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 Butirosin A (top) and butirosin B (bottom) | |
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| Other names | Ambutyrosin; Butyrosin |
| Drug class | Aminoglycoside antibiotic |
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Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic complex which is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [1] It is a mixture with butirosin A (80-85%) and butirosin B being the major components. [2]
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that unlike gram-positive bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is their cell envelope, which consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and an outer membrane. These bacteria are found in all environments that support life on Earth.
Streptomycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, Burkholderia infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever. For active tuberculosis it is often given together with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. It is administered by injection into a vein or muscle.
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. It is not effective for gonorrhea or chlamydia infections. It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or topically. Topical formulations may be used in burns or for infections of the outside of the eye. It is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. The dose required should be monitored by blood testing.
Lantibiotics are a class of polycyclic peptide antibiotics that contain the characteristic thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine, and 2-aminoisobutyric acid. They belong to ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides.
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar). The term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains amino sugar substructures. Aminoglycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen but generally not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
Ceftazidime, sold under the brand name Fortaz among others, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used for joint infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infections, malignant otitis externa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and vibrio infection. It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or eye.
Kanamycin A, often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. It is not a first line treatment. It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, or injection into a muscle. Kanamycin is recommended for short-term use only, usually from 7 to 10 days. As with most antibiotics, it is ineffective in viral infections.
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is a species complex consisting of Burkholderia cepacia and at least 20 different biochemically similar species of Gram-negative bacteria. They are catalase-producing and lactose-nonfermenting. Members of BCC are opportunistic human pathogens that most often cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals with underlying lung disease. Patients with sickle-cell haemoglobinopathies are also at risk. The species complex also attacks young onion and tobacco plants, and displays a remarkable ability to digest oil.
Dalbavancin, sold under the brand names Dalvance in the US and Xydalba in the EU among others, is a second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic medication. It belongs to the same class as vancomycin, the most widely used and one of the treatments available to people infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from a streptomycete, Streptomyces ribosidificus, originally identified in a soil sample from Tsu City of Mie Prefecture in Japan. It is made up of 3 ring subunits: 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS), neosamine C, and ribose. Ribostamycin, along with other aminoglycosides with the DOS subunit, is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic with important use against human immunodeficiency virus and is considered a critically important antimicrobial by the World Health Organization., Resistance against aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as ribostamycin, is a growing concern. The resistant bacteria contain enzymes that modify the structure through phosphorylation, adenylation, and acetylation and prevent the antibiotic from being able to interact with the bacterial ribosomal RNAs.
Bactoprenol also known as dolichol-11 and C55-isoprenyl alcohol (C55-OH) is a lipid first identified in certain species of lactobacilli. It is a hydrophobic alcohol that plays a key role in the growth of cell walls (peptidoglycan) in Gram-positive bacteria.
Paromamine 6'-oxidase (EC 1.1.3.43, btrQ (gene), neoG (gene), kanI (gene), tacB (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name paromamine:oxygen 6'-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein) monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.13, btrO (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein),FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Ribostamycin:4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein) 4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoate transferase is an enzyme with systematic name ribostamycin:4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein) 4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoate transferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
5′′-phosphoribostamycin phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.88) is an enzyme with systematic name 5′′-phosphoribostamycin phosphohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
2'-N-acetylparomamine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.112, btrD (gene), neoL (gene), kanN (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2'-N-acetylparomamine hydrolase (acetate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
2-deoxy-scyllo-Inosose synthase is an enzyme with systematic name D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphate-lyase (2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
γ-L-Glutamyl-butirosin B γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase is an enzyme with systematic name γ-L-glutamyl-butirosin B γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(Butirosin acyl-carrier protein)—L-glutamate ligase is an enzyme with systematic name (BtrI acyl-carrier protein):L-glutamate ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Cefiderocol, sold under the brand name Fetroja among others, is an antibiotic used to treat complicated urinary tract infections when no other options are available. It is indicated for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is given by injection into a vein.
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