> Medical condition

Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation (M2) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD135</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cluster of differentiation antigen 135 (CD135) also known as fms like tyrosine kinase 3, receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3, or fetal liver kinase-2 (Flk2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLT3 gene. FLT3 is a cytokine receptor which belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase class III. CD135 is the receptor for the cytokine Flt3 ligand (FLT3L).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ETV6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

ETV6 protein is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the ETV6 gene. The ETV6 protein regulates the development and growth of diverse cell types, particularly those of hematological tissues. However, its gene, ETV6 frequently suffers various mutations that lead to an array of potentially lethal cancers, i.e., ETV6 is a clinically significant proto-oncogene in that it can fuse with other genes to drive the development and/or progression of certain cancers. However, ETV6 is also an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in that mutations in it that encode for a truncated and therefore inactive protein are also associated with certain types of cancers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omacetaxine mepesuccinate</span> Chemical compound

Omacetaxine mepesuccinate, formerly named as homoharringtonine or HHT, is a pharmaceutical drug substance that is indicated for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

A Janus kinase inhibitor, also known as JAK inhibitor or jakinib, is a type of immune modulating medication, which inhibits the activity of one or more of the Janus kinase family of enzymes, thereby interfering with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in lymphocytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor</span>

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors are a class of medical drugs that are mainly used to treat advanced cancers. They function by inhibiting one or more of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes, which are part of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This signal pathway regulates cellular functions such as growth and survival. It is strictly regulated in healthy cells, but is always active in many cancer cells, allowing the cancer cells to better survive and multiply. PI3K inhibitors block the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and thus slow down cancer growth. They are examples of a targeted therapy. While PI3K inhibitors are an effective treatment, they can have very severe side effects and are therefore only used if other treatments have failed or are not suitable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tyrosine kinase inhibitor</span> Drug typically used in cancer treatment

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases are enzymes responsible for the activation of many proteins by signal transduction cascades. The proteins are activated by adding a phosphate group to the protein (phosphorylation), a step that TKIs inhibit. TKIs are typically used as anticancer drugs. For example, they have substantially improved outcomes in chronic myelogenous leukemia. They have also been used to treat other diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crizotinib</span> ALK inhibitor for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer

Crizotinib, sold under the brand name Xalkori among others, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Crizotinib inhibits the c-Met/Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) tyrosine kinase, which is involved in the oncogenesis of a number of other histological forms of malignant neoplasms. It also acts as an ALK and ROS1 inhibitor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crenolanib</span> Chemical compound

Crenolanib besylate is an investigational inhibitor being developed by AROG Pharmaceuticals, LLC. The compound is currently being evaluated for safety and efficacy in clinical trials for various types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and glioma. Crenolanib is an orally bioavailable benzimidazole that selectively and potently inhibits signaling of wild-type and mutant isoforms of class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) FLT3, PDGFR α, and PDGFR β. Unlike most RTK inhibitors, crenolanib is a type I mutant-specific inhibitor that preferentially binds to phosphorylated active kinases with the ‘DFG in’ conformation motif.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ALK inhibitor</span>

ALK inhibitors are anti-cancer drugs that act on tumours with variations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) such as an EML4-ALK translocation. They fall under the category of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by inhibiting proteins involved in the abnormal growth of tumour cells. All the current approved ALK inhibitors function by binding to the ATP pocket of the abnormal ALK protein, blocking its access to energy and deactivating it. A majority of ALK-rearranged NSCLC harbour the EML4-ALK fusion, although as of 2020, over 92 fusion partners have been discovered in ALK+ NSCLC. For each fusion partner, there can be several fusion variants depending on the position the two genes were fused at, and this may have implications on the response of the tumour and prognosis of the patient.

Quizartinib, sold under the brand name Vanflyta, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midostaurin</span> Chemical compound

Midostaurin, sold under the brand name Rydapt & Tauritmo both by Novartis, is a multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor that has been investigated for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and advanced systemic mastocytosis. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of staurosporine, an alkaloid from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obatoclax</span> Chemical compound

Obatoclax mesylate, also known as GX15-070, is an experimental drug for the treatment of various types of cancer. It was discovered by Gemin X, which was acquired by Cephalon, which has since been acquired by Teva Pharmaceuticals. Several Phase II clinical trials were completed that investigated use of obatoclax in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, myelofibrosis, and mastocytosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fedratinib</span> Chemical compound

Fedratinib, sold under the brand name Inrebic, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat myeloproliferative diseases including myelofibrosis. It is used in the form of fedratinib hydrochloride capsules that are taken by mouth. It is a semi-selective inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 (JAK-2). It was approved by the FDA on 16 August 2019.

Clonal hypereosinophilia, also termed primary hypereosinophilia or clonal eosinophilia, is a grouping of hematological disorders all of which are characterized by the development and growth of a pre-malignant or malignant population of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that occupies the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues. This population consists of a clone of eosinophils, i.e. a group of genetically identical eosinophils derived from a sufficiently mutated ancestor cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilteritinib</span> Chemical compound

Gilteritinib, sold under the brand name Xospata, is an anti-cancer drug. It acts as an inhibitor of FLT3, hence it is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zotiraciclib</span> Chemical compound

Zotiraciclib (TG02) is a potent oral spectrum selective kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. It was discovered in Singapore by S*BIO Pte Ltd and falls under the category of small molecule macrocycles. It crosses the blood brain barrier and acts by depleting Myc through the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). It is one of a number of CDK inhibitors under investigation; others targeting CDK9 for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia include alvocidib and atuveciclib. Myc overexpression is a known factor in many cancers, with 80 percent of glioblastomas characterized by this property. Zotiraciclib has been granted orphan drug designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of gliomas.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shabbir M, Stuart R (2010). "Lestaurtinib, a multitargeted tyrosinse kinase inhibitor: from bench to bedside". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 19 (3): 427–36. doi:10.1517/13543781003598862. PMID   20141349. S2CID   13558158.
  2. Knapper S, Burnett AK, Littlewood T, et al. (November 2006). "A phase 2 trial of the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib (CEP701) as first-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia not considered fit for intensive chemotherapy". Blood. 108 (10): 3262–70. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-015560 . PMID   16857985.
  3. Hexner EO, Serdikoff C, Jan M, et al. (June 2008). "Lestaurtinib (CEP701) is a JAK2 inhibitor that suppresses JAK2/STAT5 signaling and the proliferation of primary erythroid cells from patients with myeloproliferative disorders". Blood. 111 (12): 5663–71. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-04-083402. PMC   2424161 . PMID   17984313.
  4. Revill, P., Serradell, N., Bolos, J., Rosa, E. (2007). "Lestaurtinib". Drugs of the Future. 32 (3): 215. doi:10.1358/dof.2007.032.03.1084137.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 Minturn JE, Villablanca J, Yanik GA, et al. (May 2010). "Phase I trial of lestaurtinib for children with refractory neuroblastoma (NB): A New Approach to Neuroblastoma Therapy (NANT) Consortium study". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 28 (15): 9532. doi:10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.9532.
  6. "Lestaurtinib, Cytarabine, and Idarubicin in Treating Younger Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia". ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  7. Levis M, Ravandi F, Wang ES, et al. (24 March 2011). "Results from a randomized trial of salvage chemotherapy followed by lestaurtinib for patients with FLT3 mutant AML in first relapse". Blood. 117 (12): 3294–301. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-08-301796. PMC   3069671 . PMID   21270442.
  8. Hexner E, Roboz G, Hoffman R, et al. (January 2014). "Open-label study of oral CEP-701 (lestaurtinib) in patients with polycythaemia vera or essential thrombocythaemia with JAK2-V617F mutation". British Journal of Haematology. 164 (1): 83–93. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12607 . PMID   24903629. S2CID   2013761.
  9. Minturn JE, Evans AE, Villablanca JG, et al. (October 2011). "Phase I trial of lestaurtinib for children with refractory neuroblastoma: a new approaches to neuroblastoma therapy consortium study". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 68 (4): 1057–65. doi:10.1007/s00280-011-1581-4. PMC   4238911 . PMID   21340605.
  10. Hexner EO, Mascarenhas J, Prchal J, et al. (2015). "Phase I dose escalation study of lestaurtinib in patients with myelofibrosis". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 56 (9): 2543–51. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.1001986. PMC   5665563 . PMID   25563429.
  11. 1 2 Nicholson, Chris (2 May 2011). "Teva to Buy Cephalon for $6.8 Billion". DealBook. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  12. 1 2 "Teva to Acquire Cephalon in $6.8 Billion Transaction". Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  13. "Cephalon 10-K 2007". wikinvest. Cephalon, Inc. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  14. "Cephalon Provides Clinical Update on Lestaurtinib in Relapsed Acute Myelogenous Leukemia". PR Newswire: A CISION Company. Cephalon, Inc. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  15. "Form 20-F (2011)". Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  16. "Google Patents" . Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  17. Kadia TM, Ravandi F, Cortes J, et al. (22 January 2016). "New drugs in acute myeloid leukemia". Annals of Oncology. 27 (5): 770–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw015. PMC   4843183 . PMID   26802152.