Buffy hummingbird

Buffy hummingbird
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Tribe:	Trochilini
Genus:	Leucippus Bonaparte, 1850
Species:	L. fallax
Binomial name
Leucippus fallax (Bourcier, 1843)

The buffy hummingbird (Leucippus fallax) is a species of bird in the hummingbird family Trochilidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Leucippus. This bird lives in dry forest and scrubland in northern South America where it feeds on insects and the nectar, flesh, and juice of cactus fruits.

Description

The male and female buffy hummingbird are similar in appearance but the female tends to be less brightly coloured, and there is considerable variation in shade between individuals. The back and upper parts of the bird are a dull green, the underparts pale cinnamon-buff and the belly and undertail coverts white. The tail is dull green with a transverse grey bar and a rounded end. There is a white spot behind the eye and the beak is slender and straight. The upper mandible is black and the lower one pale with a black tip. The bird ranges from 8.5 to 9 cm (3.3 to 3.5 in) in length. ^[3]

Taxonomy

The hummingbird is a member of the class Aves, the order Apodiformes, the family Trochilidae and the genus Leucippus. ^[4]

This genus formerly included additional species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Leucippus was polyphyletic. ^[5] To resolve the polyphyly the Tumbes hummingbird and the spot-throated hummingbird were moved to the resurrected genus Thaumasius . ^{[4] [6]}

Distribution and habitat

The buffy hummingbird is found in Colombia, French Guiana, and Venezuela. ^[1] Its natural habitats are desert shrubland, thorny shrubs in arid areas and mangrove areas at elevations of up to 500 metres (1,600 ft). It forages at medium heights and near the ground. ^[3] It tends to feed near the canopy of the forests that it inhabits. ^[7]

Behavior

Feeding

Hummingbirds are specialist feeders on nectar and the buffy hummingbird consumes the nectar of such plants as Agave and Hibiscus and various species of cacti. ^[3] The hummingbird will protect the flower patches that it feeds from. ^[8] This hummingbird is unusual in that it also consumes the exposed flesh and the juice of the fruits of cacti in the genus Armatocereus . ^{[8] [9]} This hummingbird also plays an important role in the pollination of flowers of Melocactus , carrying the pollen on its plumage as it moves from flower to flower sipping nectar. ^[10] In addition to plant matter, the bird consumes insects, which it catches in flight. ^[8]

Migration

The buffy hummingbird migrates over small distances. ^[8] During December to April, a period marked by minimal rainfall, the bird is generally found in areas with heavy thorn tree populations. ^[3]

Reproduction

Male buffy hummingbirds perform courtship by plummeting from the sky in an arc-like fashion. They also produce mating calls during their fall. ^[8] Most buffy hummingbird nests are found between the months of May and November, so breeding is believed to occur during this period of time. The nest is cup-shaped and built on top of a low branch or in the fork of a bush. It is composed of the soft fibers of the tree cotton and decorated externally with bits of bark, lichen and leaf. Two eggs are laid. ^[3]

Conservation status

The total population size of the buffy hummingbird is unknown. ^[1] However, it has a large range and there is no indication that the population of these hummingbirds is decreasing. Due to these factors, the bird is considered by the IUCN to be of "least concern". ^[1]

References

1. BirdLife International (2018). "Leucippus fallax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22687491A130121189. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22687491A130121189.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. Zuchner, T. "Buffy Hummingbird (Leucippus fallax)". HBW. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
4. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
5. McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016 . PMID   24704078.
6. Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID   29245495.
7. Hilty, Steven (2010). Birds of Tropical America: A Watcher's Introduction to Behavior, Breeding, and Diversity. University of Texas Press. p. 193.
8. "Leucippus fallax". Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell University. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
9. Ruschi, P.A. (2014). "Frugivory by the hummingbird Chlorostilbon notatus (Apodiformes: Trochilidae) in the Brazilian Amazon" (PDF). Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão. 35: 43–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
10. Nassar, J. M.; Ramírez, N. (2004). "Reproductive biology of the melon cactus, Melocactus curvispinus (Cactaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 248 (1–4): 31–44. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0193-4. S2CID   29299403.