DRDO AEW&CS

Last updated

NETRA AEW&CS
DrdoNetra.jpg
A DRDO Netra in flight, deploying flares
Role Surveillance, Tracking, Identification & Classification of Airborne and Sea surface targets, incoming Ballistic Missile detection [1]
National originAEW&CS – India
ERJ-145 aircraft – Brazil
Manufacturer Embraer
Design group Defence Research and Development Organisation
National Aerospace Laboratories
First flight6 December 2011
Introduction14 February 2017
StatusIn service
Primary user Indian Air Force
Produced2011-present
Number built3 [2]
Developed from ERJ 145 (airframe)

The DRDO Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&CS) is a project of India's Defence Research and Development Organisation to develop an airborne early warning and control system for the Indian Air Force. It is also referred to as NETRA Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&CS).

Contents

Development

In 2003, the Indian Air Force (IAF) and DRDO carried out a joint study of the system-level requirements and feasibility of development for an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system. [3] The government then approved the project for the development of the AEW&C system by DRDO. Primary responsibility for the project was with Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS), which led the design, system integration and testing of the system. Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) was responsible for the design of the radar array. The Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL), based in Dehradun, was responsible for the Data Link and Communication Systems for AEW&CS.

The DRDO AEW&CS programme aims to deliver three radar-equipped surveillance aircraft to the Indian Air Force. The aircraft platform selected was the Embraer ERJ 145. Three ERJ 145 were procured from Embraer at a cost of US$300 Million, including the contracted modifications to the airframe. The project goal was to deploy these AEW&C aircraft by 2013. [4] India's sole previous effort to develop an AEW&C system was the Airborne Surveillance Platform, but the programme, codenamed Airavat, was ended after the only test-bed crashed. The AEW&C project aimed to supplement the larger and more capable EL/W-2090 AWACS acquired by the IAF from Israel. Three EL/W-2090 systems have been ordered, with follow-on orders of 3 more expected in 2010. [5] Apart from providing the IAF with a cheaper and hence, more flexible AEW&C platform as a backup to its more capable EL/W-2090 class systems, the DRDO AEW&C project aimed to develop the domestic ability to design and operationalise airborne surveillance platforms.

The delivery of six additional systems ordered in October 2010 is to begin from 2015. In June 2010, it was reported that the Indian Air Force is said to be looking at acquiring up to 20 additional systems, in addition to the existing systems on order. [6] [7] [8]

Partners

The responsibility between various DRDO laboratories is split as follows:

  1. Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) – Primary radar
  2. Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL) – Communication Systems and Data Link
  3. Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) – Self Protection suite, Electronic Support Measurement EW
  4. Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) – Communication Support Measures
  5. Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) – IFF & Overall Programme Management, integration and development of the data handling system, displays, mission computers et al.

Various Indian private sector firms are involved in the programme. National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) contributed to the aerodynamic studies of the antenna array, and flight modelling of the entire AEW&CS platform.

Future Variants

By April 2019, DRDO proposed an upgraded Netra AEW&CS based on EADS CASA C-295 to the IAF as it already supports a static radar dome configuration. DRDO wanted C-295 to act as a common platform between currently used planar array radar with limited 240-degree coverage and the under development 360-degree static radar dome to save cost and time. [9] Later on DRDO replaced C-295 for Airbus A-330 to make it act as both AWACS and aerial refueling tanker. [10] There has not been any further advancement with the development of any of the above platforms as of February 2024.

Netra Mk 1A (EMB145)

As of 6 February 2024, sources reporting to various media and newspapers said that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) will take up the acceptance of necessity (AoN) for the six Mark-1A aircraft next week, which will entail mounting active electronically scanned array antenna-based radars, electronic and signal intelligence systems on Brazilian Embraer jets, at a cost of around Rs 9,000 crore. These six AEW&C aircraft will be based on Embraer-145 and have 240-degree radar coverage. [8] But there will be better software and more advanced technologies like new gallium nitride-based TR (transmit/receive) modules for the radars. This variant will also inherit some of the technologies from Mark 2. [11]

Since the 145 ERJ platform is no longer manufactured, DRDO and IAF are scouting their availability in secondary markets, while Embraer has also offered Praetor 600 aircraft for the same role. [12] [13]

DRDO AEW&CS DRDO AEW&CS.jpg
DRDO AEW&CS

Netra Mk 2 (Airbus A321)

The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in September 2021 cleared ₹11,000 crore project for six AEW&CS. The platform will be Airbus A321 that will be purchased from Air India. [14] The A321s will be sent to France where they will be modified to military standards and then will be returned to DRDO where radars and surveillance suites will be fitted. [15]

The developmental work on the six Mark-2 aircraft, with bigger and more capable versions of the AEW&C radars and sensors to be mounted on second-hand Airbus A321 planes bought from Air India, is already at an advanced stage at a cost of Rs 10,990 crore. Delivery of the first such AEW&C Mark-2 aircraft, which will also have an antenna in the nose in addition to the main dorsal antenna to give 300-degree radar coverage, should take place in 2026-27. [11]

Design

ILA Berlin Air Show 2012, Model of DRDO AEW&CS ILA Berlin 2012 PD 027.JPG
ILA Berlin Air Show 2012, Model of DRDO AEW&CS

Two radiating planar arrays assembled back-to-back and mounted on top of the fuselage in an active antenna array unit (AAAU) will provide 240° coverage like Erieye. The AAAU is configured to compactly house 10 × 2 antenna array panels, 160 transmit receive 10 × 2 antenna array panels, 160 transmit receive multi-modules (TRMMs) dividers, beam forming units, beam control units, power supply units and related electronic devices including cables and connectors. This has been achieved through an innovative and iterative process to arrive at the AAAU with minimal dimensions and optimum mass properties. A unique feature of this Indian TRMM design is that eight trans-receive modules are combined compactly to form a single TRMM, thus facilitating high density installation of 160 of them in the AAAU to power the surveillance radar. [16]

Additionally, the aircraft has other mission capabilities like identification friend or foe (IFF), electronic and communication support measures, C-band line-of-sight and Ku-band SATCOM datalinks, etc., similar to those on the AWACS and CAEW systems. The important modes of operation of the primary radar system are the surface surveillance and the air surveillance. The sensor has the abilities to search, track-while-scan, priority tracking, high performance tracking, etc. In priority tracking, the targets will be placed in full track mode even if these cross the primary surveillance area. In high performance tracking, additional measurements will be made to improve the tracking accuracy. Utilising active aperture technology, the radar provides a fast-beam agile system that can operate in several modes concurrently. Inter-operability with AWACS, other AEW&C aircraft, fighters and ground-exploitation stations is ensured using the data-links with voice and data channels. The aircraft cabin houses five operator work stations to adequately meet requirements of the operational mission tasks.

An air-to-air refuelling system enables extended operations at times of need. The endurance of the platform aircraft is about nine hours with one air-to-air refuelling.

Capabilities

DRDO AEW&CS at Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019 Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019 09.jpg
DRDO AEW&CS at Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019

The AEWACS aircraft will have an active electronically scanned array (AESA) primary radar with IFF. The system will also have ESM (Electronic Support Measures) and CSM (Communications Support Measures) ability. Datalinks to network the AEW&CS with fighters, and ground-based control systems will also be provided, as will be the SATCOM (Satellite Communication System). The aircraft will also have a comprehensive self-defence suite. The avionics suite will be linked via a datahandling system, controlled by Mission computers.

DRDO's public overview of the AEW&CS aircraft stated: [17]

Status

A Netra AEW&CS flying in formation with two Sukhoi Su-30MKIs of IAF NetraAwacs.jpg
A Netra AEW&CS flying in formation with two Sukhoi Su-30MKIs of IAF

The first round of modifications to the first EMB-145 fuselage for India's early warning aircraft were made in March 2011 in preparation for integration with the Indian-designed antenna.

In June 2010, it was reported that the Active Array Antenna Unit (AAAU), developed by DRDO's Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS), was to be integrated into the modified EMB-145 aircraft. First test flight of the system was expected in early 2011. [6] [19] [20] [21] [22]

The first modified fuselage platform was handed over to DRDO by Embraer in February 2011. Ground and flight tests of the aircraft were to be followed by installation of radar and other equipment. [23] The first fully modified EMB-145i Aircraft with the antenna and its electronic payload made its maiden flight on 6 December 2011 at Embraer facilities at Sao Jose dos Campos in Brazil with about 1000 Mission System Components provided by CABS, DRDO. These included the critical item – AESA (Active Electronic Scanning Antenna) Radar Antenna developed by DRDO and certified from ANAC, International FAR Certification Agency. at Sao Jose dos Campos in Brazil. Some of the sensitive advanced systems were replaced with dummy equipment of equivalent size and weight. These were to be integrated later in India following flight certification. A two-year certification period is expected. DRDO is expected to receive the next two aircraft platforms to start integration by mid-2012. [24] [25]

Embraer Defence and Security, on 16 August 2012 delivered the first EMB 145 Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) class of aircraft to the Government of India, in a ceremony held at Embraer's headquarters in São José dos Campos, Brazil. The delivery follows successful completion of ground and flight tests of the aircraft which met operational targets established by both Embraer and Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) of Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). Later on the aircraft will be delivered to the Indian Air Force after integration of missions systems of DRDO by CABS in India. [26] [27]

Maiden flight of the second fully modified aircraft for the Indian Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&C) was held at 1930 IST on 4 April 2012 at the San Jose dos Campos in Brazil. The necessary mission systems and components including the dummy AAAU (Active Antenna Array Unit) are successfully fitted onboard Embraer EMB 145I aircraft. [28] [29]

Delivery

Netra AEW&C in Aero India 2017 DRDO AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145.JPG
Netra AEW&C in Aero India 2017

The first fully modified aircraft for India's Airborne Early Warning and Control System landed on Indian soil at Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) Bangalore, a DRDO laboratory at 22:10 hours at HAL airport, Wednesday night at 22 August 2012. The acceptance of the aircraft was completed over a period of 15 days at Embraer Facilities in Brazil, by a joint team from CABS, Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC), Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA) and Indian Air Force (IAF).

The aircraft ferried with several mission system external components of DRDO including the (AESA radar) Active Electronically scanned Array Antenna with passive electronics fitted on the aircraft. The arrival of this aircraft marks the beginning of another phase of journey leading to the next major milestone of integration of the DRDO developed mission system, which will be followed by development flight trials in India beginning of 2013. It may be noted that this is the first aircraft delivered by M/s Embraer for which the contract was signed in 2008. The next aircraft is expected to arrive in December 2012.

IAF took delivery of the second NETRA AEW&C on 11 September 2019 and deployed it at Bathinda Air Base in Punjab. [30] The third Embraer platform was meant to remain with DRDO but now they are looking at the option of selling the aircraft to a foreign customer as a major diplomatic gesture. [31]

Operational history

The first combat usage of the Netra AEW&C by the IAF was on 26 February 2019, during the Balakot airstrike. [32] Indonesia has requested a systems demonstration. [33]

Platforms

Operators

Flag of India.svg India

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing E-3 Sentry</span> Airborne early warning and control aircraft based on Boeing 707 airframe

The Boeing E-3 Sentry is an American airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft developed by Boeing. E-3s are commonly known as AWACS. Derived from the Boeing 707 airliner, it provides all-weather surveillance, command, control, and communications, and is used by the United States Air Force, NATO, French Air and Space Force, Royal Saudi Air Force and Chilean Air Force. The E-3 has a distinctive rotating radar dome (rotodome) above the fuselage. Production ended in 1992 after 68 aircraft had been built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Airborne early warning and control</span> Airborne system of surveillance radar plus command and control functions

An airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) system is an airborne radar early warning system designed to detect aircraft, ships, vehicles, missiles and other incoming projectiles at long ranges, as well as performing command and control of the battlespace in aerial engagements by informing and directing friendly fighter and attack aircraft. AEW&C units are also used to carry out aerial surveillance over ground and maritime targets, and frequently perform battle management command and control (BMC2). When used at altitude, the radar system on AEW&C aircraft allows the operators to detect, track and prioritize targets and identify friendly aircraft from hostile ones in real-time and from much farther away than ground-based radars. Like ground-based radars, AEW&C systems can be detected and targeted by opposing forces, but due to aircraft mobility and extended sensor range, they are much less vulnerable to counter-attacks than ground systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing E-7 Wedgetail</span> Airborne early warning and control aircraft

The Boeing E-7 Wedgetail is a twin-engine airborne early warning and control aircraft based on the Boeing 737 Next Generation design. It is lighter than the 707-based Boeing E-3 Sentry, and has a fixed, active electronically scanned array radar antenna instead of a rotating one. It was designed for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) under "Project Wedgetail" and designated E-7A Wedgetail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Active electronically scanned array</span> Type of phased array radar

An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antenna. In the AESA, each antenna element is connected to a small solid-state transmit/receive module (TRM) under the control of a computer, which performs the functions of a transmitter and/or receiver for the antenna. This contrasts with a passive electronically scanned array (PESA), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter and/or receiver through phase shifters under the control of the computer. AESA's main use is in radar, and these are known as active phased array radar (APAR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embraer R-99</span> Airborne early warning and reconnaissance aircraft based on the ERJ-145

The Embraer R-99 is the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) military designation of the EMB-145-RS. Various models of the aircraft have been produced to perform special mission duties, including the E99 for airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) missions, the R-99 for remote sensing, and the P-99 for maritime patrol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beriev A-50</span> Soviet airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft

The Beriev A-50 is a Soviet-origin airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft that is based on the Ilyushin Il-76 transport plane. Developed to replace the Tupolev Tu-126 "Moss", the A-50 first flew in 1978. Its existence was revealed to the Western Bloc in 1978 by Adolf Tolkachev. It entered service in 1985, with about 40 produced by 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erieye</span> Airborne Early Warning and Control System used on a variety of aircraft platforms

The Erieye radar system is an Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&C) developed by Saab Electronic Defence Systems of Sweden. It uses active electronically scanned array (AESA) technology. The Erieye is used on a variety of aircraft platforms, such as the Saab 340 and Embraer R-99. It has recently been implemented on the Bombardier Global 6000 aircraft as the GlobalEye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KJ-2000</span> Chinese AEW&C aircraft

The KJ-2000 is a Chinese second-generation airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft developed by the Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation, and is the first AEW&C system in service to the People's Liberation Army Air Force. It is built upon a modified Russian Ilyushin Il-76 airframe using domestically designed avionics and a fixed radome featuring three active electronically scanned array (AESA) radars each covering a 120-degree sector, unlike the rotating radome on the comparable E-3 Sentry serving the United States Air Force.

The Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre (CASDIC) is a laboratory of the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, It is one of the two DRDO laboratories involved in the research and development of airborne electronic warfare and mission avionics systems.

The Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) is a laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. Located in Bengaluru, its primary function is development and evaluation of airborne electronic systems for military applications.

The Airborne Surveillance Platform (ASP) is an Indian defence project initiated by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) with the aim to produce an Airborne Early Warning System. Two prototypes were developed and flight tested for three years. The project was cancelled in 1999 after the prototype aircraft crashed, killing eight scientists and the aircrew. After four years of inactivity, the project was revived in 2004 with a new platform and radar.

Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), India. Located in C.V. Raman Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, its primary function is research and development of radars and related technologies. It was founded by S. P. Chakravarti, the father of Electronics and Telecommunication engineering in India, who also founded DLRL and DRDL.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saab 340 AEW&C</span> Airborne early warning and command aircraft

The Saab 340 AEW&C is a Swedish airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft; a variant of the Saab 340 aircraft is designated S 100B Argus by the Swedish Air Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EL/W-2085</span> Airborne early warning radar system

The EL/W-2085 is an airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) multi-band radar system developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Elta Electronics Industries of Israel. Its primary objective is to provide intelligence to maintain air superiority and conduct surveillance. The system is currently in-service with Israel, Italy, and Singapore.

The Indian Air Force has been undergoing a modernization program to replace and upgrade outdated equipment since the late 1990s to meet modern standards. For that reason, it has started procuring and developing aircraft, weapons, associated technologies, and infrastructures. Some of these programs date back to the late 1980s. The primary focus of current modernization and upgrades is to replace aircraft purchased from the Soviet Union that currently form the backbone of the Air Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EL/W-2090</span> Airborne early warning and control radar system

The IAI EL/W-2090 is an airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) radar system developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Elta Electronics Industries of Israel. Its primary objective is to provide intelligence to maintain air superiority and conduct surveillance. The system is currently in-service with the Indian Air Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beriev A-100</span> Russian AEW&C aircraft under development

The Beriev A-100 is a Russian-built airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft based on the Il-76MD-90A transport aircraft. This aircraft is developed to replace the Beriev A-50 in Russian Aerospace Forces service. Avionics and configuration will be similar to the A-50U, but with a new Vega Premier Active Phased Array Radar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GSAT-7A</span> Military communications satellite

GSAT-7A is an advanced military communications satellite meant primarily for the Indian Air Force with Indian Army using 30% of capacity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uttam AESA Radar</span> Indias indigenous AI AESA Radar programme.

Uttam is a solid-state gallium arsenide (GaAs) based active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar under development by the Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), a laboratory of the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is a low probability of intercept radar intended to be installed on the HAL Tejas Mark 1A, HAL Tejas Mark 2, HAL TEDBF and HAL HLFT-42 aircraft with plans to implement a larger and more powerful variant on-board India's 5th Generation fighter aircraft, HAL AMCA.

References

  1. ↑ "DRDO hands over second 'Netra' early warning system to IAF". The New Indian Express. 11 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "Indian Air Force Wants Home-Grown AWACS To Double As Tanker". LIVE FIST DEFENCE. 28 February 2018.
  3. ↑ "Development of Airborne Early Warning and Control System" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, GoI. 11 December 2003. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  4. ↑ Sharma, Ravi (20 April 2008). "Brazilian jets to serve as eye in the sky for IAF". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  5. ↑ More Phalcons to be ordered
  6. 1 2 Embraer Develops Complementary Platforms For Indian Systems
  7. ↑ Indian Airborne Early Warning Aircraft On Track
  8. 1 2 "AEW&CS Project – IDP Sentinel". Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  9. ↑ "DRDO Offers India Netra AEW&C on Airbus C-295". Defence News India. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  10. ↑ Philip, Snehesh Alex (9 September 2021). "Modi govt okays 6 more 'eyes in the sky' for IAF, DRDO project to cost Rs 11,000 crore". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "As Pakistan, China fly ahead, India guns for 12 more 'eyes in sky'". The Times of India. 6 February 2024. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  12. ↑ Pubby, Manu (22 September 2023). "IAF plans for six more 'Netra' early warning aircraft". The Economic Times. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  13. ↑ Sipinski, Dominik (26 September 2023). "Indian Air Force scouts for used E145s for AEW conversion". ch-aviation. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  14. ↑ Singh, Rahul (9 September 2021). "DRDO to develop new early warning jets for IAF under ₹11,000 crore project". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  15. ↑ Herk, Hans van (5 October 2023). "Additional AEW&C capacity for Indian Air Force". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  16. ↑ http://publications.drdo.gov.in/gsdl/collect/defences/index/assoc/HASHef00/d0ae05fa.dir/doc.pdf%5B%5D
  17. ↑ DRDO article on the AEW & C
  18. ↑ "ACIG Article on the AEWACS". Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  19. ↑ India defence (12 September 2010). "AWACS Developed by DRDO to Roll Out in January 2011; Flight Tests in 2011". india defence. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  20. ↑ Embraer aircraft with Indian warning system to fly by 2011
  21. ↑ India developing unmanned combat air vehicle – India – DNA
  22. ↑ India to roll out indigenous AEW aircraft by 2012 – Brahmand.com
  23. ↑ Embraer unveils the new EM 145 AEW&C platform developed for the Indian government
  24. ↑ Livefist: FIRST PHOTO: India's AEW Platform Makes First Flight
  25. ↑ "AEW&CS Project – IDP Sentinel". Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  26. ↑ "India receives first EMB 145 AEW&C aircraft from Embraer". Airforce Technology. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  27. ↑ "First AEW&C aircraft delivered to India – DB – Digital Battlespace – Shephard Media". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  28. ↑ :: Bharat-Rakshak.com – Indian Military News Headlines :: Archived 20 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ Livefist: FIRST LOOK: Maiden flight of the India's 2nd Indigenous AEW&C
  30. ↑ "DRDO hands over second 'Netra' early warning system to IAF". The New Indian Express. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  31. ↑ Aroor, Shiv (28 February 2018). "Indian Air Force Wants Home-Grown AWACS To Double As Tanker". Livefist. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  32. ↑ "Balakot attack: Mirage 2000 wasn't only star, unarmed IAF jets also played role". The Week . 26 February 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  33. ↑ Raditya, Rendy (13 February 2017). "Indonesia Gets in Line For India's New AEW&C Jet". Militer.or.id. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  34. 1 2 3 "DRDO Seeks Cutting-Edge Tech for Netra Mk-1A Airborne Early Warning System". India Defence. 20 January 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  35. ↑ "AWACS AEW&C Netra RADAR DRDO AIRBUS". Full Afterburner. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  36. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. p. 251. ISBN   9781032508955.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.