Coexistence (electoral systems)

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A diagram of a coexistence based mixed electoral system combining first-past-the-post and party-list proportional representation. Coexistence FPTP PR.png
A diagram of a coexistence based mixed electoral system combining first-past-the-post and party-list proportional representation.

In political science, coexistence [1] involves different voters using different electoral systems depending on which electoral district they belong to. [2] This is distinct from other mixed electoral systems that use parallel voting (superposition) or compensatory voting. For example, the rural-urban proportional (RUP) proposal for British Columbia involved the use of a fully proportional system of list-PR or STV in urban regions, combined with MMP in rural regions. [3]

Coexistence of electoral systems exist in multiple countries, like the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Panama, as well as for elections of the European Parliament.[ citation needed ]. Historically, variants have been used in Iceland (1946–1959), Niger (1993, 1995) and Madagascar (1998). [4]

Types of coexistence

TypeSystemExample(s) for use
Coexistencee.g. FPTP/SMP in single-member districts, list-PR in multi-member districtsDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Panama
Supermixede.g. FPTP/SMP in single-member districts, conditional party block voting in multi-member districtsCameroon, Chad
Rural-urban proportional representation (RUP)Denmark (formerly), Iceland (formerly)
Seat linkage compensatory mixed system (MMP) and FPTP in special constituenciesBolivia

References

  1. ↑ Massicotte & Blais (1999). "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 341–366. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8.
  2. ↑ Herron, Erik S; Nishikawa, Misa (2001-03-01). "Contamination effects and the number of parties in mixed-superposition electoral systems" . Electoral Studies. 20 (1): 63–86. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00002-0. ISSN   0261-3794.
  3. ↑ Massicotte, Louis (2004). In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec (PDF) (Report).
  4. ↑ Golder, Matt (2005-03-01). "Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946–2000" . Electoral Studies. 24 (1): 103–121. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2004.02.008. ISSN   0261-3794.
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