2014 Winter Olympics medal table

Last updated

2014 Winter Olympics medals
Location Sochi, Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Highlights
Most gold medalsFlag of Norway.svg  Norway  (11)
Most total medalsFlag of Russia.svg  Russia  (29)
Medalling NOCs26
  2010  · Olympics medal tables ·  2018  
World map showing the medal achievements of each country during the 2014 Winter Olympics
Legend:

.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
Gold represents countries that won at least one gold medal

Silver represents countries that won at least one silver medal

Bronze represents countries that won at least one bronze medal

Red represents countries that did not win any medals

Grey represents countries that did not participate 2014 Winter Olympic Games Medals map.svg
World map showing the medal achievements of each country during the 2014 Winter Olympics
Legend:
  Gold represents countries that won at least one gold medal
  Silver represents countries that won at least one silver medal
  Bronze represents countries that won at least one bronze medal
  Red represents countries that did not win any medals
  Grey represents countries that did not participate

The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event held in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February. A total of 2,873 athletes from 88 nations participated in 98 events in 7 sports across 15 different disciplines. [1] [2]

Contents

Initially, host nation Russia matched the Soviet Union's 1976 tally of thirteen gold medals, [lower-greek 1] [lower-greek 2] but 4 gold, 8 silver and 1 bronze medals were later stripped due to doping. However, the Court of Arbitration for Sport reinstated 2 gold, 7 silver and 1 bronze medals, returning Russia to the first place in the medals standings. In 2024, one more gold medal was rescinded by the International Biathlon Union, putting Norway first in the gold medal count, with 11 gold medals. Russia still has the most medals overall, with 29.

The Netherlands achieved four podium sweeps in the speed skating, dominating the men's 500 metres, men's 5,000 metres, men's 10,000 metres, and women's 1,500 metres, surpassing the previous record of two podium sweeps. [7] Slovenia won its first Winter Olympics gold medal ever, in alpine skiing. This was also the first Winter Olympic gold medal tie. [8] Latvia won its first Olympic gold medal due to medals reallocation after the IOC retested doping samples in November 2017. [9] Luger Armin Zöggeler of Italy became the first athlete to achieve six Winter Olympic medals over six consecutive games, [10] all achieved at the men's singles event. [11] Speed skater Ireen Wüst from the Netherlands achieved five medals (two gold and three silver), more than any other athlete. South Korean-born Russian short track speed skater Viktor Ahn, Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen, and Belarusian biathlete Darya Domracheva tied for the most gold medals, with three each. [12]

Medal table

From left to right: Tina Maze of Slovenia (gold), Dominique Gisin of Switzerland (gold) and Lara Gut of Switzerland (bronze) atop the women's downhill alpine skiing podium in the first Winter Olympic gold medal tie. Women's downhill, 2014 Winter Olympics, podium.jpg
From left to right: Tina Maze of Slovenia (gold), Dominique Gisin of Switzerland (gold) and Lara Gut of Switzerland (bronze) atop the women's downhill alpine skiing podium in the first Winter Olympic gold medal tie.
From left to right: Jan Blokhuijsen (silver), Sven Kramer (gold) and Jorrit Bergsma (bronze) with medals they earned in the men's 5,000 metres speed skating, one of the four podium sweeps by the Netherlands. Men's 5000m, 2014 Winter Olympics, Podium.jpg
From left to right: Jan Blokhuijsen (silver), Sven Kramer (gold) and Jorrit Bergsma (bronze) with medals they earned in the men's 5,000 metres speed skating, one of the four podium sweeps by the Netherlands.

The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won, where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals.

In the women's downhill event in alpine skiing two gold medals were awarded for a first place tie, no silver medal was awarded for the event. [15] In the men's super-G alpine skiing, two bronze medals were awarded for a third place tie. [16]

Key

     Post-competition changes in medal standings (totals after changes)

  *   Host nation (Russia)

RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 116926
2Flag of Russia.svg  Russia*‡1010929
3Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 1010525
4Flag of the United States.svg  United States991028
5Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 87924
6Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 86519
7Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland72211
8Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 5016
9Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 48517
10Flag of France.svg  France 44715
11Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 4116
12Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 3429
13Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 3328
14Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 27615
15Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 2439
16Civil Ensign of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 2248
17Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 1438
18Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 1315
19Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain1135
Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia1135
21Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 1012
22Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 1001
23Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 0268
24Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 0213
25Civil ensign of Croatia.svg  Croatia 0101
26Flag of Kazakhstan (3-2).svg  Kazakhstan 0011
Totals (26 entries)989799294

Changes in medal standings

Russian team doping case

On 18 July 2016, the McLaren Report was published alleging that the Russian government had sanctioned the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Russian athletes in the 2014 Winter Olympics. [17]

On 9 December 2016, a World Anti-Doping Agency report expanded upon the previous report and included the note that "Two [Russian] [sport] athletes, winners of 4 Sochi Olympic Gold medals, and a female Silver medal winner in [sport] had samples with salt readings that were physiologically impossible" and that "Twelve [Russian] medal winning athletes ... from 44 examined samples had scratches and marks on the inside of the caps of their B sample bottles, indicating tampering". [18]

In December 2016, following the release of the McLaren Report on Russian doping at the Sochi Olympics, the International Olympic Committee announced the initiation of an investigation of 28 Russian athletes at the Sochi Olympic Games. The number later rose to 46.

From 1 November 2017 to 22 December 2017, the IOC handled 46 cases related to Russian team doping. 3 cases have been closed without sanction and without official disclosing the names of suspected athletes. 43 Russian athletes were disqualified from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission. [19]

All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 1 February 2018, the court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results (except four-man bobsleigh) are reinstated, but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions. [20] On 24 September 2020, the court overturned the sanctions on a further two athletes, meaning that one Sochi medal and result in women's biathlon sprint are reinstated, but decided that there was sufficient evidence against one other athlete to uphold Sochi sanctions in women's biathlon relay. [21] The court also decided that none of the 42 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games, but only the 2018 Games.

Separately, on 15 February 2020, the International Biathlon Union announced that because of a doping violation, Evgeny Ustyugov and Russian men's 4 x 7.5km relay team had been disqualified from the 2014 Olympics. [22] The IOC results affirm the decision, but medals have not been reallocated yet. [23]

No.AthleteSportIOC decisions [19] CAS decision, 1 February 2018, [20] 24 September 2020 [21]
1 November 2017 [24]
1Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Legkov  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing Gold medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
2Flag of Russia.svg  Evgeniy Belov  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
9 November 2017 [25]
3Flag of Russia.svg  Julia Ivanova  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
4Flag of Russia.svg  Alexey Petukhov  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
5Flag of Russia.svg  Evgenia Shapovalova  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
6Flag of Russia.svg  Maxim Vylegzhanin  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing Silver medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
7Flag of Russia.svg  Adelina Sotnikova  (RUS)Figure skating pictogram.svg  Figure skating Case closed [26] -
22 November 2017 [27]
8Flag of Russia.svg  Elena Nikitina  (RUS)Skeleton pictogram.svg  Skeleton Bronze medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
9Flag of Russia.svg  Maria Orlova  (RUS)Skeleton pictogram.svg  Skeleton DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
10Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Potylitsina  (RUS)Skeleton pictogram.svg  Skeleton DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
11Flag of Russia.svg  Aleksandr Tretyakov  (RUS)Skeleton pictogram.svg  Skeleton Gold medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
24 November 2017 [28]
12Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Stulneva  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
13Flag of Russia.svg  Aleksandr Zubkov  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh Gold medal icon.svgGold medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
14Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Fatkulina  (RUS)Speed skating pictogram.svg  Speed skating Silver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
15Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Rumyantsev  (RUS)Speed skating pictogram.svg  Speed skating DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
27 November 2017 [29]
16Flag of Russia.svg  Sergei Chudinov  (RUS)Skeleton pictogram.svg  Skeleton DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
17Flag of Russia.svg  Aleksei Negodailo  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh Gold medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
18Flag of Russia.svg  Dmitry Trunenkov  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh Gold medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
19Flag of Russia.svg  Yana Romanova  (RUS)Biathlon pictogram.svg  Biathlon Silver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled (Sept 2020)
20Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Vilukhina  (RUS)Biathlon pictogram.svg  Biathlon Silver medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled (Sept 2020)
29 November 2017 [30]
21Flag of Russia.svg  Aleksandr Kasyanov  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
22Flag of Russia.svg  Aleksei Pushkarev  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
23Flag of Russia.svg  Ilvir Khuzin  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
1 December 2017 [31]
24Flag of Russia.svg  Yulia Chekaleva  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
25Flag of Russia.svg  Anastasia Dotsenko  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
26Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Zaitseva  (RUS)Biathlon pictogram.svg  Biathlon Silver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed (Sept 2020)
12 December 2017 [32]
27Flag of Russia.svg  Inna Dyubanok  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
28Flag of Russia.svg  Ekaterina Lebedeva  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
29Flag of Russia.svg  Ekaterina Pashkevich  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
30Flag of Russia.svg  Anna Shibanova  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
31Flag of Russia.svg  Ekaterina Smolentseva  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
32Flag of Russia.svg  Galina Skiba  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
33Flag of Russia.svg  Anna Shokhina  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey Case closed [33] -
18 December 2017 [34]
34Flag of Russia.svg  Alexey Voevoda  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh Gold medal icon.svgGold medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions partially confirmed
35Flag of Russia.svg  Denis Yuskov  (RUS)Speed skating pictogram.svg  Speed skating Case closed [35] -
22 December 2017 [36]
36Flag of Russia.svg  Ivan Skobrev  (RUS)Speed skating pictogram.svg  Speed skating DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
37Flag of Russia.svg  Artem Kuznetcov  (RUS)Speed skating pictogram.svg  Speed skating DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
38Flag of Russia.svg  Tatiana Ivanova  (RUS)Luge pictogram.svg  Luge Silver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
39Flag of Russia.svg  Albert Demchenko  (RUS)Luge pictogram.svg  Luge Silver medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
40Flag of Russia.svg  Nikita Kryukov  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing Silver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
41Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Bessmertnykh  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing Silver medal icon.svgDisqualifiedSanctions annulled
42Flag of Russia.svg  Natalia Matveeva  (RUS)Cross country skiing pictogram.svg  Cross-country skiing DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
43Flag of Russia.svg  Liudmila Udobkina  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
44Flag of Russia.svg  Maxim Belugin  (RUS)Bobsleigh pictogram.svg  Bobsleigh DisqualifiedDid not appeal to CAS
45Flag of Russia.svg  Tatiana Burina  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions annulled
46Flag of Russia.svg  Anna Shchukina  (RUS)Ice hockey pictogram.svg  Ice hockey DisqualifiedSanctions annulled

On 1 February 2018, the IOC said in a statement that “the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the 2018 Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation” and that “this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping”. The IOC found it important to note that CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent” and that they would consider an appeal against the courts decision. [37] On 9 February 2018, the CAS dismissed 47 appeals from Russian athletes and coaches to the IOC's decision not invite these athletes and coaches to the 2018 Olympics. [38] On 19 January 2019, the IOC's appeal of Legkov's case was rejected and the organization decided not to proceed with 27 remaining cases because the chance of winning would be very low. The IOC voiced its disappointment with the decision. [39]

List of official changes

Ruling dateSport / eventAthlete (NOC)Gold medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgBronze medal icon.svgTotalComment
List of official changes in medal standings (after the Games)
1 November 2017
9 November 2017
22 December 2017
Cross-country skiing
Men's 50 kilometre freestyle
Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
Men's team sprint
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Legkov  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Maxim Vylegzhanin  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Bessmertnykh  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Nikita Kryukov  (RUS)
(−1)(−3)(−4)On 1 November 2017, the IOC disqualified cross country skier Alexander Legkov and he was stripped of his gold medal in 50 km mass start and silver medal in relay. [24] On 9 November 2017, the IOC disqualified cross country skier Maxim Vylegzhanin and he was stripped of his two silver medals in 50 km mass start and team sprint (alongside with the stripped silver medal in the relay with Legkov). [25] Alexander Bessmertnykh who won silver medal in relay and Nikita Kryukov who won silver medal in team sprint were disqualified on 22 December 2017. [36]
22 November 2017 Skeleton
Men's event
Women's event
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Tretyakov  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Elena Nikitina  (RUS)
(−1)(−1)(−2)On 22 November 2017, the IOC disqualified men's gold medallist Alexander Tretyakov and women's bronze medallist Elena Nikitina. [27]
24 November 2017
27 November 2017
28 December 2017
Bobsleigh
Two-man
Four-man
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexandr Zubkov  (RUS)DSQ,
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexey Voyevoda  (RUS)DSQ,
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexey Negodaylo  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Dmitry Trunenkov  (RUS)
–2−2On 24 November 2017, the IOC disqualified bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and he was stripped of his two gold medals. [28] His teammates in four-man bobsled Alexey Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified three days later. [29] On 18 December 2017, Zubkov's teammate in two-man bobsled and four-man bobsled, Alexey Voyevoda was also disqualified. [34] Medals were redistributed. [40] [41]
Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg team (LAT)+1–1+1+1
Flag of Switzerland.svg team (SUI)+1–10
Flag of the United States.svg team (USA)+2–20
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg team (GBR)+1+1
24 November 2017 Speed skating
Women's 500 metres
Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Fatkulina  (RUS)(–1)(−1)On 24 November 2017, the IOC disqualified speedskater Olga Fatkulina and she was stripped of her silver medal. [28]
27 November 2017
1 December 2017
Biathlon
Women's sprint
Women's relay
Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Vilukhina  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Yana Romanova  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Zaitseva  (RUS)DSQ
(–1)
–1
(–1)
–1
On 27 November 2017, the IOC disqualified biathletes Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova, and they were stripped of their relay silver. Vilukhina was also stripped of her silver medal in women's sprint. [29] On 1 December 2017, relay team member Olga Zaitseva was also disqualified. [31] Teammate Ekaterina Shumilova was not disqualified but lost her relay medal as a result. The women's relay medals were reallocated on 19 May 2022. [42]
22 December 2017 Luge
Men's singles
Team relay
Flag of Russia.svg  Albert Demchenko  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Tatiana Ivanova  (RUS)
(–2)(−2)On 22 December 2017, the IOC disqualified lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova who won a combined two silver medals. [36]
1 February 2018
24 September 2020
Cross-country skiing
Men's 50 kilometre freestyle
Men's team sprint
Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Legkov  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Maxim Vylegzhanin  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexander Bessmertnykh  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Nikita Kryukov  (RUS)
(+2)(+7)(+1)(+10)On 1 February 2018, the Court of Arbitration for Sport reinstated the results for medalists Alexander Legkov, Maxim Vylegzhanin, Alexander Bessmertnykh and Nikita Kryukov in cross-country skiing, Aleksander Tretyakov and Elena Nikitina in skeleton, Olga Fatkulina in speed skating, Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova in luge. [20]
Also the CAS removed the sanctions from Alexey Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov in bobsleigh, but upheld them on their teammates Alexandr Zubkov and Alexey Voyevoda. As a result, none received bobsleigh medals.

On 24 September 2020, the Court of Arbitration for Sport removed the sanctions from biathletes Olga Vilukhina, Yana Romanova, but upheld them on their teammate Olga Zaitseva. As a result, none received biathlon relay medals. [21]

Skeleton
Men's event
Women's event
Flag of Russia.svg  Aleksander Tretyakov  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Elena Nikitina  (RUS)
Speed skating
Women's 500 metres
Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Fatkulina  (RUS)
Luge
Men's singles
Team relay
Flag of Russia.svg  Albert Demchenko  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Tatiana Ivanova  (RUS)
Bobsleigh
Four-men
Flag of Russia.svg  Alexey Negodaylo  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Dmitry Trunenkov  (RUS)
Biathlon
Women's sprint
Women's relay
Flag of Russia.svg  Olga Vilukhina  (RUS),
Flag of Russia.svg  Yana Romanova  (RUS)
24 September 2020
19 May 2022
Biathlon
Women's relay
Flag of Norway.svg team (NOR)+1−10The medals were reallocated on 19 May 2022. [42]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg team (CZE)+1+1
15 February 2020 Biathlon
Men's relay
Flag of Russia.svg  Evgeny Ustyugov  (RUS)−1−1IBU decision. [22] The medals have not been reallocated by the IOC yet. [23]

List of possible changes in medal standings

Ruling dateSport / eventAthlete (NOC)Gold medal icon.svgSilver medal icon.svgBronze medal icon.svgTotalComment
TBD Biathlon
Men's relay
Flag of Germany.svg team (GER)+1-100see above (15 February 2020)
Flag of Austria.svg team (AUT)+1−10
Flag of Norway.svg team (NOR)+1+1

List of official changes by country

NOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  (RUS)−3−1−4
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain  (GBR)+1+1
Flag of Latvia (3-2).svg  Latvia  (LAT)+1–1+1+1
Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland  (SUI)+1–10
Flag of the United States.svg  United States  (USA)+2−20
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway  (NOR)+1−10
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic  (CZE)0+1+1

Notes

  1. Russia is widely and legally considered to be the successor state of the Soviet Union. [3]
  2. The gold medal counts were previously topped by host nations in 1932 by the United States, [4] in 1952 by Norway, [5] and in 2010 by Canada. [6]

See also

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References

  1. "Sochi 2014". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  2. "2014 Sochi Winter Olympics: Schedules, Medals, Results". The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  3. Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organisations. Legal Aspects of International Organisation Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 161–4. ISBN   9789041115539.
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