Claytosmunda

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Claytosmunda
Temporal range: Middle Triassic–Recent
Osmunda claytoniana JSG.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Osmundales
Family: Osmundaceae
Section: Claytosmunda
(Y.Yatabe, N.Murak. & K.Iwats.) Metzgar & Rouhan
Species:
C. claytoniana
Binomial name
Claytosmunda claytoniana
(L.) Metzgar & Rouhan
Synonyms [2] [3]

(genus)

  • Osmunda subgenus Claytosmunda

(species)

  • Osmunda claytonianaL.
  • Osmundastrum claytonianum(L.) Tagawa

Claytosmunda is a genus of fern. It has only one extant species, Claytosmunda claytoniana (synonym Osmunda claytoniana), the interrupted fern, native to Eastern Asia, Eastern United States, and Eastern Canada.

Contents

The specific epithet is named after the English-born Virginian botanist John Clayton. [4] "Interrupted" describes the gap in middle of the blade left by the fertile portions after they wither and eventually fall off. [5]

The plant is known from fossils to have grown in Europe, showing a previous circumboreal distribution. Fragmentary foliage resembling Claytosmunda has been found in the fossil record as far back as the Triassic.

Description

The fertile middle pinnae give the frond an "interrupted" gap OFH-018 Osmunda claytoniana fertile frond.png
The fertile middle pinnae give the frond an "interrupted" gap
Interrupted fern in evening light Interruptedfern-evening.jpg
Interrupted fern in evening light

Claytosmunda claytoniana fronds are bipinnate, 40–100 cm (16–39 in) tall and 20–30 cm (8–12 in) broad, the blade formed of alternate segments forming an arching blade tightening to a pointed end. The lower end is also slightly thinner than the rest of the frond because the first segments are shorter. Three to seven short, cinnamon-colored fertile segments are inserted in the middle of the length, giving the plant its name.

In their absence, the plant in all its stages appears similar to Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (cinnamon fern). The base of the segments distinguishes the two species: where O. cinnamomeum has typical felt-like hairs, the few hairs present on C. claytoniana are extremely short, usually requiring a magnifying glass to see well.

Like other species in the family Osmundaceae, it grows a very large rhizome, with persistent stipe bases from previous years. It forms small, dense colonies, spreading locally through its rhizome, and often forming fairy rings.

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as Osmunda claytoniana. [6] In 2005, it was recognized as being somewhat different from other species in the genus by being placed in a separate subgenus, Osmunda subgenus Claytosmunda. In 2016, the subgenus was raised to a new genus, Claytosmunda, as part of the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification (PPG I). [2] The change of genus is recognized in some taxonomic databases. [7] Others place the species in the genus Osmundastrum . [3] The oldest known species of Claytosmunda is C. beardmorensis, from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica. Claytosmunda when considering fossils is paraphyletic, as some of the fossils are likely to be more closely related to modern Osmunda and Plenasium than they are to the modern C. claytoniana. [8]

Extinct species

After [8]

Distribution

North America

In eastern North America it occurs in: the Great Lakes region; eastern Canada – in southern Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec (north to tree line); and east to Newfoundland; eastern United States – upper New England south through the Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic seaboard, into the Southeastern United States in Georgia and Alabama; and west across the Southern United States to Mississippi River, and back up the Mississippi embayment through the Midwestern United States to the Great Lakes.

Asia

In eastern Asia, the fern is found in the subtropical and temperate Asia in: the Eastern Himalaya, South Central China and Eastern China, Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula, the Ryukyu Islands, and Japan.

Ecology

Claytosmunda claytoniana is found in humid zones, mostly in forests, but also in more open habitats and biomes, although rarely in bogs. The interrupted fern is often found alongside ostrich, cinnamon, and sensitive ferns.

Hybrids

Osmunda × ruggii, is a hybrid between C. claytoniana and O. spectabilis (American royal fern). The hybrid is considered important because it suggests a closer genetic relationship between C. claytoniana and O. spectabilis than between C. claytoniana and O. cinnamomeum (a fact which has led to moving O. cinnamomeum out of Osmunda and into its own genus Osmundastrum). Osmunda × ruggii is sterile and is known from only about two natural populations, despite the many areas in which both C. claytoniana and O. spectabilis are found. [10]

Uses

Medicinal

The Iroquois used the plant as treatment for blood disorders and venereal diseases. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Osmundaceae</span> Family of ferns

Osmundaceae is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only order in the class Osmundopsida. This is an ancient and fairly isolated group that is often known as the "flowering ferns" because of the striking aspect of the ripe sporangia in Claytosmunda, Osmunda, Osmundastrum, and Plensium. In these genera the sporangia are borne naked on non-laminar pinnules, while Todea and Leptopteris bear sporangia naked on laminar pinnules. Ferns in this family are larger than most other ferns.

<i>Osmunda</i> Genus of ferns

Osmunda is a genus of primarily temperate-zone ferns of family Osmundaceae. Five to ten species have been listed for this genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsileaceae</span> Family of ferns

Marsileaceae is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because the leaves of the genus Marsilea superficially resemble the leaves of a four-leaf clover. In all, the family contains 3 genera and 50 to 80 species with most of those belonging to Marsilea.

<i>Osmunda regalis</i> Species of fern

Osmunda regalis, or royal fern, is a species of deciduous fern, native to Europe, Africa and Asia, growing in woodland bogs and on the banks of streams. The species is sometimes known as flowering fern due to the appearance of its fertile fronds.

<i>Osmundastrum</i> Species of fern

Osmundastrum is genus of leptosporangiate ferns in the family Osmundaceae with one living species, Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, the cinnamon fern. It is native to the Americas and eastern Asia, growing in swamps, bogs and moist woodlands.

<i>Osmunda japonica</i> Species of fern

Osmunda japonica, also called Asian royal fern or fiddlehead, is a fern in the genus Osmunda native to east Asia, including Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, and the far east of Russia on the island of Sakhalin. It is called gobi in Korean, zenmai in Japanese, and zǐqí or juécài in Chinese.

<i>Cladophlebis</i> Extinct genus of ferns

Cladophlebis is an extinct form genus of fern, used to refer to Paleozoic and Mesozoic fern leaves that have "fern fronds with pinnules that are attached to the rachis, and have a median vein that runs to the apex of the pinnule, and veins from that are curved and dichotomise". By convention this genus is not used to refer to fossil ferns from the Cenozoic. Ferns with this morphology belong to several families, including Osmundaceae, Dicksoniaceae and Schizaeaceae. Ferns with this morphology are common during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Osmunda wehrii is an extinct species of fern in the modern genus Osmunda of the family Osmundaceae. Osmunda wehrii is known from Langhian age Miocene fossils found in Central Washington.

<i>Osmunda spectabilis</i> Species of fern

Osmunda spectabilis, known as American royal fern, is a species of fern native to a large area of the New World, from the eastern half of Canada and the United States to Argentina.

Plenasium javanicum is a fern in the family Osmundaceae. The genus Plenasium is recognized in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I); however, some sources place all Plenasium species in a more broadly defined Osmunda, treating this species as Osmunda javanica. It has a wide native distribution in south-eastern Asia, being found in the Eastern Himalaya, south-central and south east China, Indochina, the Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Java.

Osmunda claytoniites is an extinct fern in the genus Osmunda, very similar to the extant fern Osmunda claytoniana. It has been found in the Upper Triassic of Antarctica.

<i>Anchistea</i> Genus of ferns

Anchistea is a genus of leptosporangiate ferns in the family Blechnaceae. It has only one species, Anchistea virginica the Virginia chain fern, which has long creeping, scaly, underground stems or rhizomes giving rise to tall widely separated, deciduous, single leaves. In contrast, the leaves of Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, which can be mistaken for A. virginica, grow in a group from a crown. Also in contrast to O. cinnamomeum the leaves are monomorphic without distinct fertile fronds. The lower petiole or stipe is dark purple to black, shiny and swollen, the upper rachis is dull green. The leaf blade is green and lanceolate, composed of 12 to 23 paired, alternate pinnatifid pinnae. The pinnae are subdivided into 15 to 20 paired segments that are ovate to oblong. The lower rachis is naked for about half its length. The sori or spore-producing bodies are found on the underside of the pinnae and are long and form a double row which outlines the major veins of the pinnae. In common with all ferns, A. virginica exhibits a gametophyte stage in its life cycle and develops a haploid reproductive prothallus as an independent plant. The spores are produced in red-brown sori which line the spaces (areolae) between the costa and costules. Further photographs can be found at the Connecticut Botanical Society and Ontario Ferns websites.

This article records new taxa of fossil plants that are scheduled to be described during the year 2015, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that are scheduled to occur in the year 2015.

This article records new taxa of plants that are scheduled to be described during the year 2018, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that occurred in the year 2018.

This article records new taxa of plants that were described during the year 2014, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that occurred in the year 2014.

<i>Plenasium</i> Genus of ferns

Plenasium is a genus of ferns in the family Osmundaceae. It is recognized in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), but kept within a more broadly circumscribed genus Osmunda by other sources. The genus is known from Early Cretaceous to present.

<i>Coniopteris</i> Extinct genus of ferns

Coniopteris is an extinct genus of Mesozoic fern leaves. It was widespread over both hemispheres during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, with over 130 species having been described. While traditionally assumed to have been a member of Dicksoniaceae or a close relative of Thyrsopteris, a 2020 cladistic analysis found it to be a stem group of Polypodiales. Most species of Coniopteris probably had a herbaceous habit. Coniopteris laciniata had tufts of leaves sprouting from intervals of a thin, creeping rhizome. The genus is technically a junior synonym of the little used Polystichites, but was conserved by the ICZN in 2013. Some authors suggest a range of Early Jurassic-early Late Cretaceous for the genus, while others suggest a more expansive range spanning from the Middle Triassic to the Eocene.

This list of 2013 in paleobotany records new fossil plant taxa that were described during 2013, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that occurred in the year.

<i>Osmundastrum pulchellum</i> Extinct species of fern

Osmundastrum pulchellum is an extinct species of Osmundastrum, leptosporangiate ferns in the family Osmundaceae from the lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian?) Djupadal Formation of Southern Sweden. It remained unstudied for 40 years. It is one of the most exceptional fossil ferns ever found, preserving intact calcified tissue with DNA and cells. Its exceptional preservation has allowed the study of the DNA relationships with extant Osmundaceae ferns, proving a 180-million-year genomic stasis. It has also preserved its biotic interactions and even ongoing mitosis.

References

  1. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Osmunda claytoniana Interrupted Fern". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  2. 1 2 PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi: 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID   39980610.
  3. 1 2 "Claytosmunda claytoniana (L.) Metzgar & Rouhan". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-08-08.
  4. ↑ Fernald's "Gray's Manual of Botany" (1950)
  5. ↑ University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, Interrupted fern profile Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ "Osmunda claytoniana L." The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2019-08-08.
  7. ↑ Hassler, M. (November 2018). "Species Details: Claytosmunda claytoniana (L.) Metzgar & Rouhan". World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. The Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2019-08-08.
  8. 1 2 Bomfleur, Benjamin; Grimm, Guido W.; McLoughlin, Stephen (2017-07-11). "The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)—a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes". PeerJ. 5: e3433. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3433 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   5508817 . PMID   28713650.
  9. ↑ Tian, Ning; Wang, Yong-Dong; Jiang, Zi-Kun (July 2021). "A new permineralized osmundaceous rhizome with fungal remains from the Jurassic of western Liaoning, NE China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 290: 104414. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29004414T. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104414. S2CID   233549860.
  10. ↑ "4. Osmunda ruggii R. M. Tryon".
  11. ↑ Univ. Mich.-Dearborn College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters: Native American Ethnobotany: Osmunda species (scroll for O. claytoniana) . accessed 12.1.2011
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