Aspidorhynchidae

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Aspidorhynchidae
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic to Maastrichtian
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S
D
C
P
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K
Pg
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Possible Paleocene occurrence
Aspidorhynchus sanzenbacheri 2.jpg
Aspidorhynchus sanzenbacheri
Belonostomus kochii 2.jpg
Belonostomus kochii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Division:† Aspidorhynchei
Order:† Aspidorhynchiformes
Bleeker, 1859
Family:† Aspidorhynchidae
Bleeker, 1859
Type genus
† Aspidorhynchus
Agassiz, 1833
Genera

See text

Aspidorhynchidae (from Neo-Latin "shield-snouts") is an extinct family of ray-finned fish from the Mesozoic Era. It is the only member of the monotypic order Aspidorhynchiformes. Members of the group are noted for their elongated, conical rostrums, of varying length, formed from fused premaxillae. The range of the group extends from the Middle Jurassic to the end of the Maastrichtian, with a potential record from the Late Paleocene. The family and order were described by Pieter Bleeker in 1859.

Contents

Taxonomy

Aspidorhynchiformes have generally been recovered as basal members of Teleosteomorpha, more closely related to teleosts than to Holostei. They have often considered to have a sister group relationship with Pachycormiformes, another group of basal teleosteomorphs. [1] However, other studies instead suggest that they successively diverged after one another, with the aspidorhynchids actually being closer to the teleosts than the pachycormids. [2]

Aspidorhynchiformes has one family, which is divided into at least two genera: [3] [4] [5] : 57 

Fossils range have been found in the United States, France, Italy, Russia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Uzbekistan. These fossils range from 167.7mya ( Aspidorhynchus ) to 66 mya ( Belonostomus longirostris ).

Evolutionary history

The earliest known remains of the group are known from the Middle Jurassic of Europe, in what was then the western Tethys Ocean, which was likely the centre of their initial diversification; during the Late Jurassic they dispersed to the waters around the Caribbean, South America and Antarctica. [6] During the Cretaceous they dispersed worldwide. [7] Some members, like Belonostomus , attained a global distribution in both marine and freshwater habitats; others, like Vinctifer , were restricted to the seas around Gondwana, while others like the giant Richmondichthys were restricted to small geographic regions such as the Eromanga Sea. [8]

The youngest members of the group, belonging to Belonostomus, went extinct at the end of the Maastrichtian during the K-Pg extinction. A specimen from the Late Paleocene of North Dakota suggests they may have persisted into the early Cenozoic, although this may have just been reworked from earlier formations. [9] [10] [11]

Anatomy

Fossil of Vinctifer comptoni Aspidorhynchidae - Vinctifer comptoni.JPG
Fossil of Vinctifer comptoni

The most distinctive feature of the Aspidorhynchiformes are the elongated, tube-like rostrums, which are formed from fused premaxillary bones. [6] The scales are lepidosteoid, similar to those of gars. [12]

Most aspidorhynchids were predatory fish, which is best exemplified by fossils of Aspidorhynchus from Germany that have been found entangled with those of the pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus , which they appear to have attacked and died with. However, aspidorhynchids primarily fed on small fish and other vertebrates, with these attacks on pterosaurs appearing to be fatal mistakes. [13] In contrast to other aspidorhynchids, the largest member of the family, the giant Richmondichthys from Australia, evolved clear adaptations for a planktivorous, filter-feeding lifestyle. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amiiformes</span> Order of fishes

The Amiiformes order of fish has only two extant species, the bowfins: Amia calva and Amia ocellicauda, the latter recognized as a separate species in 2022. These Amiiformes are found in the freshwater systems of North America, in the United States and parts of southern Canada. They live in freshwater streams, rivers, and swamps. The order first appeared in the Triassic, and the extinct members include both marine and freshwater species, many of which are morphologically disparate from bowfins, such as the caturids.

<i>Aspidorhynchus</i> Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes

Aspidorhynchus is an extinct genus of predatory ray-finned fish from the Middle Jurassic to the earliest Cretaceous. Fossils have been found in Europe, Antarctica and the Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonefishes</span> Family of fishes

Albulidae is a family of fish, commonly known as the bonefishes, that are popular as game fish in Florida, select locations in the South Pacific and the Bahamas and elsewhere. The family is small, with 11 species in 3 genera. Presently, the bonefishes are in their own order: Albuliformes. The families Halosauridae and Notacanthidae were previously classified in this order, but are now, according to FishBase, given their own order Notacanthiformes. The largest bonefish caught in the Western Hemisphere is a 16-pound, 3 ounce example caught off Islamorada, Florida, on March 19, 2007.

<i>Cooyoo</i> Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes

Cooyoo is an extinct genus of ichthyodectid ray-finned fish known from the Lower Cretaceous. It contains a single species, C. australis, known from the Albian-aged Toolebuc and Allaru Formations of Queensland, Australia. C. australis was originally named by Arthur Smith Woodward as a species of Portheus in 1894, which was later amended to Xiphactinus.

<i>Belonostomus</i> Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes

Belonostomus is a genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that was described by Louis Agassiz in 1844. It is a member of the order Aspidorhynchiformes, a group of fish known for their distinctive elongated rostrums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pachycormiformes</span> Extinct order of ray-finned fishes

Pachycormiformes is an extinct order of marine ray-finned fish known from the Early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It only includes a single family, Pachycormidae. They were characterized by having serrated pectoral fins, reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum. Pachycormiformes are morphologically diverse, containing both tuna and swordfish-like carnivorous forms, as well as edentulous suspension-feeding forms.

The Toolebuc Formation is a geological formation that extends from Queensland across South Australia and the Northern Territory in Australia, whose strata date back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, protostegid turtles, sharks, chimaeroids and bony fish remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

The Allaru Formation, also known as the Allaru Mudstone, is a geological formation in Queensland, Australia, whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Cladocyclus is an extinct genus of marine ichthyodectiform ray-finned fish from the middle Cretaceous. It was a predator of about 1.20 metres (3.9 ft) in length.

<i>Vinctifer</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Vinctifer is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish erected by David Starr Jordan in 1919.

<i>Araripichthys</i> Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes

Araripichthys is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish that lived from the Aptian to Coniacian stages of the Cretaceous period. The genus is named after the Araripe Basin, where it was found in the Crato and Santana Formations. Other fossils of the genus have been found at Goulmima in Morocco, the Tlayua Formation of Mexico and the Apón Formation of Venezuela.

<i>Anaethalion</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Anaethalion is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine and freshwater ray-finned fish related to modern tarpons and ladyfish. It is known from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of Europe and northeasterrn Asia, roughly encompassing the Tethys Ocean.

Bullichthys is an extinct genus of marine albuliform fish which existed in the Romualdo Formation, Brazil during the Early Cretaceous (Albian) period. The type species is B. santanensis. The genus name references its inflated otic bulla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crossognathiformes</span> Extinct order of ray-finned fishes

Crossognathiformes is an extinct order of ray-finned fish that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Eocene. Its phylogenetic placement is disputed; some authors have recovered it as part of the teleost stem group, while others place it in a basal position within crown group Teleostei. Other placements have found it to be polyphyletic, with Varasichthyidae being stem-group teleosts whereas the other, "true" crossognathiforms are crown-group teleosts within Teleocephala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pycnodontidae</span> Extinct family of fishes

Pycnodontidae is an extinct family of ray-finned fishes, ranging from the Jurassic period until the Eocene. It was the largest and most derived family of the successful Mesozoic fish order Pycnodontiformes, and one of only two families to survive into the Cenozoic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otocephala</span> Clade of ray-finned fishes

Otocephala is a clade of ray-finned fishes within the infraclass Teleostei that evolved some 230 million years ago. It is named for the presence of a hearing (otophysic) link from the swimbladder to the inner ear. Other names proposed for the group include Ostarioclupeomorpha and Otomorpha.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2019 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes of every kind that were described during the year 2019, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2019.

Jonoichthys is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish from the Upper Jurassic of Argentina. The type and only known species is Jonoichthys challwa. The fossil remains of J. challwa were recovered from the Vaca Muerta Formation, in Neuquén province, Argentina. It belongs to the family Aspidorhynchidae, within Aspidorhynchiformes.

Pleuropholidae is an extinct family of stem-teleost fish that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. It is one of several families that were historically placed in the paraphyletic order Pholidophoriformes. Pleuropholids can be distinguished from other "pholidophoriforms" by the elongated scales on the sides of their bodies.

<i>Richmondichthys</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Richmondichthys is an extinct genus of large prehistoric marine ray-finned fish known from the Early Cretaceous. It contains a single species, R. sweeti from the late Albian-aged Allaru and Toolebuc Formations of Queensland, Australia.

References

  1. ↑ Peskin, Brianna; Henke, Katrin; Cumplido, Nicolás; Treaster, Stephen; Harris, Matthew P.; Bagnat, Michel; Arratia, Gloria (2020-07-20). "Notochordal Signals Establish Phylogenetic Identity of the Teleost Spine". Current Biology. 30 (14): 2805–2814.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.037. ISSN   0960-9822. PMC   8159021 . PMID   32559448.
  2. ↑ Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (2024). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1): 3–302. doi: 10.3374/014.065.0101 . ISSN   0079-032X.
  3. ↑ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "†Aspidorhynchiformes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  4. ↑ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781118342336.
  5. ↑ van der Laan, Richard (2018). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy. 466: 1–167. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2018.466 .
  6. 1 2 Cantalice, Kleyton M.; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Brito, Paulo M.; Cantalice, Kleyton M.; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Brito, Paulo M. (2018). "On the occurrence of Vinctifer ferrusquiai sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, Aspidorhynchiformes) in the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) deposits near Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, southern Mexico". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 35 (2): 179–187. doi: 10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2018.2.713 . ISSN   1026-8774. S2CID   51837850.
  7. ↑ Brito (1997) Brito PM. Révision des Aspidorhynchidae (Pisces, Actinopterygii) du Mésozoïque: ostéologie, relations phylogénétiques, données environnementales et biogéographiques. Geodiversitas. 1997;19:681–772.
  8. ↑ Bartholomai, Alan.; Bartholomai, Alan (2004). "The large aspidorhynchid fish, Richmondichthys sweeti (Etheridge Jnr and Smith Woodward, 1891) from Albian Marine deposits of Queensland, Australia". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 49 (2): 521––536.
  9. ↑ Van Vranken, Nathan; Fielitz, Christopher; Ebersole, Jun (2019). "New occurrences of Belonostomus (Teleostomorpha: Aspidorhynchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of the North American Gulf Coastal Plain, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (3): 1–11. doi: 10.26879/983 . ISSN   1935-3952. S2CID   204264731.
  10. ↑ Bryant, Laurie J. (1987). "Belonostomus (Teleostei: Aspidorhynchidae) from the Late Paleocene of North Dakota" (PDF). PaleoBios. 43. Museum of Paleontology, University of California Berkeley.
  11. ↑ Bogan, Sergio; Taverne, Louis; Agnolin, Federico L. (2011). "Description of a new aspidorhynchid fish, Belonostomus lamarquensis sp. nov. (Halecostomi, Aspidorhynchiformes), from the continental Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 81: 235–245.
  12. ↑ Brito, Paulo M.; Meunier, François J. (January 2000). "The morphology and histology of the scales of Aspidorhynchidae (Actinopterygii, Halecostomi)". Geobios. 33 (1): 105–111. Bibcode:2000Geobi..33..105B. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80153-9.
  13. ↑ Frey, E.; and Tischlinger, H. (2012). "The Late Jurassic pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, a frequent victim of the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus?". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31945. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031945 . PMC   3296705 . PMID   22412850.
  14. ↑ Bartholomai, Alan.; Bartholomai, Alan (2004). "The large aspidorhynchid fish, Richmondichthys sweeti (Etheridge Jnr and Smith Woodward, 1891) from Albian Marine deposits of Queensland, Australia". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 49 (2): 521––536.
Pholidophorus.jpg

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