Acacia pataczekii

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Acacia pataczekii
A.pataczekii.19.8.19.jpg
Onset of flowering in late winter
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. pataczekii
Binomial name
Acacia pataczekii
Acacia pataczekiiDistMap676.png
Occurrence data from AVH

Acacia pataczekii, commonly known as Pataczek's wattle or Wally's wattle, [1] is a rare leguminous species of flowering plant endemic to Tasmania, Australia. An attractive evergreen shrub to small tree grown ornamentally outside of its native range, it is believed to be the most frost hardy of all the Acacia.

Contents

Description

Erect and bushy shrub or tree 4–6 m high [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] (rarely to 9 m) [7] and variable width [8] belonging to the subgenus Phyllodineae . [9] Bark and branches pruinose. [3] Young branches are angular [2] and may be reddish brown [3] [5] where exposed to direct sunlight. [10] Adult foliage is of flattened leaf stalks (known as phyllodes), grey-green to a bluish glaucous colour, glabrous, on pulvini (raised stem-projections). They are variable in shape and size, narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, sometimes obovate, but more commonly obliquely elliptic, 2–6 cm (<10 cm) long, [10] 8–20 mm (<50 mm) wide, [10] with a sharp leaf tip, prominent thickened margins and a midrib. [2] [3] On the upper margin approx. 2–4 mm (<10 mm) from the base of the phyllode a conspicuous, small, oval-shaped gland is present. [2] Inflorescence occurs mostly in spring in axillary racemes longer than the phyllodes, consisting of 10-15 bright yellow globular flowers resulting in seed pods that are flat and narrowly oblong 2.5-4.5 cm long and 7–11 mm wide. [2] [3] [4] The purplish brown pod contains 3-6 flattened, brown seeds. [2] [5]

Taxonomy

Acacia pataczekii was first described by Dennis I. Morris in 1974 [11] [12] [13] after having been brought to the Tasmanian Herbarium's attention by forester and plant collector, Wolfgang "Wally" F. Pataczek [14] [15] [16] [17] (1932-2009) in 1970 and 1972, [18] and subsequently the discovery was named in his honour.

It has been mistaken in the past as A. melanoxylon, A. myrtifoliia, and A. mucronata and has been suggested to be a hybrid due to its rarity and limited sexual reproduction; however, it has multiple morphological differences. [4]

Acacia pataczekii is most closely related to A. kettlewelliae , which is distinguished especially by its more elongate phyllodes with the gland 5–15 mm above the pulvinus and pods 5–10 cm long. [3] A. kettlewelliae is a species that occurs only on the mainland of Australia. [19]

Distribution and habitat

Acacia pataczekii is native to the Australian island state of Tasmania with a limited range in pockets predominantly within the northeast [20] at altitudes between approx. 500–1400 m asl; however, natural populations do occur in the Southern Midlands Region and it also does well under cultivation at sea level. [4] [18] [21] It naturally exists as a shrub layer, understory tree or as scattered individuals in moist gullies and flats, mountain summits, slopes and plateau scarps in low woodland to tall open, dry, wet and mixed Eucalyptus forests, [4] most of which are dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis . [22]

Ecology

In its native range A. pataczekii grows in a cool temperate climate; however, at altitude it is exposed to harsh cold winds, frost and snow. It survives on a range of soils, aspects and slopes in areas that receive from 750 mm to 1500 mm of rain annually. [4] On some sites soils are shallow and exposed to high levels of evaporation indicating drought tolerance [4] and it has also been shown to have an efficient water transport system. [23] [24] It reproduces both sexually and vegetatively, freely suckering from rhizomes and the tree base following disturbance, such as tree fall, animal digging and fire. [4] [5] [7] The flowers are most likely pollinated by bees, but flies and spiders have been sighted that could also. [4] [5] Successful fertilisation leading to fruit and seed formation is severely hindered due to insect predation and galling of flowers. [4] Following fire or other gap-forming disturbance seed from the previous year's fruit or from within the soil seed bank readily germinate, yet A. pataczekii is sensitive to high fire frequency. [5] Root rot caused by the fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi has a slightly detrimental impact. [25] [26] As with other members of the Fabacaea family, A. pataczekii fixes atmospheric nitrogen with root nodules in the soil, making it available for other plants and the local ecosystem. Hybridisation has been reported with A. dealbata amongst wild stands and in cultivation. [3]

Conservation

Acacia pataczekii is listed as "rare" under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 [27] under Tasmanian legislation. It is an offense to destroy or collect [28] wild material without a permit. Restrictions apply to the export of plant material; however, there is no regulation controlling the import of the seed into Australia. [29] Healthy populations exist on reserved land in Ben Lomond National Park, Gravelly Ridge Conservation Area and St Paul's Regional Reserve. [5] Other populations occur on private land and in timber production forests. Special precaution must be taken when timber is harvested [7] and mineral prospectors may not pursue mining licenses due to potential damage and conservation requirements. [30] [31] Ex situ conservation measures include seed orchards and restoration plantings [32] and stored seed. [33] [34] Increasing fire frequency, land clearing, insect attack and Phytophthora cinnamomi appear to be the greatest threats, which would be lessened with an increase in areas reserved. [35] Acacia pataczekii is not known to be an invasive species outside of its native range. [36] [37]

Cultivation

An uncommon and highly sought after garden plant, Pataczek's wattle is best suited in a sunny to partly shaded area protected from wind in cool or warm temperate climates. [6] [8] [38] A hardy plant, reported to survive -18 °C in winter, and drought tolerant, it can be grown in most soil types. Recommended USDA Zone 7b to 8. [39] With a medium to fast growth rate, a height of two to three metres can occur within 5 years from seedling, which is about the same time it takes to flower. Grown in botanic and residential gardens around the world, [33] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] it can be used as an informal hedge, screen or specimen plant. [8] In late winter to early spring buds form and explode into a mass of bright yellow flowers, often obscuring the foliage. A second flush of flowers can occur in summer in suitable conditions. [10] New foliage is blue-green and silky to the touch and set amongst red-brown angular stems. Suckering can occur when adjacent soil is disturbed, but it can be kept in a pot if soil is kept moist.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Acacia pycnantha</i> Golden wattle of southeastern Australia

Acacia pycnantha, most commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae. It grows to a height of 8 metres and has phyllodes instead of true leaves. The profuse fragrant, golden flowers appear in late winter and spring, followed by long seed pods. Explorer Thomas Mitchell collected the type specimen, from which George Bentham wrote the species description in 1842. The species is native to southeastern Australia as an understorey plant in eucalyptus forest. Plants are cross-pollinated by several species of honeyeater and thornbill, which visit nectaries on the phyllodes and brush against flowers, transferring pollen between them.

<i>Acacia pulchella</i> Species of shrub

Acacia pulchella, commonly known as prickly moses or western prickly moses, is a shrub in the family Fabaceae. Endemic to Western Australia, it is one of the most common shrubs of the bushland around Perth and in the Darling Range.

<i>Acacia implexa</i> Species of plant

Acacia implexa, commonly known as lightwood or hickory wattle, is a fast-growing Australian tree, the timber of which is used for furniture making. The wood is prized for its finish and strength. The foliage was used to make pulp and dye cloth.

<i>Acacia longifolia</i> Species of plant

Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, eastern and southern Victoria, southeastern South Australia, and Tasmania. Common names for it include long-leaved wattle, acacia trinervis, aroma doble, golden wattle, coast wattle, sallow wattle and Sydney golden wattle. It is not listed as being a threatened species, and is considered invasive in Portugal, New Zealand and South Africa. In the southern region of Western Australia, it has become naturalised and has been classed as a weed due to its out-competing indigenous species. It is a tree that grows very quickly, reaching 7–10 m in five to six years.

<i>Acacia enterocarpa</i> Species of plant

Acacia enterocarpa, commonly known as jumping jack wattle, is a shrub species that is endemic to eastern Australia.

<i>Acacia stenophylla</i> Species of tree

Acacia stenophylla, commonly referred to as the shoestring acacia, is an evergreen tree in the family Fabaceae and native to Australia. It is not considered rare or endangered.

<i>Acacia verticillata</i> Species of legume

Acacia verticillata is a perennial shrub to small tree native to south eastern Australia.

<i>Acacia genistifolia</i> Species of legume

Acacia genistifolia, commonly known as spreading wattle or early wattle is a species of Acacia in the family Fabaceae that is native to south eastern Australia.

<i>Gahnia grandis</i> Species of plant

Gahnia grandis is a tussock-forming perennial plant found in southeastern mainland Australia and Tasmania.

<i>Acacia gunnii</i> Species of plant

Acacia gunnii, commonly known as ploughshare wattle or dog's tooth wattle, is a woody shrub which is endemic to south-eastern Australia found in dry heaths and woodlands. It ranges from Queensland, then New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, South Australia, down to Tasmania. Acacia gunnii grows to up to 1 metre high and has prickly phyllodes which are 4 to 15 mm long. The cream to pale yellow globular flowerheads appear singly in the axils of the phyllodes in June to October, followed by curved or coiled seed pods which are 40 mm long and 4 to 5 mm wide. Acacia gunnii grows up to 1 meter tall and has prickly phyllodes which are 4 to 15mm in length with cream to pale-yellow globular flower heads appearing in phyllode axils in June through to October, followed by curved or coiled seed pods which are 40mm long and 4 to 5 mm wide. The species was first formally described by English botanist George Bentham in the London Journal of Botany in 1842. It occurs in South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, and Queensland.

<i>Acacia cowleana</i> Species of legume

Acacia cowleana, Halls Creek wattle, is a northern Australian native shrub. It is a flowering plant with yellow flowers that only open in winter. Its origin is the Northern Australia's dry tropics. It belongs to the genus of Acacia.

<i>Agastachys</i> Monotypic genus of flowering shrub in the family Proteaceae

Agastachys odorata, commonly known as the white waratah or fragrant candlebush, is the sole member of the genus Agastachys in the protea family. It is an evergreen shrub to small tree and is endemic to the heaths and buttongrass sedgelands of western Tasmania.

<i>Acacia burkittii</i> Species of legume

Acacia burkittii is a species of wattle endemic to Western Australia, South Australia and western New South Wales, where it is found in arid zones, and is a perennial shrub in the family Fabaceae. Common names for it include Burkitt's wattle, fine leaf jam, gunderbluey, pin bush and sandhill wattle. It has also been introduced into India. Previously this species was referred to as Acacia acuminata subsp. burkittii, but is now considered to be a separate species. It grows in mallee, eucalypt and mulga woodland or shrubland, often on sandhills.

<i>Acacia acutata</i> Species of legume

Acacia acutata is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an inticately branched, often compact shrub with spiny branchlets, sharply pointed, triangular to trowel-shaped phyllodes, flowers arranged in spherical heads of 11 to 15 flowers, and firmly papery pods, rounded over the seeds.

<i>Acacia ulicifolia</i> Species of legume

Acacia ulicifolia, commonly known as prickly Moses or juniper wattle is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae, native to Australia.

<i>Acacia glandulicarpa</i> Species of legume

Acacia glandulicarpa, commonly known as the hairy-pod wattle, is a perennial shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodinea that is native to parts of south eastern Australia.

<i>Acacia leptostachya</i> Species of legume

Acacia leptostachya, commonly known as Townsville wattle or slender wattle, is a shrub or small tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia.

<i>Acacia latzii</i> Species of plant

Acacia latzii, also known as Latz's wattle and Tjilpi wattle, is a shrubby tree of the genus Acacia. It is native to the Finke bioregion.

Monotoca glauca, known as goldy wood, is a heath family shrub endemic to Tasmania, Australia and is one of 17 described Monotoca species. It is a widespread and abundant understory species found on the margins of wet eucalypt forests and logged areas.

<i>Olearia ledifolia</i> Species of shrub

Olearia ledifolia, commonly known as rock daisy bush, is a species of flowering plant of the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to Tasmania and found at higher altitudes where it grows as a low, compact bush with tough, leathery leaves and small white and yellow daisy-like "flowers" in summer.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Curtis, Winifred M.; Morris, Dennis I. (1975). The Student's Flora of Tasmania Part 1 - Gymnospermae; Angiospermae: Ranunculaceae to Myrtaceae (2nd ed.). Hobart: Government Printer, Tasmania. p. 128.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maslin, B. R. (2001). Flora of Australia Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia part 1. Canberra: ABRS/CSIRO Publishing. p. 328.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lynch, A.J.J., (1994) Conservation biology and management of 16 rare or threatened Fabaceae species in Tasmania (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Acacia pataczekii - Notesheet" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Wildlife and Environment. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  6. 1 2 "Plants of Tasmania Nursery & Gardens". www.potn.com.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  7. 1 2 3 Duncan, Fred; Roberts, Nina (April 2008). "Where's Wally's Wattle? monitoring prescriptions in 'old-growth' stands of Acacia pataczekii in a selective harvest coupe" (PDF). Forest Practices News. Vol. 8, no. 4. Hobart: Forest Practices Authority. pp. 8–9. ISSN   1441-1288. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  8. 1 2 3 "Acacias - Wattles". Wildseed Tasmania, native seed and plant nursery. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  9. ↑ Scalon, Viviane Renata (2007). Revisão taxonômica do gênero Stryphnodendron Mart. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) (Thesis). Universidade de Sao Paulo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBiUSP. doi: 10.11606/t.41.2007.tde-29012008-113442 .
  10. 1 2 3 4 Pers. Obs. A.M.Pataczek
  11. ↑ "Census". flora.tmag.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  12. ↑ "APNI - A". www.cpbr.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  13. ↑ "Acacia pataczekii D.I.Morris — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  14. ↑ "CHAH - Australian Plant Collectors & Illustrators (P-Q)". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  15. ↑ "NSW types". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  16. ↑ "Australasian Virtual Herbarium". avh.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  17. ↑ Flora of Australia Volume 1, Introduction (2nd ed.). Melbourne: ABRS/CSIRO Publishing. 1999. p. 85.
  18. 1 2 "Search: SPECIES: Acacia pataczekii | Occurrence records | Atlas of Living Australia". biocache.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  19. ↑ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  20. ↑ "Key to Tasmanian Dicots". www.utas.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  21. ↑ "Natural Values Atlas". www.naturalvaluesatlas.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  22. ↑ "Search Results". www.fpa.tas.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  23. ↑ Jansen, Steven; Choat, Brendan; Pletsers, Annelies (February 2009). "Morphological variation of intervessel pit membranes and implications to xylem function in angiosperms". American Journal of Botany. 96 (2): 409–419. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800248. ISSN   0002-9122. PMID   21628196.
  24. ↑ Crombie, DS; Hipkins, MF; Milburn, JA (1985). "Gas Penetration of Pit Membranes in the Xylem of Rhododendron as the Cause of Acoustically Detectable Sap Cavitation". Functional Plant Biology. 12 (5): 445. doi:10.1071/pp9850445. ISSN   1445-4408.
  25. ↑ "The Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Tasmania | Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania". dpipwe.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  26. ↑ Barker, PCJ; Wardlaw, TJ (1995). "Susceptibility of Selected Tasmanian Rare Plants to Phytophthora cinnamomi". Australian Journal of Botany. 43 (4): 379. doi:10.1071/bt9950379. ISSN   0067-1924.
  27. ↑ Threatened Species Protection Act 1995
  28. ↑ "Acacia pataczekii - Threatened Species Link". www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  29. ↑ "Permitted Seeds List - Department of Agriculture". www.agriculture.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  30. ↑ "Environmental Regulation of Exploration - Mineral Resources Tasmania". www.mrt.tas.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  31. ↑ Reed, Alistair. "Second Annual and Relinquishment Report for: EL 24/2005, Telopea Road" (PDF). Mineral Resources Tasmania. Southern Ocean Science Pty. Ltd. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  32. ↑ "Australia's State of the Forests Report 2018 - Department of Agriculture". www.agriculture.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  33. 1 2 "Acacia pataczekii D.I.Morris". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  34. ↑ "Australian Seed Bank Partnership". asbp.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  35. ↑ Kirkpatrick, JB; Gilfedder, L; Duncan, F; Harris, S (1991). "Reservation status and priorities for Tasmanian plants I. Angiospermae (Dicotyledonae)". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 124 (2): 163–172. doi: 10.26749/rstpp.124.2.163 . ISSN   0080-4703.
  36. ↑ Richardson, David M.; Carruthers, Jane; Hui, Cang; Impson, Fiona A. C.; Miller, Joseph T.; Robertson, Mark P.; Rouget, Mathieu; Le Roux, Johannes J.; Wilson, John R. U. (2011-08-08). "Human-mediated introductions of Australian acacias - a global experiment in biogeography". Diversity and Distributions. 17 (5): 771–787. Bibcode:2011DivDi..17..771R. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00824.x. hdl: 2263/19337 . ISSN   1366-9516. S2CID   82904572.
  37. ↑ Derkx, M.P.M.; Brouwer, J.H.D.; van Breda, P.J.M.; Helsen, H.H.M.; Hoffman, M.H.A.; Hop, M.E.C.M. (April 2015). "Extensive literature search for preparatory work to support pan European pest risk assessment: Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae". EFSA Supporting Publications. 12 (4). doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-764 . ISSN   2397-8325.
  38. ↑ "Acacia pataczekii". www.understorey-network.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  39. ↑ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  40. ↑ Mackinder, Barbara (1989). "116. ACACIA PATACZEKII: Leguminosae". The Kew Magazine. 6 (1): 6–8. ISSN   0265-3842. JSTOR   45066687.
  41. ↑ "Australian Garden Update". Leonardslee Lakes and Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  42. ↑ Designs, Randy Stewart Landscape (2011-10-29). "Acacias". Future Plants by Randy Stewart. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
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  52. ↑ "Acacia". www.tropische-tuin.nl. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
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