A federal election for the seventh Reichstag of the German Empire was held on 21 February 1887.[1] It was an early election called after Chancellor Otto von Bismarck requested the dissolution of the Reichstag elected in October 1884 because it had refused to accept his seven-year military budget. He thought that a newly elected Reichstag would be more likely to pass the bill, and his hopes proved well-founded. The parties that supported him – the German Conservative Party, the German Reich Party and the National Liberals – gained 53 seats, enough to give them a 55% majority in the new Reichstag. It quickly passed the military budget.
The 1887 election was the second during the German Empire to be held early (the first was in 1878). On 14 January 1887, at the request of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Emperor Wilhelm I dissolved the Reichstag elected in October 1884, ten months before its three-year term was due to expire. Bismarck took the step because the Reichstag, which lacked a clear majority bloc of any like-minded parties, had refused to pass his proposed seven-year military budget. In response to France's accelerated program for military training under Minister of War Georges Boulanger, it contained a 10 percent increase in the strength of the army. The Centre Party and German Free-minded Party, together with the National Liberal Party, German Conservative Party and German Reich Party, supported the increase in strength. The Centre and Free-minded parties, however, refused to accept the budget's seven-year term and insisted that it be limited to three years. Bismarck spoke twice in front of the Reichstag, supported the second time by 87-year-old Chief of the General Staff Helmuth von Moltke, without being able to sway the vote in his favor. He then abruptly presented an order to dissolve the Reichstag which the Emperor had already signed. Bismarck's hope was that a new Reichstag would be more favorable towards his plans.[2][3]
Campaign
The campaign naturally centered around the military budget and whether the Reichstag or the emperor and the Reich government should be making the key decisions about the military. The German Conservative Party, German Reich Party and National Liberals formed a cartel In order to have as many pro-Bismarck candidates elected as possible. They sponsored joint candidates and made provisions for handling potential runoff elections.[4] The National Liberal Party's appeal to the electorate stressed the need for a strong army to protect peace and security. It saw the lack of unity in the Reichstag as a grave threat to the still young nation:[5]
We make this appeal to all Germans ... whose hearts are concerned about the future of the Fatherland, who respect the security and independence of the newly established German Reich more than the ruthless assertion of factional programs, and who see in the struggle over the legal foundations of our German army ... a grave danger for a prosperous and progressive development within the country. ... We are confident that the German people will once again victoriously reject all temptations and enticements to relapse into the old disunity and internal strife under which we suffered and perished for centuries.
Electoral system
The election was held under general, equal, direct and secret suffrage. All German males over the age of 25 years were able to vote except for active members of the military and recipients of poor relief. The restrictions on the military were meant to keep it from becoming politicized, while men on relief were considered to be open to political manipulation. The constitutional guarantee of a secret vote was not safeguarded at the time, since ballot boxes and polling booths were not introduced until 1903.[6]
If no candidate in a district won an absolute majority of the votes, a runoff election was held between the first and second place finishers. It was possible for a replacement candidate to be introduced in a runoff.[7]
Results
The election was a clear victory for Bismarck. The three cartel parties picked up 53 additional seats for a total of 219 out of 397, giving them a 55% majority. The National Liberal Party jumped to first place in terms of votes won but was tied with the second place Centre Party in number of seats; both had 98. The German Free-minded Party and Social Democratic Party of Germany suffered the greatest losses of seats (34 and 13 respectively).
On 11 March 1887, just a few weeks after the election, the Reichstag approved Bismarck's military budget with the seven-year period he wanted.[4]
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