Bull Canyon Formation

Last updated
Bull Canyon Formation
Stratigraphic range: Upper Triassic, late Norian
Type Geological formation
Unit of Dockum Group
Underlies Redonda Formation
Overlies Trujillo Formation
Thickness110 metres (360 ft)
Lithology
Primary mudstone
Other sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate
Location
RegionFlag of New Mexico.svg  New Mexico,
Flag of Texas.svg  Texas
CountryFlag of the United States.svg  United States
Type section
Named forBull Canyon (Guadalupe County, New Mexico)
Named byLucas & Hunt, 1998

The Bull Canyon Formation is a geological formation of Late Triassic (Norian) age in eastern New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle. It is one of several formations encompassed by the Dockum Group.

Contents

The Bull Canyon Formation preserves reptile fossils of the Revueltian "faunachron", and it is generally considered time-equivalent to the upper Cooper Canyon Formation, which crops out further south in west-central Texas.

History and geology

Triassic rocks in the Tucumcari Basin of east-central New Mexico have been prospected for fossils since the 1890s. The bulk of early fossil collecting in the formation was done by University of Michigan paleontologist E.C. Case (starting in the 1910s) and Yale paleontologist Joseph T. Gregory (starting in the 1940s). For much of the 20th century, all Late Triassic strata in New Mexico was assumed to belong to the Chinle Formation. [1] Kelley (1972) informally labelled a unit of fine-grained sediments in the upper part of the Triassic strata as the "upper shale member" of the Chinle Formation. [2] [3]

Lucas & Hunt (1989) introduced the name "Bull Canyon Formation" for these exposures, referring to an area of badlands near Luciano Mesa in eastern Guadalupe County, New Mexico. At the Bull Canyon badlands (the type locality), the formation preserves 95 metres (312 ft) of sediment, about 80% of which is dark reddish mudstone. Yellowish-grey or greyish-red fine quartzarenite sandstone makes up about 16% of the layers, with rare siltstone and siltstone-pebble conglomerate. [4] Of special note is a thick brownish litharenite sandstone bed, the Saladito Point Bed, which is comparable to some sandstone beds in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. The Bull Canyon Formation reaches a maximum thickness of 110 metres (360 ft) in eastern New Mexico. [5] It lies above the Trujillo Formation, which has a much greater proportion of sandstone beds. In New Mexico, the Bull Canyon Formation is overlain by a similar but generally finer-grained geological unit, the Redonda Formation. [4] [6] [5] [7]

Relationship to the Cooper Canyon Formation

For much of the 1990s and 2000s, the Bull Canyon Formation was conflated with another geological unit in the Dockum Group: the Cooper Canyon Formation. The Cooper Canyon Formation, which is most well-exposed in Garza County, Texas, was initially named as the "Cooper Member" by Chatterjee (1986), [8] before being raised to formation status by Lehman et al. (1992). [9] Both formations are thick geological units with a large proportion of reddish mudstone. Lehman et al. (1992) and Lehman (1994) [10] argued that the Bull Canyon Formation should be synonymized with the Cooper Canyon Formation. These authors suggested that the Boren Ranch Sandstone, which underlies the Cooper Canyon Formation in Garza County, is equivalent to the sandstone-rich Trujillo Formation in New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle. If this is the case, then the "Cooper Member" (and consequently Cooper Canyon Formation) would take priority as the first formal name applied to the mudstone-rich strata above the Trujillo Formation. [10]

Lucas and his colleagues pushed back, arguing that the "Cooper Member" was an invalid name: Chatterjee (1986)'s original stratotype was too thin to be comparable with other areas, and "Cooper" was preoccupied by Cooper Marl of South Carolina. They favored the Bull Canyon Formation as the first valid formal name for the mudstone-rich strata. [6] Carpenter (1997) reviewed both perspectives, noting various cases of noncompliance with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Carpenter eventually sided with Lehman's perspective. [11] Despite the disagreement between these two schools of thought, most studies agreed that the two formations, as generally perceived, were probably one-to-one equivalents. [3] [4] [9] [6] [10] [11]

More extensive geological mapping in Texas by Martz (2008) disagreed with the idea that the Bull Canyon and Cooper Canyon formations were exact equivalents, nullifying the debate over priority. Martz notes that the sandstone beds of the Trujillo Formation are not equivalent to the Boren Ranch Sandstone, but rather to the middle part of the Cooper Canyon Formation. This would indicate that the lower-middle part of the Cooper Canyon Formation is older than the Bull Canyon Formation, and that only the upper Cooper Canyon Formation is equivalent. [7]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Several microvertebrate assemblages are known from the Bull Canyon Formation. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyls of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Apachesaurus A. gregoriiBull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek,
Barranca Creek,
Mesa Redonda, [1] 		Skull, intercentra, other possible fragments [16] [17] A small metoposaurid which appears to be better suited for terrestrial life than other metoposaurids. [16] [17] Apachesaurus may simply represent juveniles of larger metoposaurids native to the American Southwest. [18]
Apachesaurus1DB.jpg
Metoposauridae indet.Skull fragments [17] Large metoposaurid fragments of uncertain affinities, most common in conglomerates in the lower part of the formation. Possibly reworked from older strata. [17]

Synapsids

Synapsids of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Pseudotriconodon [19] P. chatterjeei [19] Bull Canyon [19] TeethA "dromatheriid" cynodont. [19]

Reptiles

Avemetatarsalians

Avemetatarsalians of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Gojirasaurus [11] G. quayi [11] Revuelto Creek [11] Partial skeletonA very large "coelophysoid" theropod dinosaur. [20] [11] One of the largest known Triassic theropods, though its validity as a distinct species is uncertain. Some (though not all) of its fossil material may belong to Shuvosaurus, and other remains resemble Coelophysis , albeit much larger and more robust. [21] [22]
Gojirasaurus scale and skeletal.png
Neotheropoda indet.Bull CanyonPartial skeleton and fibulaSpecimens NMMNH P-4569 ("Comanchesaurus kuesi" or "Herrerasaurid B" [23] ) and NMMNH P-4563, belonging to large early neotheropods similar to Gojirasaurus. [21] [22] [24]
Saurischia indet.Bull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek,
Barranca Creek		Teeth, [12] partial skeletons including vertebrae and hindlimb materialVarious fragmentary fossils in the Bull Canyon Formation have been referred to specific saurischian dinosaur taxa (Coelophysis, [12] Chindesaurus , [16] herrerasaurids, [25] [23] [17] "prosauropods", [16] etc.). These referrals are very tenuous and often contradictory. [21] Some purported Bull Canyon dinosaur fossils, such as specimen NMMNH P-17375 ("Cryptoraptor lockleyi") are difficult to distinguish from Shuvosaurus. [21]

Phytosaurs

Phytosaurs of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Machaeroprosopus M. andersoni"near Santa Rosa" (Bull Canyon?) [17] At least one skull, possibly other fossilsSometimes known as Pseudopalatus andersoni. [17] A 2013 study established that all phytosaur species previously classified as "Pseudopalatus" should rather be called Machaeroprosopus. [26] The holotype of M. andersoni was probably collected from the Bull Canyon Formation. A few other phytosaur fossils may also belong to the species, though detailed investigation has not been conducted. One putative specimen preserves stomach content of Vancleavea vertebrae and smaller phytosaur hip fragments. [17]
Machaeroprosopus andersoni skull.jpg
M. mccauleyiBull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek,
Barranca Creek,
Cosner Ranch, [1] 		Skulls and postcraniaA brachyrostral (thick-snouted) mystriosuchin phytosaur. American phytosaurs are prone to significant taxonomic controversy, and this holds true for fossils from the Bull Canyon Formation. At various times, "Rutiodon" gregorii , [27] [20] "Nicrosaurus" gregorii, [28] "Arribasuchus" buceros, [16] Pseudopalatus andersoni [17] and Pseudopalatus mccauleyi [29] have all been proposed as names for the most common Bull Canyon phytosaur species, a brachyrostral form. Many phytosaur fossils from the Bull Canyon Formation are indeterminate to the genus or species level. [16] [17]
Phytosaurs cropped.jpg
M. pristinusBull CanyonSkulls and postcraniaAn uncommon dolichorostral (slender-snouted) mystriosuchin phytosaur, previously known as Pseudopalatus pristinus. [25] [16] [17] One specimen preserves stomach content of "Apachesaurus" vertebrae. [17]

Other pseudosuchians

Pseudosuchians of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Aetosaurus A. arcuatusL-501 [30] Osteoderms [30] A small and rare aetosaurine aetosaur. [30] The referral of these fossils to Aetosaurus is questionable, as they show few diagnostic features. [31]
"Sphenosuchidae" indet.Barranca CreekPartial skeleton and skull fragments [32] An unnamed "sphenosuchian"-grade crocodylomorph similar to Hesperosuchus . [16] [32] Indeterminate "sphenosuchian" fragments are common throughout the formation. [17]
Paratypothorax P. sp.Bull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek,
Cosner Ranch [1] 		Osteoderms [33] [16] [1] A rare paratypothoracin aetosaur.
Postosuchus P. kirkpatrickiBarranca Creek [16] Hip, vertebrae, and hindlimbs [16] [17] A large rauisuchid. Indeterminate rauisuchid fossils are common throughout the formation, including teeth, vertebrae, and other postcranial fragments. [16] [17]
Postosuchus kirkpatricki flipped.jpg
Revueltosaurus [34] R. callenderi [34] Revuelto CreekTeeth, [34] partial skeleton [35] A small armored aetosauriform, [36] previously misidentified as an ornithischian dinosaur based on its similar teeth. [34] [16] [23] [17]
Revueltosaurus.jpg
Rioarribasuchus R. chamaensisRevuelto Creek [16] Paramedian osteoderms and isolated spikesA paratypothoracin aetosaur. Also known as Heliocanthus, [37] and previously considered a species of Desmatosuchus . [27] [20] [16] [17] [38]
Shuvosaurus S. inexpectatusBull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek,
Barranca Creek		Premaxilla fragment, [20] postcrania [16] [17] A common shuvosaurid poposauroid with a bipedal stance and a toothless, beaked skull. Fossils of this species are frequently confused with those of dinosaurs [21] and Poposaurus . [20] [16] [25] [17] Many postcranial fossils were previously described as a new genus, "Chatterjeea", [16] until it was recognized that Shuvosaurus and "Chatterjeea" were synonyms. [17] [21]
Shuvosaurus BW flipped.jpg
Typothorax T. coccinarumBull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek,
Barranca Creek		Complete skeletons, osteodermsA large typothoracine aetosaur. One of the most abundant reptiles in the formation, known from multiple complete skeletons. [39] [16] [17] [40]
Typothorax coccinarum skeleton.jpg

Other reptiles

Other reptiles of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Chinlechelys C. tenertestaRevuelto CreekPartial skeletonAn early turtle, [41] [42] sometimes regarded as a species of Proganochelys . [43]
Lucianosaurus [44] L. wildi [44] Luciano MesaTeethTeeth of a herbivorous archosauriform of uncertain affinities, [35] [21] initially described as a "fabrosaurid" ornithischian. [44] [17]
Otischalkia O. elderaeRevuelto Creek [45] Humerus fragments [45] A robust archosauromorph. Initially regarded as a late-surviving rhynchosaur, [45] but more likely an indeterminate malerisaurine azendohsaurid. [46]
Squamata? indet.Revuelto Creek,
Luciano Mesa		Jaw fragments Pleurodont jaw fragments, presumably from lepidosaurs or kuehneosaurids. [17]
Vancleavea [16] V. campiVertebrae, [16] osteoderms, limb material [17] An armored semiaquatic archosauriform. Some vertebrae are preserved as gut contents in a phytosaur skeleton. [17]
Vancleavea white background.jpg

Fish

Scales, coprolites, and other fragmentary fish fossils are common in the Bull Canyon and Revuelto Creek areas. Most of these likely belong to actinopterygians. [17] [15]

Fish of the Bull Canyon Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Arganodontidae? indet.Revuelto CreekSkull fragmentsIndeterminate lungfish similar to Arganodus . [17]
"Colobodontidae"? indet.Revuelto CreekTooth plates"Phyllodont" fish teeth, traditionally referred to colobodontid or perleidid perleidiforms, [17] but more likely belonging to other unrelated fish such as coelacanths. [14]
Quayia [47] Q. zideki [47] Revuelto Creek [17] Skull material, basisphenoid fragments, scales [47] A coelacanth, almost as large as living Latimeria .
Redfieldiidae indet.Bull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek		Isolated scales and scaly body fragments [25] [17] A redfieldiiform.
Reticulodus [48] R. synergus [48] Bull Canyon, [48]
Mesa Redonda [49] 		TeethA hybodont shark with durophagous (crushing) dentition. [48] [49]
Semionotus S. cf. S. brauniBull Canyon,
Revuelto Creek		Scaly body fragments [25] [17] A robust semionotiform.
Tanaocrossus?T.? kalliokoskiSkull and skeletal material, [25] [17] including three-dimensional fossilsA slender "palaeonisciform".

Other fossils

The Bull Canyon Formation preserves a rather diverse fauna of freshwater mollusks. Unionid bivalves (freshwater mussels) are locally abundant, primarily Unio (U. arizonensis and at least six unnamed species) and Antediplodon (A. dockumensis and one unnamed species). A hydrobiid snail, Triasamnicola pilsbryi , is also common. [50] [17] Ostracods and coiled Spirorbis -like structures (probably tiny snail shells) round out the invertebrate body fossils known from the formation. [1] [17]

Trackways of both vertebrates and invertebrates are known to occur in the Bull Canyon Formation. Narrow Acripes tracks were probably emplaced by notostracan crustaceans (tadpole shrimp) crawling in shallow temporary pools. A vertebrate ichnotaxon, Barrancapus cresapi , was named for vertebrate footprints found near Barranca Creek. [1] [51]

A few plant fossils have been found in the formation, including charophyte green algae, bennettitalean leaves ( Zamites powellii ), large horsetail stems ( Neocalamites sp.), and foliage of an enigmatic shrubby plant ( Sanmiguelia sp.). Root casts and fossil wood are not uncommon, sometimes showing signs of fungus damage. [1] [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Gojirasaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Gojirasaurus is a genus of "coelophysoid" theropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic of New Mexico. It is named after the giant monster movie character Godzilla, and contains a single species, Gojirasaurus quayi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aetosaur</span> Extinct order of heavily armoured reptiles

Aetosaurs are heavily armored reptiles belonging to the extinct order Aetosauria. They were medium- to large-sized omnivorous or herbivorous pseudosuchians, part of the branch of archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to birds and other dinosaurs. All known aetosaurs are restricted to the Late Triassic, and in some strata from this time they are among the most abundant fossil vertebrates. They have small heads, upturned snouts, erect limbs, and a body ornamented with four rows of plate-like osteoderms. Aetosaur fossil remains are known from Europe, North and South America, parts of Africa, and India. Since their armoured plates are often preserved and are abundant in certain localities, aetosaurs serve as important Late Triassic tetrapod index fossils. Many aetosaurs had wide geographic ranges, but their stratigraphic ranges were relatively short. Therefore, the presence of particular aetosaurs can accurately date a site in which they are found.

<i>Revueltosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Revueltosaurus is an extinct genus of suchian pseudosuchian from Late Triassic deposits of New Mexico, Arizona and North Carolina, United States. Many specimens, mostly teeth, have been assigned to Revueltosaurus over the years. Currently, three species are included in this genus, all of which were originally thought to represent monospecific genera of basal ornithischian dinosaurs. Revueltosaurus was about 1 meter long.

<i>Shuvosaurus</i> Genus of beaked reptile

Shuvosaurus is a genus of beaked, bipedal poposauroid pseudosuchian from the Late Triassic of western Texas. Despite superficially resembling a theropod dinosaur, especially the ostrich-like ornithomimids, it is instead more closely related to living crocodilians than to dinosaurs. Shuvosaurus is known by the type and only species S. inexpectatus, and is closely related to the very similar Effigia within the clade Shuvosauridae. Shuvosaurus was originally described from a restored skull and very few fragmentary postcranial bones as a probable ornithomimosaur, or at least a very ornithomimosaur-like early theropod. The true pseudosuchian affinities of Shuvosaurus were only recognised after the discovery of Effigia linked the skull of Shuvosaurus with similar poposauroid skeletal remains found in the same quarry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinle Formation</span> Geological formation in the western US

The Chinle Formation is an Upper Triassic continental geological formation of fluvial, lacustrine, and palustrine to eolian deposits spread across the U.S. states of Nevada, Utah, northern Arizona, western New Mexico, and western Colorado. In New Mexico, it is often raised to the status of a geological group, the Chinle Group. Some authors have controversially considered the Chinle to be synonymous to the Dockum Group of eastern Colorado and New Mexico, western Texas, the Oklahoma panhandle, and southwestern Kansas. The Chinle Formation is part of the Colorado Plateau, Basin and Range, and the southern section of the Interior Plains. A probable separate depositional basin within the Chinle is found in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. The southern portion of the Chinle reaches a maximum thickness of a little over 520 meters (1,710 ft). Typically, the Chinle rests unconformably on the Moenkopi Formation.

Spinosuchus is an extinct genus of trilophosaurid allokotosaur from the Late Triassic of Texas, southern United States. It has been assigned to a variety of groups over its history, from coelophysid dinosaur to pseudosuchian to uncertain theropod dinosaur and to Proterosuchidae. This uncertainty is not unusual, given that it was only known from a poorly preserved, wall-mounted, partial vertebral column of an animal that lived in a time of diverse, poorly known reptile groups. However, newly collected material and recent phylogenetic studies of early archosauromorphs suggest that it represents an advanced trilophosaurid very closely related to Trilophosaurus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dockum Group</span> Geologic group of western Texas and eastern New Mexico

The Dockum is a Late Triassic geologic group found primarily on the Llano Estacado of western Texas and eastern New Mexico with minor exposures in southwestern Kansas, eastern Colorado, and Oklahoma panhandle. The Dockum reaches a maximum thickness of slightly over 650 m but is usually much thinner. The Dockum rests on an unconformity over the Anisian aged Anton Chico Formation.

Redondasaurus is an extinct genus or subgenus of phytosaur from the Late Triassic of the southwestern United States. It was named by Hunt & Lucas in 1993, and contains two species, R. gregorii and R. bermani. It is the youngest and most evolutionarily-advanced of the phytosaurs.

<i>Typothorax</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Typothorax is an extinct genus of typothoracine aetosaur that lived in the Late Triassic. Its remains have been found in North America. Two species are known: T. coccinarum, the type species, and T. antiquum.

The Cooper Canyon Formation is a geological formation of Norian age in Texas. It is one of several formations encompassed by the Dockum Group.

Lucasuchus is an extinct genus of aetosaur. Fossils have been found from the Bull Canyon Formation of the Dockum Group outcropping in the Revuelto Creek locality in Quay County, New Mexico. All specimens date back to the Norian stage of the Late Triassic. The genus was named in 1995 after the American paleontologist Spencer G. Lucas.

<i>Machaeroprosopus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Machaeroprosopus is an extinct genus of mystriosuchin leptosuchomorph phytosaur from the Late Triassic of the southwestern United States. M. validus, once thought to be the type species of Machaeroprosopus, was named in 1916 on the basis of three complete skulls from Chinle Formation, Arizona. The skulls have been lost since the 1950s, and a line drawing in the original 1916 description is the only visual record of the specimen. Another species, M. andersoni, was named in 1922 from New Mexico, and the species M. adamanensis, M. gregorii, M. lithodendrorum, M. tenuis, and M. zunii were named in 1930. Most species have been reassigned to the genera Smilosuchus, Rutiodon, or Phytosaurus. Until recently, M. validus was considered to be the only species that has not been reassigned. Thus, Machaeroprosopus was considered to be a nomen dubium or "doubtful name" because of the lack of diagnostic specimens that can support its distinction from other phytosaur genera. However, a taxonomic revision of Machaeroprosopus, conducted by Parker et al. in 2013, revealed that UW 3807, the holotype of M. validus, is not the holotype of Machaeroprosopus, while the species Machaeroprosopus buceros, Machaeroprosopus being a replacement name, with a fixed type species, for Metarhinus, is the combinatio nova of the type species of the genu: Belodon buceros. Therefore, the name Pseudopalatus must be considered a junior synonym of Machaeroprosopus, and all species of the former must be reassigned to the latter. This revised taxonomy was already accepted in several studies, including Stocker and Butler (2013). Stocker and Butler (2013) also treated M. andersoni as a valid species, and not a junior synonym of Machaeroprosopus buceros as was previously suggested by Long and Murry (1995).

<i>Paratypothorax</i> Genus of reptiles

Paratypothorax is an extinct genus of aetosaur, known from a single species, Paratypothorax andressorum. It was a broadly distributed member of the group found in Germany, North America, and possibly parts of Gondwana. The best specimens come from Germany, though for more than a century they were mistakenly considered phytosaur armor. Paratypothorax was a large and wide-bodied typothoracine aetosaur, as well as the namesake of the tribe Paratypothoracisini.

Tecovasuchus is an extinct genus of aetosaur. It is known primarily from osteoderms found from the Tecovas Formation in Texas, which is Late Triassic in age, dating back to the lower Norian. Material is also known from several other localities of the Chinle Group in New Mexico and Arizona, such as older Carnian outcrops and younger Rhaetian outcrops. Specimens of Tecovasuchus have been collected from the Tecovas Formation, the Bluewater Creek Formation, and the Los Esteros Member of the Santa Rosa Formation.

The Garita Creek Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico that contains vertebrate fossils characteristic of the Carnian Age of the late Triassic.

The Colorado City Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation in the Dockum Group of Texas, United States. It has previously been known as the Iatan Member, Colorado City Member or 'Pre-Tecovas Horizon'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trujillo Formation</span> Geologic formation in Texas and New Mexico, US

The Trujillo Formation is a geologic formation in Texas and New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the upper Triassic period. It is also known as the Trujillo Sandstone.

Apachesuchus is an extinct genus of aetosaur from the Late Triassic of New Mexico. It is only known from several paramedian osteoderms discovered in Quay County in eastern New Mexico. This area belongs to the late Norian-age Quay Member of the Redonda Formation. Unique among aetosaurs, its osteoderms are nearly completely smooth, without strong pits or grooves. The left dorsal paramedian has a relatively high width-to-length ration, suggesting that Apachesuchus is a wide-bodied aetosaur within the clade Typothoracinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chama Basin</span>

The Chama Basin is a geologic structural basin located in northern New Mexico. The basin closely corresponds to the drainage basin of the Rio Chama and is located between the eastern margin of the San Juan Basin and the western margin of the Rio Grande Rift. Exposed in the basin is a thick and nearly level section of sedimentary rock of Permian to Cretaceous age, with some younger overlying volcanic rock. The basin has an area of about 3,144 square miles (8,140 km2).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hunt, Adrian P. (1997). "E.C. Case, J.T. Gregory, and early exploration for fossil vertebrates in the Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic) of Eastern New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 11: 15–24.
  2. ↑ Kelley, Vincent C. (1972). Kelley, V. C.; Trauger, F. D. (eds.). "Triassic rocks of the Santa Rosa country" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society 23rd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook. New Mexico Geological Society: 84–90. doi:10.56577/FFC-23.
  3. 1 2 Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P.; Morales, Michael (1985). "Stratigraphic nomenclature and correlation of Triassic rocks of east-central New Mexico--A preliminary report" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society 36th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook. New Mexico Geological Society: 171–184. doi:10.56577/FFC-36.171.
  4. 1 2 3 Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P. (1989). Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P. (eds.). "Revised Triassic stratigraphy in the Tucumcari Basin, east-central New Mexico". Dawn of the Age of Dinosaurs in the American Southwest. New Mexico Museum of Natural History: 150–170.
  5. 1 2 Lucas, Spencer G.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Hunt, Adrian P. (2001). "Triassic stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and correlation in east-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society 52nd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook. New Mexico Geological Society: 85–102. doi:10.56577/FFC-52.85. ISBN   978-1-58546-087-8.
  6. 1 2 3 Lucas, Spencer G.; Anderson, Orin J.; Hunt, Adrian P. (1994). "Triassic stratigraphy and correlations, southern High Plains of New Mexico—Texas" (PDF). New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin. 150: 105–126.
  7. 1 2 Martz, J. W. (2008). Lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Dockum Group (Upper Triassic), of southern Garza County, West Texas (Unpublished PhD thesis). Texas Tech University. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Chatterjee, Sankar; Carpenter, Kenneth (1986). "The Late Triassic Dockum vertebrates: their stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic significance". In Padian, Kevin (ed.). The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–150. ISBN   0521303281.
  9. 1 2 Lehman, Thomas; Chatterjee, Sankar; Schnable, John (1992). "The Cooper Canyon Formation (Late Triassic) of western Texas". Texas Journal of Science. 44: 349–355.
  10. 1 2 3 Lehman, Thomas M. (1994). "The saga of the Dockum Group and the case of the Texas/New Mexico boundary fault" (PDF). New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin. 150: 37–51.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carpenter, Kenneth (1997-08-13). "A Giant Coelophysoid (Ceratosauria) Theropod from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 205 (2): 189–208. doi:10.1127/njgpa/205/1997/189. ISSN   0077-7749.
  12. 1 2 3 Lucas, Spencer G.; Oakes, Wayne; Froehlich, Jeffery W. (1985). "Triassic microvertebrate locality, Chinle Formation, east-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society 36th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook. New Mexico Geological Society: 205–212. doi:10.56577/FFC-36.205.
  13. ↑ Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1993). "Late Triassic microvertebrate localities in New Mexico (USA): implications for paleoecology". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 3: 187–192.
  14. 1 2 Heckert, Andrew B. (2004). "Upper Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group: Introduction, methods, and previous studies". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 27: 3–11.
  15. 1 2 Heckert, Andrew B.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2006). "Micro- and small vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Upper Triassic Chinle Group, southwestern USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 37: 94–104.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Long, Robert A.; Murry, Phillip A. (1995). "Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 4: 1–254.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Hunt, Adrian P. (2001). "The vertebrate fauna, biostratigraphy and biochronology of the type Revultian land vertebrate faunachron, Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic), east-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 52nd Field Conference, Geology of the Llano Estacado. New Mexico Geological Society: 123–151. doi:10.56577/FFC-52.123. ISBN   978-1-58546-087-8.
  18. ↑ Gee, Bryan M.; Parker, William G. (2020-02-07). "Morphological and histological description of small metoposaurids from Petrified Forest National Park, AZ, USA and the taxonomy of Apachesaurus". Historical Biology. 32 (2): 203–233. Bibcode:2020HBio...32..203G. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1480616. ISSN   0891-2963.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Lucas, Spencer G.; Oakes, Wayne (1988). "A Late Triassic cynodont from the American South-West" (PDF). Palaeontology. 31 (2): 445–449.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Parrish, Michael; Carpenter, Kenneth (1986). "A new vertebrate fauna from the Dockum Formation (Late Triassic) of eastern New Mexico". In Padian, Kevin (ed.). The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–160. ISBN   0521303281.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Parker, William G. (June 2007). "A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (2): 209–243. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5..209N. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002040. S2CID   28782207.
  22. 1 2 Griffin, Christopher T. (September 2019). "Large neotheropods from the Upper Triassic of North America and the early evolution of large theropod body sizes". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (5): 1010–1030. Bibcode:2019JPal...93.1010G. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2019.13 . ISSN   0022-3360.
  23. 1 2 3 Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Lockley, Martin G. (1998). "Late Triassic dinosaurs from the western United States" (PDF). Geobios. 31 (4): 511–531. Bibcode:1998Geobi..31..511H. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(98)80123-X.
  24. ↑ Marsh, Adam D.; Parker, William G. (2020-11-12). "New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils" (PDF). PaleoBios. 37: 1–56. doi:10.5070/p9371050859. ISSN   2373-8189.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1993). "Triassic vertebrate paleontology and biochronology of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2: 49–60.
  26. ↑ Parker, William G.; Hungerbühler, Axel; Martz, Jeffrey W. (2012). "The taxonomic status of the phytosaurs (Archosauriformes) Machaeroprosopus and Pseudopalatus from the Late Triassic of the western United States". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 103 (3–4): 265–268. Bibcode:2012EESTR.103..265P. doi:10.1017/S1755691013000339. ISSN   1755-6910.
  27. 1 2 Carpenter, Kenneth; Parrish, Michael (1985). "Late Triassic Vertebrates from Revuelto Creek, Quay County, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 36th Field Conference, Santa Rosa: 197–198.
  28. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P.; Bennett, Christopher (1985). "Triassic vertebrates from east-central New Mexico in the Yale Peabody Museum" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society 36th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook. New Mexico Geological Society: 199–203. doi:10.56577/FFC-36.199.
  29. ↑ Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Spielmann, Justin A. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism in a large brachyrostral phytosaur (Archosauria: Crurotarsi) from the Late Triassic of western North America". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 37: 563–567.
  30. 1 2 3 Heckert, Andrew B.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1998). "First occurrence of Aetosaurus (Reptilia: Archosauria) in the Upper Triassic Chinle Group (USA) and its biochronological significance". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 1998 (10): 604–612. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1998/1998/604.
  31. ↑ Parker, William G. (2016-01-21). "Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets". PeerJ. 4: e1583. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1583 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   4727975 .
  32. 1 2 Hunt, Adrian P.; Spielmann, Justin A.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2006). "A sphenosuchian (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha) with a partial pelvis from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Norian: Revueltian), East-Central, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 37: 571–574.
  33. ↑ Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1992). "The first occurrence of the aetosaur Paratypothorax andressi (Reptilia, Aetosauria) in the western United States and its biochronological significance". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 66 (1–2): 147–157. Bibcode:1992PalZ...66..147H. doi:10.1007/BF02989485. ISSN   0031-0220.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Hunt, Adrian P. (1989). Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P. (eds.). "A new ?ornithischian dinosaur from the Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic) of east-central New Mexico". Dawn of the Age of Dinosaurs in the American Southwest. New Mexico Museum of Natural History: 355–388.
  35. 1 2 Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Spielmann, Justin A. (2005). "The postcranial skeleton of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Crurotarsi) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona and New Mexico, USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 29: 66–75.
  36. ↑ Parker, William G.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Martz, Jeffrey W.; Marsh, Adam D.; Brown, Matthew A.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Werning, Sarah (2022). "Osteology and relationships of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States". The Anatomical Record. 305 (10): 2353–2414. doi:10.1002/ar.24757. ISSN   1932-8486. PMC   9544919 . PMID   34585850.
  37. ↑ Parker, W. G. (2007). "Reassessment of the aetosaur 'Desmatosuchus' chamaensis with a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the Aetosauria (Archosauria:Pseudosuchia)" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (1): 41–68. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5...41P. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001994. S2CID   85826683.
  38. ↑ Zeigler, Kate E.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2002). "A new species of Desmatosuchus (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic of the Chama Basin, north-central New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 21: 215–219.
  39. ↑ Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Reser, Peter K. (1993). "A complete skeleton of the stagonolepidid Typothorax coccinarum from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation of East-Central New Mexico, USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 3: 209–212.
  40. ↑ Heckert, A.B.; Lucas, S.G.; Rinehart, L.F.; Celesky, M.D.; Spielmann, J.A.; Hunt, A.P. (2010). "Articulated skeletons of the aetosaur Typothorax coccinarum Cope (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Revueltian: early-mid Norian), eastern New Mexico, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 619–642. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..619H. doi:10.1080/02724631003763524. S2CID   140536594.
  41. ↑ Joyce, W.G.; Lucas, S.G.; Scheyer, T.M.; Heckert, A.B.; Hunt, A.P. (2009). "A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1656): 507–513. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1196. ISSN   1471-2954. JSTOR   30244885. PMC   2664348 . PMID   18842543.
  42. ↑ Lichtig, A. J.; Lucas, S. G. (2021). "Chinlechelys from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (1): Article number 24.1.a13. doi: 10.26879/886 .
  43. ↑ Joyce, Walter G. (2017). "A Review of the Fossil Record of Basal Mesozoic Turtles" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 58 (1): 65–113. doi:10.3374/014.058.0105. ISSN   0079-032X.
  44. 1 2 3 Hunt, A.P. and Lucas, S.G. (1994). Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. In: Fraser, N.C. and Sues, H.-D. (eds), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Cambridge University Press, pp. 227-241.
  45. 1 2 3 Justin A. Spielmann; Spencer G. Lucas & Adrian P. Hunt (2013). "The first Norian (Revueltian) rhynchosaur: Bull Canyon Formation, New Mexico, U.S.A." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 61: 562–566.
  46. ↑ Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Parker, William G.; Mueller, Bill; Sengupta, Saradee; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Pritchard, Adam C.; Marsh, Adam D. (2022). Field, Daniel (ed.). "Widespread azendohsaurids (Archosauromorpha, Allokotosauria) from the Late Triassic of western USA and India". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1413N. doi:10.1002/spp2.1413. ISSN   2056-2799.
  47. 1 2 3 Hunt, Adrian P. (1997). "A new coelacanth (Osteichthyes:Actinistia) from the continental Upper Triassic of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 11: 25–27.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Murry, Phillip A.; Kirby, Randy E. (2002). "A new hybodont shark from the Chinle and Bull Canyon formations, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 21: 87–106.
  49. 1 2 Voris, Jared T.; Heckert, Andrew B. (2017-07-04). "Ontogenetic heterodonty in Reticulodus synergus (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the Upper Triassic of the southwestern U.S.A., with a redescription of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (4): e1351980. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E1980V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1351980. ISSN   0272-4634.
  50. ↑ Kues, Barry S. (1985). "Nonmarine molluscs from the Chinle Formation, Dockum Group (Upper Triassic), of Bull Canyon, Guadalupe County, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society 36th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook. New Mexico Geological Society: 185–196. doi:10.56577/FFC-36.185.
  51. ↑ Hunt, Adrian P.; Lockley, Martin G.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1993). "Vertebrate and invertebrate tracks and trackways from the Upper Triassic strata of the Tucumcari Basin, East-Central New Mexico, USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 3: 199–201.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.