Bridges to Babylon

Last updated

Bridges to Babylon
BridgesBabylon97.jpg
Studio album by
the Rolling Stones
Released29 September 1997 (1997-09-29)
Recorded13 March – July 1997
Studio Ocean Way Recording (Los Angeles, California)
Genre Rock
Length62:27
Label Virgin
Producer Don Was, The Glimmer Twins, with Rob Fraboni, Danny Saber, Pierre de Beauport, and The Dust Brothers
The Rolling Stones chronology
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (album)
(1996)		Bridges to Babylon
(1997)		 No Security
(1998)
Singles from Bridges to Babylon
  1. "Anybody Seen My Baby?"
    Released: 22 September 1997
  2. "Saint of Me"
    Released: 26 January 1998
  3. "Out of Control"
    Released: August 1998

Bridges to Babylon is the twenty-first studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released by Virgin Records on 29 September 1997. Released as a double album on vinyl and as a single CD, it was supported by the year-long worldwide Bridges to Babylon Tour that was met with much success.

Contents

Unlike the prior several albums, which the production and songwriting team of vocalist Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards had co-produced alongside a single outside producer, the Stones brought in an eclectic mix of superstar producers, including the Dust Brothers, Don Was, and Rob Fraboni among others. Similarly, a wide array of guest musicians appeared on each of the tracks alongside band members Jagger, Richards, Ronnie Wood on guitar and Charlie Watts on drums. The sprawling album features a wide range of genres, including the Stones-standard blues rock, sample-laden hip hop and rap. The band was once again not on speaking terms during the recording of the album, with Jagger and Richards each recording their parts separately and rarely appearing in the studio together. However, they had repaired their relationship well enough to embark on a wildly successful tour to support the album.

Though critics gave the album mixed reviews, it sold well, reaching platinum or gold status in many markets, and produced the worldwide Top 40 single "Anybody Seen My Baby?".

Background and recording

Following the Voodoo Lounge Tour from 1994 to 1995, and the album Stripped , the Stones afforded themselves a brief respite before Mick Jagger and Keith Richards began composing new songs together in the summer of 1996, with demos to follow as they met in New York in November and London the following month. Another writing session took place in Barbados in January 1997. [1]

In March 1997, the band arrived in Los Angeles to start the recording sessions at Ocean Way Studios. After many albums recorded in isolated islands, working in a big city allowed for the contribution of various musician friends of the band. Bridges to Babylon was recorded until July, and the four-month production made it one of their most concise periods of recording in years. The sessions were frequently all-nighters that lasted until Richards got tired by the morning. [1]

Although Don Was produced again, Jagger arrived before the other members of the Stones to seek local producers. First were The Dust Brothers, who had impressed Jagger with their work on Beck's Odelay and the Beastie Boys' Paul's Boutique . [2] The Dust Brothers' contributions were initially five, but were reduced to three, which marked the only Stones songs to feature sampling. Danny Saber and Babyface were also brought in by Jagger, though the latter's contributions to the track "Already Over Me" were eventually discarded. Richards was not keen on the idea of working with 'loop gurus', going as far as expelling Saber from the studio once he found him overdubbing guitars. Richards brought in Rob Fraboni for his solo material, and Was made sure to work with Richards and Jagger in separate rooms. Drummer Charlie Watts would relieve the tense environment by working with percussionist Jim Keltner, whom he later drafted for a solo project. By the final week of recording, the Stones were not on speaking terms, with Jagger boycotting sessions arranged by Richards' crew and Watts leaving Los Angeles as soon as he finished his contributions. [1]

During the album's mastering, the chorus of the projected lead single, "Anybody Seen My Baby?", was found to resemble the 1992 hit "Constant Craving" by k.d. lang, a discovery brought to Richards' attention by his daughter Angela. Seeking to avoid possible future legal entanglements, Lang and her co-writer Ben Mink were credited along with Jagger and Richards on the new tune. [3] It reached No. 22 in the UK and also became a U.S. radio rock hit.

A total of nine different musicians played bass on the sessions for the album: Jeff Sarli, Blondie Chaplin, Jamie Muhoberac, Pierre de Beauport, Don Was, Danny Saber, Darryl Jones, Me'shell Ndegeocello, and Doug Wimbish.

Packaging

Once the Rolling Stones had picked Stefan Sagmeister to be the album's art director, Jagger told him to seek inspiration from Babylonian art exhibited at the British Museum. Sagmeister was most impressed by a Lamassu sculpture featuring a lion with a human head and beard and commissioned artist Kevin Murphy to paint a similar Assyrian lion in an attack stance. The first million units of Bridges to Babylon were encased in a specially manufactured filigree slipcase that gave the impression that the lion was embedded into the design. The desert background of the cover was extended throughout the booklet, featuring ruins that were the basis for the stage design of the Bridges to Babylon Tour. [4] [5]

Release and reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic Star full.svgStar full.svgStar half.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [6]
Entertainment Weekly B [7]
NME 7/10 [8]
Rolling Stone Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svg [9]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [10]
Tom Hull B+ [11]
Uncut Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [12]

Bridges to Babylon was released to mixed reviews. It reached No. 6 in the UK, No. 2 in France and No. 3 in the US, where it was certified platinum by the RIAA in November 1997. [13] As of January 2010, Bridges to Babylon had sold 1.1 million copies in the U.S. [14] Further singles "Saint of Me" and concert staple "Out of Control" were also minor hits.

By this point, the Stones had become a touring phenomenon. The Bridges to Babylon Tour in 1997 consisted of 108 concerts, with an elaborate stage design Jagger aimed to make similar to U2's PopMart Tour. [1] Four of the album's thirteen songs made the tour's set list: "Flip the Switch", "Anybody Seen My Baby?", "Saint of Me" and "Out of Control".

In 2009, Bridges to Babylon was remastered and reissued by Universal Music.

Track listing

All tracks are written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, with additional writers noted.

Bridges to Babylon track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Flip the Switch" 3:28
2."Anybody Seen My Baby?" k.d. lang, Ben Mink 4:31
3."Low Down" 4:26
4."Already Over Me" 5:24
5."Gunface" 5:02
6."You Don't Have to Mean It" 3:44
7."Out of Control" 4:43
8."Saint of Me" 5:15
9."Might as Well Get Juiced" 5:23
10."Always Suffering" 4:43
11."Too Tight" 3:33
12."Thief in the Night"Pierre de Beauport5:15
13."How Can I Stop" 6:53
Total length:62:27

Personnel

Personnel adapted from CD liner notes [15]

The Rolling Stones

Additional musicians

Production

Charts

Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for Bridges to Babylon
RegionCertification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF) [37] Platinum60,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria) [38] Platinum50,000*
Belgium (BEA) [39] Gold25,000*
Canada (Music Canada) [40] Platinum100,000^
France (SNEP) [41] 2× Gold200,000*
Germany (BVMI) [42] Platinum500,000^
Italy—90,000 [43]
Japan (RIAJ) [44] Platinum200,000^
Mexico (AMPROFON) [45] Gold50,000 [45]
Netherlands (NVPI) [46] Platinum100,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway) [47] Gold25,000*
Poland (ZPAV) [48] Gold50,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE) [49] Platinum100,000^
Sweden (GLF) [50] Gold40,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) [51] Platinum50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI) [52] Gold100,000^
United States (RIAA) [53] Platinum1,160,000 [54]
Summaries
Europe (IFPI) [55] Platinum1,000,000*
Worldwide—3,500,000 [54]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Related Research Articles

<i>Tattoo You</i> 1981 studio album by the Rolling Stones

Tattoo You is the sixteenth studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 24 August 1981 by Rolling Stones Records. The album is mostly composed of studio outtakes recorded during the 1970s, and contains one of the band's most well-known songs, "Start Me Up", which hit number two on the US Billboard singles charts.

<i>Steel Wheels</i> 1989 studio album by the Rolling Stones

Steel Wheels is the nineteenth studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 29 August 1989 in the US and on 11 September in the UK. It was the final album of new material that the band recorded for Columbia Records.

<i>Forty Licks</i> 2002 greatest hits album by the Rolling Stones

Forty Licks is a double compilation album by the Rolling Stones. A 40-year career-spanning retrospective, Forty Licks is notable for being the first retrospective to combine their formative Decca/London era of the 1960s, now licensed by ABKCO Records, with their self-owned post-1970 material, distributed at the time by Virgin/EMI but now distributed by ABKCO's own distributor Universal Music Group. Four new songs are included on the second disc. The album was a commercial success, as it reached No. 2 on both UK and US charts. Concurrently with the album's release, the Stones embarked on the successful, year-long international Licks Tour, which would result in the subsequent Live Licks album being released in 2004.

<i>Emotional Rescue</i> 1980 studio album by The Rolling Stones

Emotional Rescue is the fifteenth studio album by English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 23 June 1980 by Rolling Stones Records. Following the success of their previous album, Some Girls, their biggest hit to date, the Rolling Stones returned to the studio in early 1979 to start writing and recording its follow-up. Full-time members Mick Jagger (vocals), Keith Richards (guitar), Ronnie Wood (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums) were joined by frequent collaborators Ian Stewart (keyboards), Nicky Hopkins (keyboards), Bobby Keys (saxophone) and Sugar Blue (harmonica).

<i>Live Licks</i> 2004 live album by the Rolling Stones

Live Licks is a 2004 double CD by the Rolling Stones, their ninth official live album. Coming six years after No Security, it features performances from the 2002–2003 Licks Tour in support of the career-spanning, fortieth anniversary retrospective Forty Licks. The album includes "an entire side of songs never before recorded live", and features only one song recorded after 1981's Tattoo You.

<i>Dirty Work</i> (Rolling Stones album) 1986 studio album by the Rolling Stones

Dirty Work is the eighteenth studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. It was released on 24 March 1986 on the Rolling Stones label by CBS Records, their first under their new contract with Columbia Records. Produced by Steve Lillywhite, the album was recorded during a period when relations between Mick Jagger and Keith Richards had soured considerably, according to Richards' autobiography Life.

<i>Babylon by Bus</i> 1978 live album by Bob Marley and the Wailers

Babylon by Bus is a live album released by Bob Marley and the Wailers in 1978. The tracks on this album are considered, with two exceptions, to be from the Pavillon de Paris concerts over 3 nights, 25–27 June 1978, during the Kaya Tour, though there are discrepancies in the track listing.

<i>A Bigger Bang</i> 2005 studio album by The Rolling Stones

A Bigger Bang is the twenty-second studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released through Virgin Records on 5 September 2005. It was the band's last album of original material recorded entirely with Charlie Watts on drums before his death in 2021.

<i>Made in the Shade</i> 1975 greatest hits album by The Rolling Stones

Made in the Shade, released in 1975, is the fourth official compilation album by the Rolling Stones, and the first under their Atlantic Records contract. It covers material from Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974).

<i>Undercover</i> (Rolling Stones album) 1983 studio album by the Rolling Stones

Undercover is the seventeenth studio album by English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 7 November 1983 by Rolling Stones Records. The band would move the label to Columbia Records for its follow-up, 1986's Dirty Work.

<i>Love You Live</i> 1977 live album by the Rolling Stones

Love You Live is a double live album by the Rolling Stones, released in 1977. It is drawn from Tour of the Americas shows in the US in the summer of 1975, Tour of Europe shows in 1976 and performances from the El Mocambo nightclub concert venue in Toronto in 1977. It is the band's third official full-length live release and is dedicated to the memory of audio engineer Keith Harwood, who died in a car accident shortly before the album's release. It is also the band's first live album with Ronnie Wood.

<i>Still Life</i> (Rolling Stones album) 1982 live album by the Rolling Stones

Still Life is a live album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 1 June 1982. Recorded during the band's 1981 American tour, it was released in time for their 1982 European tour.

<i>Flashpoint</i> (album) 1991 live album by the Rolling Stones

Flashpoint is a live album by the English rock band The Rolling Stones, their first since 1982's Still Life. Compiled from performances on the Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour by Chris Kimsey with the assistance of Chris Potter, it was released in 1991. Steel Wheels Live (2020) includes a complete 1989 concert along with a selection of live rarities.

<i>Voodoo Lounge</i> 1994 studio album by The Rolling Stones

Voodoo Lounge is the twentieth studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 11 July 1994. The album was their band's first release under their new alliance with Virgin Records and their first studio album in five years, since the release of Steel Wheels in 1989. Voodoo Lounge is also the band's first album without original bassist Bill Wyman, who left the band in early 1991, though the Stones did not announce his departure until two years later, in 1993. In 2009, the album was remastered and reissued by Universal Music. This album was released as a double vinyl and as a single CD and cassette.

<i>Stripped</i> (Rolling Stones album) The Rolling Stones 1995 live/studio album

Stripped is a live album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones released in November 1995 after the Voodoo Lounge Tour. It contains six live tracks and eight studio recordings. The live tracks were taken from four 1995 performances, at three small venues, and include a cover of Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone", which was the first single from the album. The remaining eight tracks were acoustic studio re-recordings of songs from the Stones' previous catalogue, the exception being a cover of Willie Dixon's "Little Baby". The studio performances were recorded "live," i.e., without overdubs.

<i>No Security</i> 1998 live album by the Rolling Stones

No Security is a live album by the Rolling Stones released by Virgin Records in 1998. Recorded over the course of the band's 1997–1998 worldwide Bridges to Babylon Tour, it was the band's eighth official full-length live release.

<i>Shes the Boss</i> 1985 studio album by Mick Jagger

She's the Boss is the debut solo album by English singer Mick Jagger, released on 19 February 1985 in the US and 4 March 1985 in the UK.

<i>Wandering Spirit</i> (album) 1993 studio album by Mick Jagger

Wandering Spirit is the third solo album by Mick Jagger, released in 1993. It became his only solo album released in the 1990s, and was co-produced by Jagger with Rick Rubin. The album was commercially successful, reaching No. 12 in the UK and No. 11 in the US, getting a gold certification from the RIAA.

<i>Shine a Light</i> (Rolling Stones album) 2008 live album by the Rolling Stones

Shine a Light is the soundtrack to the Rolling Stones' concert film of the same name, directed by Martin Scorsese. It was released on 1 April 2008 in the UK by Polydor Records and one week later in the United States by Interscope Records. Double disc and single disc versions were issued.

<i>GRRR!</i> 2012 greatest hits album by the Rolling Stones

GRRR! is a greatest hits album by the Rolling Stones. Released on 12 November 2012, it commemorates the band's 50th anniversary. The album features two new songs titled "Doom and Gloom" and "One More Shot", which were recorded in August 2012.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Stephen (2001). Old Gods Almost Dead: The 40-Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones. Crown/Archetype. pp. 504–8. ISBN   0767909569.
  2. ↑ Janovitz, Bill (2013). "48: Saint of Me". Rocks Off: 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones. MacMillan. pp. 360–5. ISBN   978-1250026323.
  3. ↑ Richards, Keith; Fox James (2010). Life. Great Britain: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 457. ISBN   978-0-297-85439-5.
  4. ↑ "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 November 1997. p. 63. Retrieved 20 May 2021– via Google Books.
  5. ↑ "Rolling Stones "Bridges to Babylon"". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  6. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Bridges to Babylon – The Rolling Stones". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  7. ↑ "Bridges to Babylon | EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.
  8. ↑ "NME.COM – THE ROLLING STONES – Bridges To Babylon – 20/9/97". NME . 17 August 2000. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000.
  9. ↑ "Bridges to Babylon". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  10. ↑ Cross, Charles R. (2004). "The Rolling Stones". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp.  696. ISBN   0-7432-0169-8.
  11. ↑ Hull, Tom (30 June 2018). "Streamnotes (June 2018)". tomhull.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  12. ↑ Hogan, Peter (November 1997). "Sympathy for the devils". Uncut . No. 6. p. 85.
  13. ↑ "Gold and Platinum Database Search". Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  14. ↑ Christman, Ed, et al. "Future Shock" Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Billboard. 23 January 2010
  15. ↑ Bridges To Babylon (CD liner notes). The Rolling Stones. 1997.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  16. ↑ "Australiancharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  17. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  18. ↑ "Ultratop.be – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  19. ↑ "Ultratop.be – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  20. ↑ "The Rolling Stones Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  21. ↑ "Top National Sellers: Denmark" (PDF). Music & Media .
  22. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  23. ↑ "The Rolling Stones: Bridges to Babylon" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  24. ↑ "Lescharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  25. ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  26. ↑ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 27 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Rolling Stones".
  27. ↑ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 (in Japanese). Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN   4-87131-077-9.
  28. ↑ "Charts.nz – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  29. ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  30. ↑ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN   84-8048-639-2.
  31. ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  32. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  33. ↑ "The Rolling Stones | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  34. ↑ "The Rolling Stones Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  35. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  36. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  37. ↑ "Argentinian album certifications – Rolling Stonse – Bridges to Babylon". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers.
  38. ↑ "Austrian album certifications – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in German). IFPI Austria.
  39. ↑ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 1997". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
  40. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Music Canada.
  41. ↑ "French album certifications – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
  42. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (The Rolling Stones; 'Bridges to Babylon')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
  43. ↑ "Gli Stones a Milano, ma senza compenso". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 29 April 1998. Retrieved 29 November 2021. "Ma il loro ultimo album "Bridges to Babylon", in Italia ha venduto 90 mila copie
  44. ↑ "Japanese album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 28 May 2020.Select 1997年10月 on the drop-down menu
  45. 1 2 "A presentation "gold" record award for The Rolling Stones album Bridges to Babylon (Virgin Records, 1997). Presented to Ronnie Wood by EMI Music Mexico, to commemorate the sale of more than 50,000 units of the album". 20 December 2022.
  46. ↑ "Dutch album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 19 June 2019.Enter Bridges to Babylon in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1998 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  47. ↑ "Norwegian album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway.
  48. ↑ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 1998 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  49. ↑ Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 947. ISBN   84-8048-639-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  50. ↑ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011.
  51. ↑ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Bridges to Babylon')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
  52. ↑ "British album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". British Phonographic Industry.
  53. ↑ "American album certifications – Rolling Stones, The – Bridges to Babylon". Recording Industry Association of America.
  54. 1 2 Newman, Melinda (6 August 2005). "Rock Royalty". Billboard . Vol. 117, no. 32. p. 18. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  55. ↑ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1998". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.