List of political parties in Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany has a plural multi-party system. Historically, the largest by members and parliament seats are the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU) and Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Germany also has a number of other parties, in recent history most importantly the Free Democratic Party (FDP), Alliance 90/The Greens, The Left, and more recently the Alternative for Germany (AfD). The federal government of Germany often consisted of a coalition of a major and a minor party, specifically CDU/CSU and FDP or SPD and FDP, and from 1998 to 2005 SPD and Greens. From 1966 to 1969, from 2005 to 2009 and from 2013 to 2021, the federal government consisted of a coalition of the two major parties, called a grand coalition. ^[1]

Coalitions in the Bundestag and state legislatures are often described by party colors. Party colors are red for the Social Democratic Party, green for Alliance 90/The Greens, yellow for the Free Democratic Party, purple (officially red, which is customarily used for the SPD) for the Left, light blue for the AfD, and black and blue for the CDU and CSU respectively. ^{[2] [3]}

Current parties

Party membership in Germany (since 1945; East German parties joined in 1990)

Parties represented in the Bundestag

Party			Abbr.	Ideology	Political position	European Party	European Group	Leader(s)	MdBs	MEPs	MdLs	Membership
		Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands	CDU	Christian democracy Conservatism Pro-Europeanism	Centre-right	EPP	EPP	Friedrich Merz	164 / 630	23 / 96	525 / 1,893	371,986
		Christian Social Union in Bavaria Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern	CSU	Christian democracy Conservatism Bavarian   regionalism	Centre-right	EPP	EPP	Markus Söder	44 / 630	6 / 96	85 / 1,893	132,000
		Alternative for Germany Alternative für Deutschland	AfD	Right-wing populism National conservatism German nationalism Euroscepticism	Far-right	ESN	ESN	Tino Chrupalla, Alice Weidel	152 / 630	15 / 96	275 / 1,893	34,000
		Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands	SPD	Social democracy Pro-Europeanism	Centre-left	PES	S&D	Lars Klingbeil, Saskia Esken	120 / 630	14 / 96	455 / 1,893	365,190
		Alliance 90/The Greens Bündnis 90/Die Grünen	GRÜNE	Green politics Social liberalism Pro-Europeanism	Centre-left	EGP	Greens/EFA	Felix Banaszak, Franziska Brantner	85 / 630	12 / 96	314 / 1,893	130,000
		The Left Die Linke	LINKE	Democratic socialism Left-wing populism	Left-wing	PEL	GUE/NGL	Jan van Aken, Ines Schwerdtner	64 / 630	3 / 96	117 / 1,893	81,200
		South Schleswig Voters' Association Südschleswigscher Wählerverband	SSW	Regionalism Danish minority interests Frisian minority interests		EFA	Greens/EFA	Christian Dirschauer	1 / 630	0 / 96	4 / 1,893	3,216

Parties represented in the European Parliament

Party			Abbr.	Ideology	Political position	European Party	European Group	Leader(s)	MEPs	MdLs	Membership
		Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht	BSW	Socialism Cultural conservatism Social conservatism Left-wing populism	Left-wing to far-left [a]	-	NI	Sahra Wagenknecht, Amira Mohamed Ali	6 / 96	47 / 1,893	1,200 [4]
		Free Democratic Party Freie Demokratische Partei	FDP	Liberalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Pro-Europeanism	Centre-right	ALDE	RE	-	5 / 96	72 / 1,893	70,000
		Free Voters Freie Wähler	FW	Liberal conservatism Regionalism Soft Euroscepticism [5]	Centre-right	EDP	RE	Hubert Aiwanger	3 / 96	43 / 1,893	6,225
		Volt Germany Volt Deutschland	Volt	Social liberalism Pro-Europeanism European federalism	Centre-left	VOLT	Greens/EFA	Lara Neumann, Tim Marton	3 / 96	0 / 1,893	4,000
		Die PARTEI Partei für Arbeit, Rechtsstaat, Tierschutz, Elitenförderung und basisdemokratische Initiative	Die PARTEI	Political satire Humanism Anti-fascism Environmentalism Pro-Europeanism	Left-wing	-	NI	Martin Sonneborn	2 / 96	0 / 1,893	51,078
		Ecological Democratic Party Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei	ÖDP	Green conservatism	Centre-left	EFA	EPP	Christian Rechholz	1 / 96	0 / 1,893	8,035
		Party of Progress Partei des Fortschritts	PdF	Grassroots democracy Liberalism Social liberalism Pro-Europeanism	Centre-left	-	NI	Lukas Sieper	1 / 96	0 / 1,893	302
		Family Party of Germany Familien-Partei Deutschlands	Familie	Conservatism Familialism Social conservatism Christian democracy	Centre-right to right-wing	ECPM	EPP	Helmut Geuking	1 / 96	0 / 1,893	705
		Human Environment Animal Protection Party Partei Mensch Umwelt Tierschutz	Tierschutzpartei	Animal rights Environmentalism	Left-wing	APEU	GUE/NGL	Aida Spiegeler Castaneda Marcel Krohn Robert Gabel	1 / 96	0 / 1,893	2,400

Parties only represented in state parliaments

Name			Abbr.	Ideology	Political position	EP party	EP group	Result in 2021 federal election	Leader(s)	MdLs	Membership	States
		Alliance Germany Bündnis Deutschland	BD	Conservatism	Centre-right to right-wing	-	ECR	- (did not exist)	Steffen Grosse	7 / 1,893	1,000	Bremen
		Values Union WerteUnion	WU	Conservative liberalism National conservatism Economic liberalism	Right-wing	–	–	– (did not exist)	Hans-Georg Maaßen	1 / 1,893	4,000 [6]	Lower Saxony

Minor parties

Name			Abbr.	Leader(s)	Ideology	Political position	EP group	Membership
		Action Citizens for Justice Aktion Bürger für Gerechtigkeit	ABG	Alfred Dorn	Direct democracy Alternative medicine Right-wing populism Nationalism	Right-wing		121
		Action Party for Animal Welfare Aktion Partei für Tierschutz	Tierschutz hier!	Thomas Schwarz	Animal rights Animal welfare	Single-issue		50
		Association for Freedom and Humanity BUND FÜR FREIHEIT UND HUMANITÄT		Anton Stucki	Liberalism			40 [7]
		Alliance C – Christians for Germany Bündnis C – Christen für Deutschland	Bündnis C	Karin Heepen & Ole Steffes	Conservatism Christian fundamentalism	Right-wing	ECPM	1,078
		Alliance for Innovation and Justice Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit	BIG	Haluk Yildiz	Political Islam			2,000
		Alliance for Human Rights, Animal- and Nature Protection Allianz für Menschenrechte, Tier- und Naturschutz	Tierschutzallianz	Josef Fassl	Animal rights	Single-issue		97
		Alliance of German Democrats Allianz Deutscher Demokraten	AD-Demokraten	Ramazan Akbaş	Conservatism Political Islam			2,500
		AlphaHHP AlphaHHP - gesundheitspolitische Partei für Deutschland in Europa	AlphaHHP		Anti-vaccination
		Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany Anarchistische Pogo-Partei Deutschlands	APPD	Peter Vehreschild	Satire	Apoliticism		2,512
		Arminius – Association of the German People Arminius – Bund des deutschen Volkes	Arminius – Bund	Johann Thießen	Russia German interests German nationalism Neo-nazism	Far-right		40
		Basic Income Alliance Bündnis Grundeinkommen	BGE	Martin Sonnabend	Universal basic income	Single-issue		350
		Basic Income for All  [ de ] Grundeinkommen für Alle	GFA	Uwe Bjorck	Universal basic income	Single-issue		27
		Bavaria Party Bayernpartei	BP	Florian Weber	Autonomism Bavarian nationalism Regionalism Conservatism	Centre-right	EFA	3,926
		Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei" Bergpartei, die Überpartei	B*	Rico Tscharntke	Post-left anarchy Dadaism	Far-left		229
		Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters Brandenburger Vereinigte Bürgerbewegungen / Freie Wähler	BVB/FW	Péter Vida	Regionalism			910
		German Centre Party Deutsche Zentrumspartei	ZENTRUM	Christian Otte	Christian democracy Conservatism Social conservatism	Centre-right		300
		Climate List Germany Klimaliste Deutschland	KL	Fabian Aisenbrey, Doris Vollmer	Climate change mitigation			234
		Citizens for Germany Bürger für Deutschland	BfD		Direct democracy
		Citizens for Progress and Change Bürger für Fortschritt und Wandel	BFW	Uwe Hück	Progressivism	Centre-left		170
		Civic and Economic-Ecological Union Bürgerliche und wirtschaftsökologische Union	BWUnion		Liberalism Nationalism
		Civil Rights Movement Solidarity Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität	BüSo	Helga Zepp-LaRouche	LaRouche movement	Syncretic		556
		Communist Party of Germany Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands	KPD	Torsten Schöwitz	Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-revisionism Stalinism	Far-left		165
		Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening Demokratische Allianz für Vielfalt und Aufbruch	DAVA	Teyfik Ozcan	Turkish minority interests Erdoğanism			1,000
		Democratic Union of Germany Demokratische Vereinigung Deutschland	DVD	Werner Krüger	Reformism Direct democracy Universal basic income
		Democratic Liberal LEAGUE Demokratisch Liberale LIGA	LIGA	Thomas H. Stütz	Conservatism	Centre-right
		Democracy DIRECT! Demokratie DIREKT!	DIE DIREKTE!	Christian Rombeck	Direct democracy			34
		Democracy in Motion Demokratie in Bewegung	DiB	Julia Beerhold, Alexander Plitsch	Democratic socialism	Left-wing		224
		Democratic Left Demokratische Linke	DL	Eckehart Ehrenberg	Democratic socialism	Left-wing		43
		Ecological Left  [ de ] Ökologische Linke	ÖkoLinX		Grassroots democracy Eco-socialism Anti-fascism	Left-wing to far-left		350
		Ecological-Left Liberal Democratic Party Ökolinksliberale Demokratische Partei	ÖLDP	Bérangère Bultheel	Social democracy Social liberalism European Federalism	Centre-left		70
		Educate Berlin! Bildet Berlin!	Bildet Berlin!	Florian Bublys, Tamara Adamzik	Education reform	Single-issue		50
		European Party Love  [ de ] Europäische Partei Liebe	LIEBE		European federalism Subsidized marriage			53
		Feminist Party The Women Feministische Partei Die Frauen	DIE FRAUEN	Renate Schmidtsdorff-Aicher	Feminism			400
		Free Citizens' Union Freie Bürger Union	FBU	Walter Pfleiderer	National liberalism Conservatism Nationalism	Right-wing
		Free Citizens Central Germany Freie Bürger Mitteldeutschland	FBM		Regionalism			35
		Free Horizon Freier Horizont	FREiER HORIZONT	Norbert Schumacher	Anti-Wind turbine	Single-issue
		Free Parliamentary Alliance  [ de ] Freiparlamentarische Allianz	FPA	Luca Piwodda	Participatory democracy			200
		Free Saxons Freie Sachsen	FS	Martin Kohlmann	Saxon monarchism Regionalism	Right-wing to Far-right		1,200
		From Now on... Democracy Through Referendum  [ de ] Ab jetzt … Demokratie durch Volksabstimmung	Volksabstimmung	Helmut Fleck	Direct Democracy Nationalism	Right-wing		350
		Future. Zukunft.	Z.	Lasse Lorenzen	Regionalism			112
		future!  [ de ] future!	future!	Stephan Bublitz	Youth interests
		Garden Party Gartenpartei	Gartenpartei	Roland Zander	Pro-Allotment Environmentalism			349
		German Centre Deutsche Mitte	DM	Sven Hüther	Right-wing populism Anti-vaccination	Right-wing		500
		German Conservatives Deutsche Konservative	Deutsche Konservative	Dieter Jochim	Conservatism National conservatism	Centre-right to right-wing		380
		German Communist Party Deutsche Kommunistische Partei	DKP	Patrik Köbele	Communism Marxism–Leninism	Far-left		2,850
		German Land Economy  [ de ] Deutsch Land Wirtschaft	DLW	Benjamin Meise	Farmer interests			15 [8]
		German Party – The Freedomites Deutsche Partei – Die Freiheitlichen	DP	Gerd-Uwe Dahlmann	National conservatism German nationalism Right-wing populism	Right-wing		250
		German Sports Party Deutsche Sportpartei	DSP	Michael Möller	Grassroots democracy Sport for social development Anti-Doping
		German Social Union Deutsche Soziale Union	DSU	Roberto Rink	National conservatism Social conservatism	Right-wing		1,060
		Germans Originating from all of Germany (Autochthons) Aus Gesamtdeutschland stammende Deutsche (Autochthone)	AGsD	Horst Zaborowski	Nationalism Irredentism Direct democracy
		Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany Basisdemokratische Partei Deutschland	dieBasis	Reiner Fuellmich, Viviane Fischer	Anti-lockdown Anti-vaccination			24,000
		Human Economy Party Humanwirtschaftspartei	HUMANWIRTSCHAFT	Dieter Müller	Freiwirtschaft			110
		Human world - for the well-being and happiness of all Menschliche Welt – für das Wohl und Glücklichsein aller	MENSCHLICHE WELT	Michael Moritz	Progressive utilization theory Anti-vaccination Pacifism			669
		INDEPENDENTS for citizen-friendly democracy UNABHÄNGIGE für bürgernahe Demokratie	UNABHÄNGIGE	Werner Fischer	Non-partisan democracy Direct democracy			86
		Liberal Democrats – The Social Liberals Liberale Demokraten – Die Sozialliberalen	LD	Bernd Grothkopp	Social liberalism			100
		Lobbyists for Children Lobbyisten für Kinder	LfK	Johanna Nelkner, Fabio Libonati	Children's rights			100
		Lusatian Alliance Lausitzer Allianz / Łužiska Alianca / Łužyska Alianca		Hannes Wilhelm-Kell	Regionalism Progressivism Ethnic minority interests			90
		Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany Marxistisch-Leninistische Partei Deutschlands	MLPD	Gabi Fechtner	Marxism–Leninism Communism	Far-left		2,800
		Mindful Democrats Achtsame Demokraten	Die Achtsamen
		Modern Social Party Moderne Soziale Partei	MSP
		mut mut	mut	Claudia Stamm	Social liberalism	Centre-left		400
		MERA25 MERA25	MERA25	Julijana Zita	Progressivism Direct democracy	Left-wing	DiEM25	2,000
		National Democratic Party of Germany Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands	NPD	Lennart Schwarzbach	Neo-Nazism	Far-right
		neo. Wellbeing for all neo. Wohlstand für alle	neo.	Jörg Gastmann	Economic Balance System Universal basic income Grassroots democracy
		New Strength Party Neue Stärke Partei	NSP	Sara Storch, Christoph Thews	Neo-Nazism	Far-right		100 [9]
		One for all - Party Eine für Alle - Partei	Eine für Alle		Grassroots democracy			13
		Party for Franconia Partei für Franken	DIE FRANKEN	Robert Gattenlöhner	Regionalism			237
		Party for Biomedical Rejuvenation Research Partei für schulmedizinische Verjüngungsforschung	Verjüngungsforschung	Felix Werth	Single-issue politics	Single-issue		289
		Party of Humanists Partei der Humanisten	PdH	Felicitas Klings	Humanism Secularism Civil libertarianism Social liberalism			2,350
		Party of Reason Partei der Vernunft	PdV	Friedrich Dominicus	Right-libertarianism Euroscepticism	Right-wing	EPIL	352
		PETO PETO	PETO	Lydia Hannawald	Youth interests			400
		Pirate Party Germany Piratenpartei Deutschland	PIRATEN	Borys Sobieski [10]	Pirate politics E-democracy Direct democracy Social liberalism European federalism	Centre-left	Greens/EFA	5,541
		Renters Party Mieterpartei	MIETERPARTEI	Anke Hahn, Hartmut Bräunlich	Anti-high rent Tenant rights	Centre-left		50
		Saxon People's Party Sächsische Volkspartei	SVP	Mirko Schmidt	Nationalism	Far-right
		SGV – Solidarity, Equity, Change SGV – Solidarität, Gerechtigkeit, Veränderung	SGV		Anti-corruption
		Socialist Equality Party Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei	SGP	Ulrich Rippert	Trotskyism	Far-left		276
		Standing up socially just intelligent party Aufstehen sozial gerechte intelligente Partei	Aufstehenpartei	Paul Weiler	Left-wing populism	Centre-left to Left-wing
		Statt Party Statt Partei	STATT	Robert W. Hugo	Populism			200
		The Justice Party – Team Todenhöfer Die Gerechtigkeitspartei – Team Todenhöfer		Jürgen Todenhöfer	Anti-militarism Populism			5,314
		The Glass clear Die Glasklar	DGK	Marie-José Velonjara	Social democracy Populism
		The Federals DIE FÖDERALEN	DIE FÖDERALEN	Maren Zaidan	Liberalism Federalism Progressivism
		The Grays – For all Generations Die Grauen – Für alle Generationen	Die Grauen	Michael Schulz	Intergenerationality			135
		The Homeland Die Heimat	HEIMAT	Peter Schreiber	Neo-Nazism Ultranationalism Pan-Germanism Anti-immigration Revanchism	Far-right	APF	3,000
		The House of Germany Das Haus Deutschland	DHD	Egbert Besler	Constitutionalism Social democracy
		The Reformers Die Reformer	REFORMER	Erich Schuster	Liberalism Pro-Europeanism
		The III. Path Der III. Weg	III. Weg	Matthias Fischer	Neo-Nazism Strasserism Ethnic nationalism German nationalism Hard Euroscepticism	Far-right		642
		The Modernity die Moderne		Martin Martens	Centrism	Centre
		The New Centre Die Neue Mitte - Zurück zur Vernunft	NM	Christoph Hörstel	Sovereignism Euroscepticism Anti-vaccination Anti-Zionism Russophilia	Right-wing
		The New Democrats Die neuen Demokraten			Security
		The Libertarians Die Libertären	DIE LIBERTÄREN	Dr. Mathias Hummel	Libertarianism Laissez-faire Economic liberalism
		THE OTHERS DIE SONSTIGEN	sonstige		Democratic confederalism Progressivism Anti-militarism	Left-wing		171
		The Party of Sorbians die partei der sorben	PDS	Lars Krause	Political satire Sorbian Separatism Anti-militarism
		The Pink/ Alliance21 Die Pinken/Bündnis21	BÜNDNIS21		Anti-corruption			450
		The Republicans Die Republikaner	REP	Tilo Schöne	German nationalism National conservatism Euroscepticism Social conservatism	Right-wing		4,533
		The Right Die Rechte	Die RECHTE	Christian Worch	Neo-Nazism Ultranationalism Pan-Germanism Anti-immigration Historical revisionism	Far-right		550
		The Sharks – Party with bite Die Haie – Partei mit Biss	HAIE	Jan Heie Erchinger	Pragmatism	Centre
		The Peace Party Die Friedenspartei		Mahmoud Ahmed	Pacifism
		The Urbans. A HipHop Party Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei	du	Niki Drakos, Raphael Hillebrand	Social justice Environmentalism			303
		The Violets Die Violetten	Die Violetten	Irene Garcia Garcia	Spiritualism Direct democracy Environmentalism			678
		Thuringian Homeland Party Thüringer Heimatpartei	THP					56
		We Citizens Wir Bürger	LKR	Jürgen Joost	Liberal conservatism Economic liberalism Soft Euroscepticism	Centre-right to right-wing	ECR Party	1,000
		V-Partei³ – Party for Change, Vegetarians and Vegans V-Partei³ – Partei für Veränderung, Vegetarier und Veganer	V³	Roland Wegner	Animal rights Environmentalism			1,200
		Waying C Aufbruch C		Andreas Epp	Christian democracy Conservatism	Right-wing		74
		WiR2020 WiR2020	W2020	Wolfgang Romberg, Sonja Früh	Anti-vaccinationism Anti-lockdown			4,600

Historical parties

Defunct parties in the Federal Republic of Germany

Logo		Name	Abbr.	Leader(s)	Ideology	Est.	Diss.	Note
		50Plus The generation alliance 50Plus Das Generationen-Bündnis	50Plus	Hans Werner Müller	Right-wing populism	2004	2009
		Action Democratic Progress Aktion Demokratischer Fortschritt	ADF	Collective leadership	Communism	1968	1969
		Action Group Fourth Party Aktionsgemeinschaft Vierte Partei	AVP	Christian Ernst Dietrich Bahner	National conservatism	1975	1978
		Action Group of Independent Germans Aktionsgemeinschaft Unabhängiger Deutscher	AUD	Hermann Schwann (1965–1968)	German nationalism Environmentalism Neutrality	1965	1980	Merged into The Greens
		Active Democracy direct Aktive Demokratie direkt	ADd		Direct democracy E-democracy	2011	2016
		All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights Gesamtdeutscher Block/Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten	GB/BHE	Waldemar Kraft (1951–1954)	National conservatism German nationalism Expellee interests	1950	1961	Merged into DP
		All-German Party of Germany Gesamtdeutsche Partei Deutschlands	GPD	Frank Seiboth, Herbert Schneider	National conservatism German nationalism Expellee interests	1961	1981	Merger of GB/BHE and DP
		All-German People's Party Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei	GVP	Gustav Heinemann	Anti-Western integration [ de] Christian democracy Anti-militarism Neutrality	1952	1957	Split from CDU, merged into SPD
		Alliance for Health, Peace and Social Justice Allianz für Gesundheit, Frieden und soziale Gerechtigkeit	AGFG	Matthias Rath	Alternative medicine	2005	2009
		Alliance of Germans, Party for Unity, Peace and Freedom Bund der Deutschen, Partei für Einheit, Frieden und Freiheit	BdD	Josef Weber (1964–1968)	Anti-Western integration [ de] Anti-militarism Neutrality	1953	1968	Merged into DFU
		Alliance of the Centre Allianz der Mitte	ADM	Hans Weide	Conservatism	2004	2012	Merged into Deutsche Konservative
		Automobile Taxpayers Party Automobile Steuerzahler-Partei	ASP		Motorist interests	1993	2002
		Awakening of German patriots – Central Germany Aufbruch deutscher Patrioten – Mitteldeutschland	ADPM	Benjamin Przybylla	Right-wing populism National conservatism Nationalism	2019	2020
		Awakening for civil rights, freedom and health Aufbruch für Bürgerrechte, Freiheit und Gesundheit	AUFBRUCH	Hans Christoph Scheiner	Anti-wireless expansion Alternative medicine	1998	2012
		Christian Centre Christliche Mitte — Für ein Deutschland nach GOTTES Geboten	CM	Josef Happel	National conservatism Christian conservatism Social conservatism	1988	2016	Still exists as a think tank
		Christian Falangist Party of Germany Christlich Falangistische Partei Deutschlands	CFPD		Falangism Zionism	2006	2009
		Christian League - The Party for Life Christliche Liga – Die Partei für das Leben	LIGA	Ewald Jaksch	Christian right Conservatism	1985	1995
		Citizens for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Bürger für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	BMV	Michael Bertram	Conservatism Regionalism	2018	2018	Split from AfD, merged into Free Voters
		Citizens for Thuringia Bürger für Thüringen	BfTh	Ute Bergner	Right-wing populism	2020	2024	Merged into Values Union
		Communist League of West Germany Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland	KBW	Joscha Schmierer (1973–1982)	Maoism	1973	1985
		Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen) Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Roter Morgen)	KPD (Roter Morgen)		Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-revisionism Hoxhaism	1985	2011	Split from KPD/ML
		Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands/Marxisten-Leninisten	KPD/ML	Ernst Aust (1968–1983)	Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-revisionism Hoxhaism	1968	1986	Newspaper still exists
		Communist Party of Germany Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands	KPD	Max Reimann (1948–1956)	Communism Marxism-Leninism	1918	1956	Banned in 1956
		Democratic Gay/Lesbian Party - The People's Party Demokratische Schwul / Lesbische Partei - Die Bürgerpartei	DSLP	Thomas Mosmann	Homonationalism Anti-Islam	2013	2016
		Democratic Left Demokratische Linke	DL		Socialism	1967	1970
		Democratic Socialists Demokratische Sozialisten	DS		Eurocommunism	1982	1991
		Democratic Party of Germany Demokratische Partei	DPD	Markus Giersch	Universal basic income Grassroots democracy Anti-Noise pollution	2009	2015
		Drivers' and Peoples' Interest Party Autofahrer- und Volksinteressenpartei	AViP	Andreas Uhing	Motorist interests Euroscepticism	2011	2016
		Drivers' and Citizens' Interest Party Autofahrer- und Bürgerinteressenpartei Deutschlands	APD	Anton K. Marth	Motorist interests	1988	2002
		Equality Party Gerechtigkeitspartei	G			1973	1978
		European Federalist Party Europäische Föderalistische Partei	EFP	Karl Hahn	European federalism	1964	1994
		European Workers-Party Europäische Arbeiter-Partei	EAP	Helga Zepp-LaRouche	LaRouche movement	1974	1986	Succeeded by Patrioten
		Expellee and Migrants Party of Germany – Unity Aussiedler und Migranten Partei Deutschland – EINHEIT	DIE EINHEIT	Dimitri Rempel	Russophilia Conservatism Expellee interests	2013	?
		Federation for a Complete Germany Bund für Gesamtdeutschland	BGD	Horst Zaborowski	Revanchism Nationalism	1990	2017	Merged with AGsD
		Free Citizens' Initiative Freie Bürger-Initiative	FBI	Dr. Thomas Kernebeck	Direct democracy	1994	?
		Free German People's Party Freiheitliche Deutsche Volkspartei	FDVP		Nationalism	2000	2003	Split from DVU, merged into DP
		Free German Workers' Party Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei	FAP	Friedhelm Busse (1988-1995)	Neo-Nazism Strasserism	1979	1995	Banned in 1995 (as organization)
		Free Union Freie Union	FU	Danny Hoffmann	Conservatism Direct democracy Economic liberalism	2009	2019
		The Frisians Die Friesen	FRIESEN	Ralf Bieneck	Ethnic minority interests	2007	2023
		German Community Deutsche Gemeinschaft	DG	Otto Hess	German nationalism Anti-militarism Revanchism Strasserism Neutrality	1949	1965	Merged into AUD
		German Conservative Party - German Right Party Deutsche Konservative Partei – Deutsche Rechtspartei	DKP-DRP	Wilhelm Jaeger (1947–1949)	National conservatism	1946	1950	Merged into DRP and DP
		German Democratic Party Deutsche Demokratische Partei	ddp	Thorsten Sandvoß	Third way Universal basic income	2004	2015
		German Empire Party Deutsche Reichspartei	DRP	Heinrich Kunstmann Adolf von Thadden Alexander Andrae	Neo-Nazism (after 1952) Pan-Germanism German nationalism	1950	1956	Merger of DRP and NDP
		German Freedom Party Deutsche Freiheitspartei	DFP	Heinrich Kunstmann	German nationalism Strasserism Neutrality	1962	1964	Split from DRP, merged into AUD
		German Freedom Party Die Freiheit – Bürgerrechtspartei für mehr Freiheit und Demokratie	DIE FREIHEIT	Michael Stürzenberger	Classical liberalism Direct democracy Right-wing populism Hard Euroscepticism	2010	2016
		German Party Deutsche Partei	DP	Heinrich Hellwege	German nationalism National conservatism Constitutional monarchism	1947	1961
		German Party Deutsche Partei	DP	Adolf von Thadden (after 1967)	National conservatism	1961	1980	Founded by former members of the 1947 DP
		German Peace Union Deutsche Friedens-Union	DFU		Pacifism Neutrality Anti-militarism	1960	1984/90
		German People's Union Deutsche Volksunion	DVU	Matthias Faust (2009–2011)	Pan-Germanism National conservatism Right-wing populism	1971/87	2011	Split from and merged into NPD
		German Protestant League Deutsche Protestantische Liga	DEUPROLIGA		Christian democracy	2020	2023
		German Reconstruction Party Deutsche Aufbaupartei	D|A|P	Tobias Stober	D-Mark reintroduction	2017	2019
		German Social Union Deutsch-Soziale Union	DSU	Otto Strasser	Strasserism Revolutionary nationalism	1956	1962
		German Solidarity - Union for the Environment and Life Protection Deutsche Solidarität – Union für Umwelt und Lebensschutz	Öko-Union	Horst Götting	National conservatism	1978	1997	Split from AVP
		German Union Deutsche Union	DU	Siegfried Zoglmann	National liberalism	1971	1980
		Gray Panthers Graue Panther	Graue Panther	Georg Schulte		1989	2008
		Humanist Party Humanistische Partei	HP		New Humanism Social liberalism Grassroots democracy	1984	2006
		Independent Workers' Party (German Socialists) Unabhängige Arbeiter-Partei (Deutsche Sozialisten)	UAP	Ulrich Villmow (1995–2014)	Strasserism Neue Rechte European federalism Democratic socialism	1962	2014	Split from DSU, unofficial successor
		Independent Workers' Party of Germany Unabhängige Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands	UAPD		Titoism Trotskyism	1950	1952
		Kreuzberg Patriotic Democrats/Realistic Center Kreuzberger Patriotische Demokraten/Realistisches Zentrum	KPD/RZ	Hans Joachim Grimm	Satire Anti-fascism	1988	2016	Merged into Die PARTEI
		Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative Arbeit und soziale Gerechtigkeit – Die Wahlalternative	WASG	Klaus Ernst Thomas Händel Christine Buchholz Axel Troost	Democratic socialism Trade unionism	2005	2007	Merged into The Left
		League of German Communists Bund Deutscher Kommunisten	BDK		Communism Marxism-Leninism	1972	?	Split from DKP
		Liberal People's Party Freiheitliche Volkspartei	FVP	Franz Handlos	National conservatism Social conservatism	1985	1992	Split from The Republicans
		Maritime Union of Germany Maritime Union Deutschland	MUD	Konrad Fischer	Fishermans' interests Social democracy Euroscepticism	2011	2012
		Mature Citizens Die Mündigen Bürger	Mündige Bürger	Erika Herbst	National conservatism Alternative medicine Esotericism	1975	1994
		Motorist and citizens' interest party in Germany Autofahrer- und Bürgerinteressenpartei Deutschlands	APD	Anton K. Marth (1988–1995)	Motorist interests	1988	2002
		Muslim Democratic Union Muslimische Demokratische Union	MDU		Islamism Salafism	2010	2014	Merged into BIG
		National Democratic Empire Party Nationaldemokratische Reichspartei	NDRP		Neo-Nazism	1950	1951	Merger of multiple smaller parties, succeeded by Young Party
		National Liberal Action Nationalliberale Aktion	NLA	Erich Mende	National liberalism	1970	1971
		National Party of Germany Nationale Partei Deutschlands	NPD	Moritz von Faber (1956–62) Wolf Ewert (1952–56) Erwin Mebus (1950–52)	Neutralism National Bolshevism	1950	1962
		Natural Law Party Naturgesetz-Partei, Aufbruch zu neuem Bewusstsein	NATURGESETZ		Transcendental Meditation	1992	2004
		New consciousness - The holistic-esoteric party of Germany Neues Bewußtsein die ganzheitlich-esoterische Partei Deutschlands	Bewußtsein		New-Age movement Esotericism	1989	?
		New National Party Neue Nationale Partei	NNP	Jens Tholen	Civic nationalism Social liberalism Anti-fascism	2014	2015
		Noise torture-Environment-Politics-Honest Lärmfolter-Umwelt-Politik-ehrlich	LUPe	Klaus Zimmer	Anti-Noise pollution	2013	2016
		Parent Party Elternpartei	Eltern	Werner Jock	Parents' interests	2005	2010
		Party for a Rule of Law Offensive Partei Rechtsstaatlicher Offensive	PRO	Ronald Schill (2000–2003)	Right-wing populism Conservatism	2000	2007	Commonly known as Schill-Partei
		Party for Labour, Environment and Family AUF - Partei für Arbeit, Umwelt und Familie - Christen für Deutschland	AUF		Conservatism Christian fundamentalism	2008	2015	Merged into Alliance C
		Party of Bible-abiding Christians Partei Bibeltreuer Christen	PBC	Gerhard Heinzmann	Christian right Pentecostalism Christian fundamentalism	1989	2015	Merged into Alliance C
		Party of Democratic Socialism Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus	PDS	Lothar Bisky (2003–2007)	Democratic socialism Left-wing populism	1989	2007	Merged into The Left
		Party of Non-Voters Partei der Nichtwähler	Nichtwähler	Werner Peters	Protest party Direct democracy	1998	2016
		Party of those willing to work and the socially disadvantaged Partei der Arbeitswilligen und Sozial Schwachen	PASS	Frank Knüppel (1998–2000)	Protest party Unemployed interests	1993	2009
		Patriots for Germany Patrioten für Deutschland	Patrioten	Helga Zepp-LaRouche	LaRouche movement National conservatism	1986	1992	Succeeded by BüSo
		Peace List Die Friedensliste	FRIEDEN	1984–1986: Mechtild Jansen Manfred Coppik Hans Mausbach	Peace movement	1984	1989
		Pensioners' Party Germany Rentner Partei Deutschland	RENTNER	Günter Pfeiffer	Senior citizens interests	2002	2016
		Pensioners' Party Rentnerinnen- und Rentner-Partei	RRP	Manfred Link	Senior citizens interests	2007	2016
		Pro Germany Citizens' Movement Bürgerbewegung pro Deutschland	pro Deutschland	Manfred Rouhs	Right-wing populism	2005	2017
		Pro NRW Bürgerbewegung pro NRW	pro NRW	Markus Beisicht	Right-wing populism Anti-immigration Anti-Islam	2007	2019
		Posadist Communist Party Posadistische Kommunistische Partei		Paul Schulz	Posadism	1969	2005
		Sarazzist Party ━ for Referendums Sarazzistische Partei – für Volksentscheide	SPV	Kai Schulze	Sarrazism Direct democracy	2010	2011
		Social People's Party Soziale Volkspartei	SVP	Ronny Grubert	Neo-Nazism Militancy	1999	1999	Split from NPD
		Social People's Party of Germany Soziale Volkspartei Deutschlands	SVD	Wolfgang Staschen	Social democracy Anti-immigration	1984	1984
		Socialist Reich Party Sozialistische Reichspartei Deutschlands	SRP	Otto Ernst Remer Fritz Dorls Gerhard Krüger	Neo-Nazism	1949	1952	Banned in 1952
		Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins	SEW	Gerhard Danelius (1962–1978)	Communism Marxism-Leninism	1962	1991	Split from SED
		Spartacus League Spartacusbund	SpB		Trotskyism	1974	1980s
		Red October Roter Oktober	RO		Communism Marxism-Leninism	2002	2009	Split from KPD (RO)
		Revolutionary Socialist League Revolutionär Sozialistischer Bund/Vierte Internationale	RSB		Trotskyism	1994	2016	Merged into ISO
		The Blue Party Die blaue Partei	Blaue #TeamPetry	Frauke Petry	National conservatism National liberalism Euroscepticism	2017	2019	Split from the AfD
		The Grays – Gray Panthers Die Grauen – Graue Panther	GRAUE		Anti-Ageism Green politics Senior citizens interests	1989	2008	Split into Die Grauen and Graue Panther
		The Social Liberals Die Sozialliberalen	SL	Mikael Horstmann	Social liberalism European federalism	2014	2021	Still exists as a think tank
		The Ungovernable - Autonomous List Die Unregierbaren – Autonome Liste	U/AL		Anti-fascism Direct action	1989	2009
		Union of Free Citizens Bund freier Bürger	BFB	Manfred Brunner	National liberalism Right-wing populism	1994	2000
		Union of Free Germany Bund Freies Deutschland	BFD		Right-wing populism	1973	1977
		United Socialist Party Vereinigte Sozialistische Partei	VSP		Socialism	1986	2000
		West German Women's Peace Movement Westdeutsche Frauenfriedensbewegung	WFFB	Klara Marie Faßbinder	German reunification Anti-militarism Pacifism	1952	1974
		Woman's Party Frauenpartei	Frauen	Sibylle Schücking-Helfferich	Feminism	1979	1989
		Work for Bremen and Bremerhaven Arbeit für Bremen und Bremerhaven	AFB		Centrism	1995	2004
		Workers' Party of Germany Partei der Arbeit Deutschlands	PdAD	Michael Koth	Juche National Bolshevism	1995	1998
		Workers' Party of Germany Partei der Arbeit Deutschlands	PdAD	Simon Bärmann	Social democracy Progressive conservatism	2017	2020
		Young Party Junge Partei			Neo-Nazism Neutrality	1951	1951/2
		Youth and Development Party of Germany Jugend- und Entwicklungspartei Deutschlands	JED	Till Müller, Lukas Ostermann	Youth interests Social liberalism Cannabis legalization	2017	2019

Defunct parties in Allied-occupied Germany

Logo		Name	Abbr.	Leader(s)	Ideology	Active	Note
		Democratic People's Party Demokratische Volkspartei	DVP	Theodor Heuss	Liberalism	1946–1948	Merged into FDP
		German Conservative Party Deutsche Konservative Partei	DKP	Eldor Borck, Otto Schmidt-Hannover	National conservatism	1946–1950	Merged into DKP-DRP
		German Reconstruction Party Deutsche Aufbaupartei	DAP		Monarchism German nationalism	1945–1946	Merged into DKP-DRP
		Lower Saxony State Party Niedersächsische Landespartei			Regionalism Christian conservatism Establishment of Lower Saxony	1945–1947	Merged into DP
		National Democratic Party Nationaldemokratische Partei	NDP	Heinrich Leuchtgens	National conservatism	1945–1950	Only active in Hesse, merged into DRP
		Radical Social Freedom Party Radikal-Soziale Freiheitspartei	RSF	Richard Batz, Peter Thielen	Freiwirtschaft Border abolition Decentralization	1946–1950	Succeeded by HUMANWIRTSCHAFT

Parties in East Germany

Bloc		Logo		Name	Abbr.	Ideology	Note
	Democratic Bloc and National Front			Socialist Unity Party of Germany Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschland	SED	Stalinism Communism Marxism-Leninism	"Leading Role" per 1968 Constitution, succeeded by PDS
				Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands	CDUD	Christian socialism Social conservatism	Merged into the CDU
				Liberal Democratic Party of Germany Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands	LDPD	Liberal socialism	Merged into Association of Free Democrats (partly)
				Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands	DBD	Agrarianism Agrarian socialism	Merged into CDUD
				National Democratic Party of Germany National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands	NDPD	Conservatism National conservatism Socialism	Merged into FDP

During transition (1989–90)

Alliance			Logo		Name	Abbr.	Ideology	Note
		Alliance 90			Democracy Now Demokratie Jetzt	DJ	Democratic socialism	Merged into Alliance 90/The Greens
					Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Initiative für Frieden und Menschenrechte	IFM	Anti-Communism
					New Forum Neues Forum	NF	Progressivism
		Alliance for Germany			Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands	CDUD	Christian democracy Social conservatism Anti-Communism	Merged into the CDU
					Democratic Beginning Demokratischer Aufbruch	DA	Liberal democracy Christian democracy	Merged into CDUD
					German Social Union Deutsche Soziale Union	DSU	National conservatism Christian democracy Social conservatism	Still exists, see Minor parties
		Association of Free Democrats			Liberal Democratic Party of Germany Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands	LDPD	Liberalism	Merged into FDP
					German Forum Party Deutsche Forumpartei	DFP	Liberalism
					Free Democratic Party Freie Demokratische Partei	F.D.P.	Liberalism
					Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands	DBD	Agrarianism	Merged into CDUD
					Green Party Grüne Partei	Die Grünen	Green politics	Merged into Alliance 90/The Greens
					National Democratic Party of Germany National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands	NDPD	Centrism National liberalism	Merged into FDP
					Social Democratic Party in the GDR Sozialdemokratische Partei in der DDR	SPD	Social democracy	Merged into SPD
					Socialist Unity Party of Germany━Party of Democratic Socialism Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands━Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus	SED-PDS	Democratic socialism	Later renamed to PDS
					United Left Vereinigte Linke	VL	Communism Trotskyism Socialism

Parties in the Saar Protectorate

See also: Saar Protectorate § Minister-Presidents

Name		Abbr.	Ideology	Active	Note
	Christian People's Party of Saarland Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes	CVP	Christian democracy Conservatism	1946–1959	Later merged with the CDU
	Christian Social Union Christlich-Soziale Union	CSU-S	Christian democracy Conservatism	1955–1959	Unofficial counterpart of the CSU
	Communist Party of Saarland Kommunistische Partei Saar	KP	Communism Marxism-Leninism	1945–1957	Counterpart of the KPD
	Democratic Party of Saarland Demokratische Partei des Saarlandes	DPS	Conservative liberalism National conservatism	1946–1957	Later merged into the FDP
	German Democratic Union Deutsche Demokratische Union	DDU	Left-wing politics	1955–1968	Later merged with the DFU
	German Social Democratic Party Deutsche Sozialdemokratische Partei	DSP	Social democracy	1952–1956	Split from the SPS, later merged with the SPD
	Social Democratic Party of Saarland Sozialdemokratische Partei des Saarlandes	SPS	Social democracy Democratic Socialism	1946–1956	Counterpart of the SPD
	Supranational European People's Party Saar Übernationale Europäische Volkspartei saar	ÜEVPS		1955–?

Parties in Weimar Republic

Main article: Weimar political parties

Logo		Name	Abbr.	Ideology	Political position	Active	Note
		Bavarian People's Party Bayerische Volkspartei	BVP	Political Catholicism Bavarian regionalism Conservatism Constitutional monarchism	Right-wing	1918–1933
		Centre Party Deutsche Zentrumspartei	Zentrum	Christian democracy Political catholicism	Centre to centre-right	1870–
		Christian Social People's Service Christlich-Sozialer Volksdienst	CSVD	Agrarainism Conservatism Political Protestantism	Centre-right	1929–1933
		Communist Party of Germany Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands	KPD	Communism Marxism-Leninism	Far-left	1918–1956 (West) 1918–1946 (East)	Banned in West Germany, merged in East Germany
		Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Opposition)	KPO	Communism Luxemburgism	Left-wing, Far-left	1929–1939
		Conservative People's Party Konservative Volkspartei	KPV	Conservatism Christian democracy	Right-wing	1930–1933
		German Democratic Party Deutsche Demokratische Partei	DDP	Social liberalism Progressivism	Centre-left	1918–1930
		German National People's Party Deutschnationale Volkspartei	DNVP	Monarchism Proto-fascism National conservatism German nationalism	Right-wing to Far-right	1918–1933
		German People's Party Deutsche Volkspartei	DVP	National liberalism Conservative liberalism Economic liberalism Constitutional monarchism	Centre-right	1918–1933
		German Völkisch Freedom Party Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei	DVFP	German nationalism Völkisch movement Antisemitism	Far-right	1922–1925
		German State Party Deutsche Staatspartei	DStP	Liberalism Nationalism Corporatism	Centre-right	1930–1933	Short-lived merger of the DDP and Young German Order
		German Workers' Party Deutsche Arbeiterpartei	DAP	Pan-Germanism German nationalism Volksgemeinschaft	Far-right	1919–1920	Predecessor of the Nazi Party
		Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands	USPD	Democratic socialism Centrist Marxism Pacifism	Left-wing	1917–1931
		National Socialist German Workers' Party Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei	NSDAP	National Socialism	Far-right	1920–1945	Banned after World War II
		Socialist Workers' Party of Germany Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands	SAPD	Democratic socialism Centrist Marxism	Far-left	1931–1945

Parties founded before World War I

Name		Abbr.	Ideology	Active
	Bavarian Peasants' League	BB	Agrarianism	1893–1933
	Centre Party	Zentrum	Christian democracy	1870–
	Christian Social Party	CSP	Traditionalist conservatism Christian democracy Anti-Semitism	1878–1918
	Democratic Union	DV	Liberalism Laïcité	1908–1918
	Free Conservative Party	FKP	National conservatism	1867–1918
	Free-minded People's Party	FVP	Liberalism Progressivism Parliamentarism Laicism	1893–1910
	Free-minded Union	FV	National liberalism	1893–1910
	General German Workers' Association	ADAV	Social democracy Democratic socialism	1863–1875
	German Conservative Party	DKP	Conservatism Anti-liberalism Anti-Catholicism	1876–1918
	German Fatherland Party	DVLP	German nationalism Monarchism Militarism Volksgemeinschaft	1917–1918
	German-Hanoverian Party	DHP	Conservatism Federalism	1867–1933
	German People's Party	DtVP	Social liberalism Federalism Laïcité Parliamentarism	1868–1910
	German Progress Party	DFP	Liberalism Federalism	1861–1884
	German Free-minded Party	DFP	Liberalism Progressivism Parliamentarism Laïcité	1884–1893
	Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany	USPD	Democratic socialism Centrist Marxism Pacifism	1917–1931
	Liberal Union	LV	Liberalism Parliamentarism Classical liberalism Economic liberalism Conservative liberalism	1880–1884
	National Liberal Party	NLP	National liberalism	1867–1918
	National-Social Association	NSV	Christian socialism Social liberalism Nationalism	1896–1903
	Progressive People's Party	FVP	Social liberalism Parliamentarism Laïcité	1910–1918
	Social Democratic Party of Germany	SPD	Social democracy	1875–present
	Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany	SDAP	Social democracy Marxist socialism	1869–1875

See also

• Lists of political parties; categories by country and ideology.
• History of Germany since 1945
• Liberalism in Germany

Notes

1. BSW is widely considered far-left, but it was also described as left-wing or left-conservative; the latter label is because some stances of the party on cultural issues are seen as conservative.

References

1. "Chronik: Bundestagswahlen von 1949 bis 2002 | Deutschland | Deutsche Welle | 02.10.2005". Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
2. "Political parties form colorful spectrum in Germany". Deutsche Welle. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
3. The Green party: Getting used to opposition, Deutsche Welle, 24 August 2009, retrieved 12 October 2009, This made a so-called Jamaica coalition with the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party impossible.
4. Deutsche Presse-Agentur (11 January 2025). "Mitgliederentwicklung 2024: Grüne und CDU legen zu". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Berlin. Eine besondere Rolle nimmt das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (BSW) ein. Die Partei gründete sich im Januar 2024, der Berliner Landesverband erst Mitte Juli. Unter den 44 Gründungsmitgliedern auf Bundesebene waren 15 Berlinerinnen und Berliner, inzwischen sind es 115 von bundesweit rund 1.200.[The Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) plays a special role. The party was founded in January 2024, with the Berlin state association not established until mid-July. Of the 44 founding members at the federal level, 15 were from Berlin; now, 115 of the approximately 1,200 members are from Berlin.]
5. Skiadas, Christos H.; Bozeman, James R. (7 March 2019). "14: Visualizing the Political Spectrum of Germany by Contiguously Ordering the Party Policy Profiles". John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781119579533 . Retrieved 18 April 2023.
6. "CDU-Konservative: Was die Werteunion ist und was sie will - ZDFheute". 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
7. Dregger, Christa (19 May 2023). "Bund für Freiheit und Humanität: Die (vielleicht) kleinste Partei Deutschlands will einen politischen Rahmen für dezentrales Handeln schaffen". Zeitpunkt.
8. Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische (26 August 2024). "Deutsch Land Wirtschaft". bpb.de (in German). Retrieved 8 December 2024.
9. "Verbindungen und Aktivitäten der rechtsextremen "Neue Stärke Partei"" (PDF). Bundestag . 29 December 2022.
10. "Vorstand". Piratenpartei Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 28 December 2024.

External links

• Political Parties (Germany) - List of German political parties since 1949
• Collection of all currently recognized political parties by the Federal Returning Office (in German)
• List of all registered political parties in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1969 and 2023 by the Federal Returning Office (in German)
• Overview of the elections since 1946 (Übersicht der Wahlen seit 1946) on the website of the Tagesschau - Election results in Germany since 1946 on state, federal and European levels (German descriptions, but graphics and data can be accessed without these).