Bombay (film)

Last updated

Bombay
Bombay film poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Mani Ratnam
Written byMani Ratnam
Produced by S. Sriram
Mani Ratnam (Uncredited)
Jhamu Sughand
Starring Arvind Swamy
Manisha Koirala
Cinematography Rajiv Menon
Edited by Suresh Urs
Music by A.R. Rahman
Production
company
Distributed byAalayam Productions
Ayngaran International
Amitabh Bachchan Corporation (Hindi Version)
Release date
  • 10 March 1995 (1995-03-10)
Running time
130 minutes [1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Bombay is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film [2] written and directed by Mani Ratnam, starring Arvind Swamy and Manisha Koirala. The film tells the story of an inter-religious family in Bombay before and during the Bombay riots, which took place between December 1992 and January 1993 after the demolition of the Babri Masjid led to religious tensions between Hindu and Muslim communities. It is the second installment in Ratnam's trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including Roja (1992) and Dil Se.. (1998).

Contents

Bombay was released on 10 March 1995. The film was well-received both critically and commercially successful. It was screened at many international film festivals including the Philadelphia Film Festival in 1996. The film's soundtrack earned composer A. R. Rahman his fourth consecutive Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil), and is considered one of the greatest Indian soundtracks of all time. [3] However, the film caused considerable controversy upon release in India and abroad for its depiction of inter-religious relations between a Muslim woman and a Hindu man. The film was banned in Singapore and Malaysia upon release.

In July 2005, a book on the film by Lalitha Gopalan was published by BFI Modern Classics, looking at the film's production, the several issues it covered, and its impact upon release in India and abroad. [4] [5] The film was ranked among the top 20 Indian films in the British Film Institute's rankings. [6]

Plot

Shekhar is the son of an orthodox Hindu Narayana Pillai living in a coastal village in Tamil Nadu. A journalism student studying in Bombay, Shekhar visits home to be with his family. On one of his return trips, he notices Shaila Banu, a Muslim schoolgirl in the village and falls in love with her. Initially shy, Shaila seeks to distance herself from Shekhar, but after frequent run-ins, and days of pursuit, Shaila begins to like Shekhar. Eventually, they both fall in love.

Shekhar meets Shaila's father Basheer and says he wants to marry Shaila. Basheer refuses, citing difference in religions. Shekhar reveals his interest to his father, who becomes angry, meets Basheer and gets into an abusive argument with him. Upset with rejection from both families, Shekhar returns to Bombay. Through a friend of hers, he sends Shaila a letter and a ticket for her to travel to Bombay. However, she is undecided; Basheer learns of her regular letters from Shekhar and plans to marry her off to stop this relation growing further. Left with no choice, Shaila leaves the village with the ticket and reaches Bombay.

Shekhar and Shaila marry and lead a happy life. In a year, Shaila conceives and delivers twin boys who are named Kabir Narayan and Kamal Basheer. The twins are raised in both religions. Shekhar continues to work as a journalist, while Shaila takes care of home and children. In six years, Shekhar and Shaila firmly settle down in their life and begin the process of re-establishing a relationship with their respective families.

When the Babri Masjid is demolished on 6 December 1992, riots break out in Bombay. Kabir and Kamal, who had gone to buy groceries, get caught in the riots; eventually, Shekhar and Shaila save them and reach home safely. Narayana Pillai, who receives the news of the riots, rushes to Bombay to meet his son and his family. He reconciles with his son and everyone is happy with his arrival, and he stays with them. Soon, Basheer also comes with his wife and all of them live together happily for a few days. Both Pillai and Basheer are happy with their grandchildren, try to get both to their religion and wish to be with them.

On 5 January 1993, when two murders are propagated as communal killings, another riot breaks out in Bombay, raising tensions between religious communities. Hindus and Muslims clash in the streets, resulting in hundreds of deaths on both sides. During the conflict, arsonists set fire to the apartment where Shekhar lives with his family. Shekhar tries to evacuate everyone, but Narayana Pillai, Basheer and his wife fail to escape in time and are killed when the building explodes. In the confusion of the panicking crowds, Kamal and Kabir are separated from their parents.

Kamal is saved by a transgender woman who cares for him and protects him, while Kabir searches aimlessly for his brother. Shekhar and Shaila begin to search for them and they go through several tense moments, as they check the morgues and hospitals for their children. Shekhar grows emotional and participates in the movement to stop the riots with other moderate religious leaders, ultimately succeeding. When the riots end, Shaila and Shekhar are reunited with their children tearfully as the people on the streets join hands, regardless of age or religion.

Cast

Credits adapted from Conversations with Mani Ratnam: [1]

Additionally, Sonali Bendre and Nagendra Prasad appear in the item number "Humma Humma". [9] [10]

Production

Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal, where "Kannalane" was shot. Tirumalai Nayak.jpg
Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal, where "Kannalane" was shot.

During the recording of the background score of Mani Ratnam's Thiruda Thiruda (1993), the Bombay riots broke out. Mani Ratnam planned on making a film in Malayalam about a boy who gets lost in the riots, and requested M. T. Vasudevan Nair to write the script. This was supposed to be Mani Ratnam's second Malayalam film after Unaroo (1985). But since the idea did not materialise, he decided to make it in Tamil as the film that would later be titled Bombay. [11] According to Ratnam, Bombay was not originally planned as a political film: "It was a phase India was going through and these things affected me and found their way into my work." [12]

Aishwarya Rai was considered for the female lead, but she opted out due to unavailability of dates, with the production schedules clashing with her Miss World pageant, a title she went on to win. [13] Mani Ratnam held a photoshoot for the film with Vikram and Manisha Koirala, but eventually excluded Vikram as he was unwilling to shave his beard and long hair that he had grown for the production of another film during the period, Pudhiya Mannargal (1994); [14] the role went to Arvind Swamy. [15] [16] Koirala has stated that, though some people advised her against accepting the project since she had to play a mother, she did not listen as there were others who said "it'll be foolish to refuse a Mani Ratnam film". [17] Koirala's voice was dubbed by Rohini. [18] Nassar, a Muslim in real life, was cast as the father of Swamy's character (a Hindu) while Kitty, a Hindu in real life, was cast as the father of Koirala's character (a Muslim). Ratnam deliberately cast them in those roles as a statement. [7] [19]

When Ratnam approached cinematographer Rajiv Menon to shoot Bombay, he described it as a film about the riots and said that he (Menon) needed to "(make what came before) the riots as beautiful as possible". So, Menon suggested shooting in the rains to achieve the effect. They shot the interiors of homes in Pollachi in Tamil Nadu and the exteriors were shot in Kasaragod, and Kannur village in Kerala. [20] The song "Kannalane" was shot at Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal, [21] and "Uyire" was shot at Bekal Fort. [22] The demolition of the Babri Masjid was shown onscreen through newspaper headlines and photographs, as the Censor Board did not want the makers to show the actual destruction. [23] [24]

Themes and influences

Mani Ratnam described Bombay as "a positive film about communal harmony". He said the Bombay riots were not the main focus of the film, but "a helpless, innocent man caught up in violence not of his own making." [7] The film is the second installment in Ratnam's trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including Roja (1992) and Dil Se.. (1998). [25] Bangalore Mirror compared it to the theme of the 1990 movie Come See the Paradise . [26]

Soundtrack

The soundtrack album for Bombay was composed by A. R. Rahman, in his third collaboration with Mani Ratnam after Roja and Thiruda Thiruda. The lyrics for the Tamil version were written by Vairamuthu, except for the song "Antha Arabi Kadaloram", which was written by Vaali. The soundtrack of the film became one of the best-selling Indian music albums of all time, with sales of 15 million units. [27] [28] The soundtrack was included in The Guardian's "1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die" list, [29] and the song "Kannalanae" sung by K. S. Chithra was included in their "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear" list. [30] "Bombay Theme" has appeared in various international films and music compilations, while the songs "Kannalanae" and "Bombay Theme" have been sampled by various international artists.

Release

Bombay was released on 10 March 1995. [31] The Telugu-dubbed version was released on the same day. [32] It was previously scheduled to release in January 1995, during Pongal. [33] The film caused considerable controversy upon release in India and abroad for its depiction of inter-religious relations between a Muslim woman and a Hindu man. [34] [35] The film was banned in Singapore and Malaysia upon release. Two homemade bombs were thrown at the house of Mani Ratnam, who had to be hospitalised with shrapnel injuries. [36]

Reception

Box office

The Hindi version of the film grossed ₹140 million (equivalent to ₹830 millionorUS$10 million in 2023), as reported by Box Office India, making it one of the year's ten highest-grossing Hindi films. [37]

Critical reception

Ananda Vikatan , in a review dated 19 March 1995, rated the film 53 out of 100. [38] Anand Kannan, writing for Planet Bollywood, said, "I wouldn't call this the best of Mani Ratnam [...] But good acting, a socially conscious theme and a quick pace make the movie well worth watching." [39] In 1996, American critic James Berardinelli rated the film 3.5 out of 4 and said, "Largely because of their limited North American appeal and dubious quality, Indian movies are routinely ignored by distributors [...] Occasionally, however, a worthwhile picture causes enough people to take notice that it becomes a favorite on the international film festival circuit. One such movie is Bombay, the fourteenth feature from celebrated director Mani Rathnam." He concluded, "Director Rathnam has shown great courage in making this picture (bombs were thrown at his house after it opened in India), which speaks with a voice that many will not wish to hear. Bombay recalls how forceful a motion picture can be." [40] R. P. R. of Kalki wrote that with far cry from average cinema, this film raises a thousand questions about social morality, not just Mani Ratnam; it has given every Indian a chance to be proud. [41]

Accolades

Award [lower-alpha 1] Date of ceremony [lower-alpha 2] CategoryRecipient(s)ResultRef.
Cinema Express Awards 1995 Best Film – Tamil Bombay – Mani Ratnam Won [42]
Best Director – Tamil Mani Ratnam Won
Best Actor (Special Award) Arvind Swamy Won
Best Actress (Special Award) Manisha Koirala Won
Best Lyricist – Tamil Vairamuthu Won
Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil K. S. Chithra Won
Edinburgh International Film Festival 1996Gala AwardBombay – Mani Ratnam Won
Filmfare Awards 2 March 1996 Critics Award for Best Film Bombay – Mani Ratnam [lower-alpha 3] Won [43]
Critics Award for Best Actress Manisha Koirala [lower-alpha 4] Won [45]
Filmfare Awards South 14 September 1996 Best Film – Tamil Bombay – S. SriramWon [46]
Best Director – Tamil Mani Ratnam Won
Best Actress – Tamil Manisha Koirala Won
Best Music Director – Tamil A. R. Rahman Won
Jerusalem Film Festival 4–13 July 1996Honorable MentionBombay – Mani Ratnam Won [47]
Matri Shree Media Award 6 May 1996 Best Film Mani Ratnam Won [48]
National Film Awards 6 August 1996 Best Feature Film on National Integration Producer: Mani Ratnam and S. Sriram
Director: Mani Ratnam 		Won [49]
Best Editing Suresh Urs Won
Political Film Society1996Special AwardBombay – Mani Ratnam Won [50]
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 1997 Best Lyricist Vairamuthu [lower-alpha 5] Won [51]
Best Female Playback Singer K. S. Chithra – (for "Kannalane")Won

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ↑ Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.
  2. ↑ Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.
  3. ↑ The only dubbed film to win the award.
  4. ↑ Koirala is the only actress who has won the award for a non-Hindi film as Bombay was dubbed in Hindi. [44]
  5. ↑ also for Muthu .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A. R. Rahman</span> Indian composer and musician

Allah Rakha Rahman is an Indian music composer, record producer, singer, songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist and philanthropist, popular for his works in Indian cinema; predominantly in Tamil and Hindi films, with occasional forays in international cinema. He is a winner of six National Film Awards, two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, fifteen Filmfare Awards and seventeen Filmfare Awards South. In 2010, the Indian government conferred him with the Padma Bhushan, the nation's third-highest civilian award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mani Ratnam</span> Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter (born 1956)

Gopalaratnam Subramaniam, known professionally as Mani Ratnam, is an Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter who predominantly works in Tamil cinema and few Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films. He is one of India's most acclaimed and commercially successful filmmakers. Ratnam has won six National Film Awards, four Filmfare Awards, six Filmfare Awards South, and numerous awards at various film festivals across the world. In 2002, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri, acknowledging his contributions to film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manisha Koirala</span> Nepali actress (born 1970)

Manisha Koirala is a Nepalese actress who works in Indian films, predominantly in Hindi and Tamil. Known for her work in both commercial and independent cinema, she is the recipient of several accolades, including four Filmfare Awards. In 2001, the Government of Nepal awarded her with the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.

<i>Anjali</i> (1990 film) 1990 film by Mani Ratnam

Anjali is a 1990 Indian Tamil-language children's drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam. It stars Raghuvaran and Revathi, with Tarun, Shruti and Shamili in supporting roles. The film deals with the story of a dying mentally disabled child, and the emotional trauma experienced by her family.

<i>Dil Se..</i> 1998 Hindi-language romantic thriller film by Mani Ratnam

Dil Se.. is a 1998 Indian Hindi-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Mani Ratnam who produced it with Ram Gopal Varma and Shekhar Kapur. Set against the backdrop of Insurgency in Assam, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan and Manisha Koirala, while Preity Zinta makes her film debut in a supporting role. An example of parallel cinema, it is noted as the final installment in Ratnam's trilogy consisting of Roja (1992) and Bombay (1995). The film's soundtrack album, composed by A. R. Rahman, sold six million units in India.

<i>Nayakan</i> 1987 film directed by Mani Ratnam

Nayakan ( transl. Hero) is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language epic crime drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam. Produced by Muktha Srinivasan, the film stars Kamal Haasan, Saranya and Karthika, with Janagaraj, Vijayan, M. V. Vasudeva Rao, Delhi Ganesh, Nizhalgal Ravi, Nassar and Tara in supporting roles. It revolves around the gradual transformation of Velu Naicker (Haasan) from an ordinary slum dweller to a highly respected don.

<i>Agni Natchathiram</i> 1987 film by Mani Ratnam

Agni Natchathiram is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language masala film that was written and directed by Mani Ratnam. The film stars Prabhu, Karthik, Amala and newcomer Nirosha, with Vijayakumar, Jayachitra, Sumithra, Tara, S. N. Lakshmi and G. Umapathy in supporting roles. Its story revolves around two half-brothers who come into conflict with each other due to their claims for legitimacy as sons of a common father.

<i>Thiruda Thiruda</i> 1993 film by Mani Ratnam

Thiruda Thiruda is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language black comedy caper film directed by Mani Ratnam written along with Ram Gopal Varma. The film stars Prashanth, Anand, Anu Aggarwal and Heera Rajagopal while S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and Salim Ghouse play supporting roles. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman while the cinematography was handled by P. C. Sriram. In 1994, the film premièred at the Toronto International Film Festival. It also won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects.This is the one and only film that Anu Aggarwal has acted in Tamil.

<i>Iruvar</i> 1997 Indian film

Iruvar is a 1997 Indian Tamil-language epic political drama film co-written, produced and directed by Mani Ratnam. The film, inspired by the lives of M. Karunanidhi, M. G. Ramachandran and J. Jayalalithaa is set against the backdrop of cinema and politics in Tamil Nadu. It stars an ensemble cast including Mohanlal, Prakash Raj, Aishwarya Rai, Revathi, Gautami, Tabu and Nassar. Rai, who was crowned Miss World 1994, made her first on-screen appearance in this film, playing dual characters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madras Talkies</span> Indian entertainment company (founded 1995)

Madras Talkies is an Indian entertainment company, which was established by director Mani Ratnam and his brother G. Srinivasan as partners in 1995. Madras Talkies has actively involved in production of films and television serials, which are distributed all over the world. The company has produced fifteen feature films and six television serials.

<i>Roja</i> (film) 1992 film by Mani Ratnam

Roja (transl. Rose) is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Mani Ratnam. It stars Arvind Swami and Madhoo, with the latter in the title role. It follows a simple girl from a village in Tamil Nadu, making desperate efforts to find her husband after he is kidnapped by militants during a secret undercover mission in Jammu and Kashmir.

Nagulapati Srinivasa Chakravarthy, known professionally as J. D. Chakravarthy, is an Indian actor, filmmaker, screenwriter and musician known for his work primarily with Telugu cinema in addition to Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada films. Chakravarthy made his screen debut with the Telugu film, Siva, an action blockbuster directed by Ram Gopal Varma, featured at the 12th IFFI. He subsequently made his Bollywood debut with the remake of the same film titled Shiva (1990). He then starred in the blockbuster Satya, featured in the Indian panorama section at the 29th IFFI, and was listed among CNN-IBN's 100 greatest Indian films of all time. Chakravarthy received the Screen Award Special Jury Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manisha Koirala filmography</span> Filmography article

Manisha Koirala is a Nepalese actress known for her work in Hindi and Tamil films. Koirala's acting debut was in the Nepali film Pheri Bhetaula (1989). Two years later, she made her Bollywood debut in Subhash Ghai's Saudagar, which was a commercial success. However, she followed this by appearing in a series of films which performed poorly at the box office, including First Love Letter (1991), Anmol (1993), and Dhanwan (1993). Koirala's career had a turnaround when she starred as the daughter of a freedom fighter in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's 1942: A Love Story (1994). Her performance was critically acclaimed and she earned a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. The following year, Koirala received the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress, and the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil for playing a Muslim married to a Hindu during the 1992–1993 Bombay riots in the Mani Ratnam-directed Tamil drama Bombay (1995).

<i>Alai Payuthey</i> (soundtrack) 2000 soundtrack album by A. R. Rahman

Alai Payuthey is the soundtrack album, composed by A. R. Rahman, to the 2000 Indian Tamil film of the same name. The soundtrack album consists of nine tracks from the original Tamil version of the album, whereas the Telugu version has seven tracks. The soundtrack of Alaipayuthey was unanimously hailed as a Mani Ratnam film soundtrack turning for rhythmic fusion using modern synthesizers. A film, initially planned with film score, eventually took place.

Mani Ratnam is an Indian filmmaker who works predominantly in Tamil cinema. Regarded as one of the greatest Indian filmmakers, he is credited with redefining the "range and depth of Tamil cinema". As of 2019, he has directed 28 films, and produced over 15 under his production company Madras Talkies.

The 42nd Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honouring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1994 is an event held on 23 September 1995 was an event held at the Kamaraj Hall, Madras.

GV Films is an Indian film production and distribution company headed by Ishari K. Ganesh. The firm had been a leading production studio in the Tamil film industry in the 1990s and had been founded by G. Venkateswaran as Sujatha Films in 1986.

S. Sriram was an Indian film producer from Tamil Nadu.

Aalayam Productions was an Indian film production and distribution company headed by S. Sriram. The firm had been a leading production studio in the Tamil film industry in the 1990s, with director Mani Ratnam also being a partner.

<i>Conversations with Mani Ratnam</i> 2012 book by Baradwaj Rangan

Conversations with Mani Ratnam is a 2012 Indian biographical book by the film critic and author Baradwaj Rangan, focusing on the career of the Tamil filmmaker Mani Ratnam. The book contains conversations between Rangan and Ratnam, discussing the latter's career as a director, producer, and screenwriter. It was published on 3 December 2012 by Penguin Books and received critical acclaim.

References

  1. 1 2 Rangan 2012, p. 292.
  2. ↑ "Bombay". The Times of India . 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  3. ↑ "Sound of Cinema: 20 Greatest Soundtracks". BBC Music . BBC. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  4. ↑ "BFI Books: Bombay: The film". BFI.org.uk. July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
  5. ↑ "Bombay (film): BFI Modern Classics". University of California Press. July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
  6. ↑ "Top 10 Indian Films". BFI. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Rai, Saritha (15 January 1995). "Mani Ratnams Bombay views communalism through eyes of common man". India Today . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  8. ↑ Rahul, N. (17 May 2019). "Rallapalli dead". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  9. ↑ "1997–98'ன் கோடம்பாக்கக் குஞ்சுகள்" [1997–98 Kodambakkam babies]. Indolink. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ↑ "AR Rahman birthday special: Five most popular songs by Mozart of Madras". Mumbai Mirror . 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  11. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 147.
  12. ↑ Melwani, Lavina (26 September 2015). "Up close and personal with Mani Ratnam". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  13. ↑ Melwani, Lavina (26 September 2015). "Did you know? Aishwarya Rai Versus Manisha Koirala". Mid-Day . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  14. ↑ Rangan, Baradwaj (1 December 2013). "Man of Steel". The Caravan . Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  15. ↑ Gopalan 2019, p. 22.
  16. ↑ Balachandran, Logesh (4 August 2020). "Tuesday Trivia, Bombay: Communal riots post Babri Masjid demolition to Vikram opting out". India Today . Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  17. ↑ "Don't want to overwork myself, says Manisha Koirala". Press Trust of India . 24 June 2018. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  18. ↑ Srinivasan, Meera (12 July 2010). "Success of dubbing artist lies in not letting audience know who you are". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  19. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 158.
  20. ↑ "Shot breakdown". Time Out . Mumbai. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  21. ↑ Teena, L (29 April 2012). "Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal gets a facelift". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  22. ↑ Aishwarya, S. (3 July 2010). "Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  23. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 146.
  24. ↑ "Bombay: The Making of the Most Controversial film of the Decade". Sunday. 2–8 April 1995. p.  76.
  25. ↑ Pillai, Sreedhar (29 June 2008). "Tryst with terrorism". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  26. ↑ "Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style". Bangalore Mirror . 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  27. ↑ "The "Mozart of Madras" AR Rahman is Performing LIVE in Australia". SBS. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  28. ↑ Surajeet Das Gupta, Soumik Sen. "A R Rahman: Composing a winning score". Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2002.
  29. ↑ "100 Best Albums Ever". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  30. ↑ "1000 songs everyone must hear; Part one: Love". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Songs about love across the barricades delivered in a coquettish fashion are something of a staple in Bollywood. Which is why Kehna Hi Kya by AR Rahman is all the more extraordinary. With its extravagant vocal gymnastics and qawwali-esqe devotional wails, this tale of inter-religious attraction set a new standard and leaves you in no doubt that Rahman deserves his India's greatest living composer tag.
  31. ↑ Ramnath, Nandini (1 December 2020). "A war for love: Mani Ratnam's 'Bombay' explored an inter-faith marriage battered by bigotry". Scroll.in . Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  32. ↑ Gopalan 2019, p. 28.
  33. ↑ சரண்யா, அருண் (15 January 1995). "பொங்கல் ரிலீஸ் – பம்பர் அறுவடை!". Kalki (in Tamil). pp. 62–63. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024– via Internet Archive.
  34. ↑ "Mani Ratnam's film Bombay invites critical acclaim and howls of protest". India Today . 15 April 1995. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  35. ↑ Chandra, A. (30 April 1995). "Mani Ratnam's film 'Bombay' incenses Muslim leaders of city". India Today . Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  36. ↑ "Movie Director Injured By Bomb; Police Blame Muslim Extremists". Associated Press . 10 July 1995. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  37. ↑ "Box Office 1995". Box Office India . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  38. ↑ "சினிமா விமர்சனம்: பம்பாய்" [Movie Review: Bombay]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 19 March 1995.
  39. ↑ Kannan, Anand. "Bombay". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 11 July 2001. Retrieved 20 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  40. ↑ Berardenelli, James (1996). "Bombay". ReelViews. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  41. ↑ ஆர். பி. ஆர் (26 March 1995). "பம்பாய்". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 1. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023– via Internet Archive.
  42. ↑ "List Accolades Received by Films Produced Under Madras Talkies". Madras Talkies . Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  43. ↑ "Critics Award for Best Film Winners 1970–1999". Indiatimes . The Times Group. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  44. ↑ "Filmfare Awards 2019: Inclusion of Critics' Choice category doesn't hold water in times when content is the king". Firstpost . 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  45. ↑ "Critics Award for Best Performer Winners 1990–1999". Indiatimes . The Times Group. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  46. ↑ "The 43rd Filmfare Awards South 1996 Winners". Filmfare . The Times Group. Archived from the original on 28 April 1997. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  47. ↑ "Jerusalem Film Festival 1996". Jerusalem Film Festival. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  48. ↑ "1996 : 20th Matri Shree Awards". The Indian Express . 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 – via Readwhere.
  49. ↑ "43rd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  50. ↑ "Political Film Society Awards – Previous Winners". geocities.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  51. ↑ "1997 Highlights". Dinakaran . Archived from the original on 15 June 1998. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.