For India, the concept of non-alignment began as a policy of non-participation in the military affairs of a bipolar world and in the context of colonialism aimed towards optimum involvement through multi-polar participation towards peace and security. It meant a country should be able to preserve a certain amount of freedom of action internationally. There was no set definition of non-alignment, which meant the term was interpreted differently by different politicians and governments, and varied in different contexts. The overall aims and principles found consensus among the movement members. Non-aligned countries, however, rarely attained the freedom of judgement they desired and their actual behaviour towards the movement's objectives, such as social justice and human rights, were unfulfilled in many cases. India's actions often resembled those of aligned countries. The response of the non-aligned nations during India's wars in 1962, 1965 and 1971 revealed non-aligned positions on issues such as secession. The non-aligned nations were unable to fulfil the role of peacekeepers during the Indo-China war of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 despite meaningful attempts. The non-aligned response to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the following 1971 Indo-Pakistan War showed most of the non-aligned nations prioritised territorial integrity above human rights, which could be explained by the recently attained statehood for the non-aligned. During this period, India's non-aligned stance was questioned and criticized. Jawaharlal Nehru had not wanted the formalization of non-alignment and none of the non-aligned nations had commitments to help each other. The international rise of countries such as China also decreased incentives for the non-aligned countries to stand in solidarity with India.
Ibrahim Omar Dabbashi is a Libyan diplomat who formerly served as the Libyan Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York. With the advent of the Libyan Civil War, Dabbashi led the country's UN mission in opposing the continued rule of Muammar Gaddafi.
Serbia and Zimbabwe maintain diplomatic relations established between SFR Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe in 1980, following Zimbabwe's independence. Yugoslavia was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, of which Zimbabwe is also a part. Neither country has a resident ambassador. Serbia has a non-resident ambassador in Pretoria.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, an international groupation established to maintain independence of countries beyond Eastern and Western Bloc from the major Cold War powers. Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, hosted the First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in September 1961 and the Ninth Summit in September 1989.
Finland–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Finland and the now split-up Kingdom of Yugoslavia or Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries gained their independence during or in the immediate aftermath of World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary (Yugoslavia) or the Russian Empire (Finland). The two parties established formal bilateral relations in 1928. The two countries developed their relations after the end of World War II and the 1948 Tito–Stalin split. At the time neither one of them was a part of either the Eastern or the Western Bloc in the Cold War–divided Europe. Both countries perceived development of relations among non-bloc neutral European states as a way to avoid isolation and preserve a certain level of independence without alienating major powers. Yugoslavia, however, perceived that in a deeply divided Europe there was shrinking maneuvering space for neutral countries and followed the development of what will be called the process of Finlandization with great concern. It therefore turned its focus on new allies among former colonies and mandate territories outside of Europe, where it developed its policy of equidistant active neutrality via its activities in the newly founded Non-Aligned Movement.
Egypt was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The preparatory meeting for the First NAM Conference in Belgrade was held in Cairo between 5 and 12 June 1961. The first NAM conference was cosponsored between President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser and President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito who sent joint letter to other leaders during their bilateral meeting in Egypt. Cairo hosted the Second Conference in October 1964 attended by forty-seven countries while Egyptian Red Sea resort Sharm el-Sheikh hosted the Fifteenth Conference in 2009. At the time of the Sharm el-Sheikh Conference 118 countries participated in the activities of the movement with some other countries having the observer status. 55 heads of state attended the 2009 conference. Official Egyptian state institutions view the movement as the broadest and the most important framework for developing countries to coordinate their stances on issues on the agenda of the United Nations and to act together against unilateral policies.
Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement on 1–6 September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia was the first conference of the Non-Aligned Movement. A major contributing factor to the organization of the conference was the process of decolonization of a number of African countries in the 1960s. Some therefore called it the ″Third World's Yalta″ in reference to 1945 Yalta Conference.
Third Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement on 8–10 September 1970 in Lusaka, Zambia was the third conference of the Non-Aligned Movement. A preparatory meeting of Foreign Ministers drafted a number of resolutions which were considered by the Summit Conference. President of Zambia Kenneth Kaunda opened the conference by underlining non-alignment as "the natural choice at the time of increased hostility created by ideological conflicts in the bipolar world"
Seventh Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement on 7–12 March 1983 took place in New Delhi in India, one of the founders and leading members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The summit followed the 1979 summit in Havana, Cuba at which confrontation between moderate member states led by SFR Yugoslavia and India and radical states led by Cuba led the movement into crisis. The keynote address delivered by Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi. At the summit in New Delhi Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia and Vanuatu were admitted as new member states, Papua New Guinea, Antigua and Barbuda as observers and Dominican Republic as an guest state. Cambodia was absent from the meeting due to rival delegations controversy, Saint Lucia failed to send a delegation while Luxembourg's request for an guest status was rejected on formalistic deadline grounds. 1,500 journalists followed the event.
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded with the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.
Second Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement on 5–10 October 1964 in Cairo, United Arab Republic (Egypt) was the second conference of the Non-Aligned Movement which followed the Belgrade Conference of 1961 and preceded the Lusaka Conference of 1970. The city of Cairo was selected as a host of the summit conference at the preparatory meeting held in Colombo, Ceylon, on March 23, 1964. At the beginning of the conference the chairmanship of the Movement was transferred from the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito to the President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser.
5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement on 16–19 August 1976 in Colombo, Sri Lanka was the conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement. 86 nations participated in the summit with additional 30 observers and guests representing all the continents in the world. The Summit is the biggest international conference ever held in Sri Lanka and one of the greatest achievements in its foreign policy. The event took place at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, the first purpose-built conference hall in Asia. It was the first heads of state or government summit of the movement to be organized in Asia. The decisions on the NAM Coordination Bureau organisation and membership conditions were formally defined at the Colombo Summit. The body was to have 25 members and was expected to meet regularly at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
The 9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement on 4–7 September 1989 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia was the conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement. Belgrade was the first city to host the Summit for the second time after it hosted the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Yugoslavia was unanimously selected as the host of the Summit at the 1988 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference in Nicosia, Cyprus. While the Federal Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia led by Budimir Lončar was excited, the Presidency of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav collective head of state, was skeptical about the prospects of hosting the event but ultimately supported it by Josip Vrhovec in fear that rejection may show the level of the crisis in the country. The comparatively weak federal government organizers of the event ultimately hoped that the conference may convince leaders of the strong Yugoslav federal republics to resolve the early Yugoslav crisis in a constructive and peaceful way, yet it nevertheless escalated in 1991 Yugoslav Wars. The event is therefore sometimes described as the swan song of the prominent Yugoslav Cold War diplomacy. Summit took place at the Sava Centar in New Belgrade. Janez Drnovšek held the opening remarks in Slovenian language.
60th Anniversary Additional Commemorative Non-Aligned Meeting is the 11–12 October 2021 Non-Aligned Movement commemorative meeting taking place in Belgrade, Serbia. The meeting was organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia, and cohosted with Azerbaijan, in commemoration to the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. President Ilham Aliyev made opening speech in a video format. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia Nikola Selaković underlined that his county's strategic and essential goal is membership in the European Union, but that Serbia will not give up on its traditional friends which are not only Russia or China but all member states of the Non-Aligned Movement. While reflecting on historical achievements Indian representative Meenakshi Lekhi invited honest introspection if movement is to keep its relevance and called unnamed member states to avoid insistence on divisive issues and bilateral score-settling which make NAM increasingly ineffective. Participants vocally decried the disparity in vaccine access between developed and developing countries.
6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement took place on 3–9 September 1979 in Havana, the capital city of Cuba. 93 countries took part in the summit. It was the first NAM summit which took place in one Iberoamerican country. The event was marked by political and ideological divisions among the non-aligned countries. The organizer wanted to use the event to propose "a natural alliance" between the movement and the Eastern Bloc causing strong resistance from some members, particularly SFR Yugoslavia. While both Cuba and Yugoslavia were at the time nominally socialist states, they took substantially different position in world politics with Cuba perceiving United States and Yugoslavia perceiving Soviet Union as the main threat to its independence.
10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement on 1–6 September 1992 in Jakarta, Indonesia was the conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement. Around 100 delegations, including some 60 heads of State or government, participated in the Summit in Jakarta.
1982 Extraordinary Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement on the topic of Palestine took place in Kuwait City, capital of Kuwait from 5 to 8 April. It was the first of the three meetings on Palestine that the Non-Aligned Movement organized in that year. The meeting in Kuwait was called by the Coordinating Bureau of the Movement during the NAM United Nations Headquarters meeting in New York which took place between 25 and 28 September 1981. The meeting provided the first opportunity for Egypt, one of the founding members of the Movement, to attends a conference in an Arab country that severed diplomatic relations with Cairo after the 1978 Camp David Accord.
1961 Preparatory Meeting of the Non-Alignment Countries was held in Cairo, United Arab Republic from 5 to 12 June 1961 to discuss the goals of a policy of nonalignment ahead of the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement which will take place in September of the same year in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia. The goal of the meeting was to set common criteria for attendance at the Belgrade Conference with Cairo attendees division into two fractions of “inclusives” led by Nehru's government of India and “exclusives” led by the Casablanca Group. Group led by India wanted for future summit to welcome neutral countries in Europe and if feasible multiple Latin American countries and for the event to focus on what was perceived by Indian representatives as grand and overarching issues of global consequence instead of more parochial concerns. Cuban and Guinean representatives were dominant in the “exclusives” group which wanted to focus on the issue of decolonization and criticism of the West Bloc.
Neutral and Non-Aligned European States, sometimes known by abbreviation NN states, was a Cold War era informal grouping of states in Europe which were neither part of NATO nor Warsaw Pact but were either neutral or members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The group brought together neutral countries of Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland on one, and non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia, Cyprus and Malta on the other hand, all of which together shared interest in preservation of their independent non-bloc position with regard to NATO, European Community, Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Established and comparatively highly developed European neutral countries perceived cooperation with non-aligned countries as a way to advocate for peace, disarmament and superpowers' restraint more forcefully than their limited earlier cooperation would permit.
The 1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference was held in Luanda, capital of Angola from 4 to 7 September with the senior officials meeting being held on 2 and 3 September. The organization of the conference in the circumstances of the ongoing Angolan Civil War was described as a large scale organizational undertaking and a considerable achievement.
Yugoslavia 
