Dactylorhiza majalis

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Dactylorhiza majalis
Dactylorhiza majalis LC0269.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Genus: Dactylorhiza
Species:
D. majalis
Binomial name
Dactylorhiza majalis
Subspecies [1]

15; see text

Synonyms [1]
  • Dactylorchis majalis(Rchb.) Verm. (1947)
  • Dactylorhiza comosa subsp. majalis(Rchb.) P.D.Sell (1996)
  • Orchis latifolia subsp. majalis(Rchb.) Klinge (1898)
  • Orchis latifolia var. majalis(Rchb.) Kitt. (1837)
  • Orchis latifolia var. majalis(Rchb.) Nyman (1882)
  • Orchis majalisRchb. (1828), nom. cons.

Dactylorhiza majalis, or the broad-leaved marsh orchid, [2] is a terrestrial Eurasian orchid. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Contents

Subspecies include the western marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis) and southern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa). [2] [1]

The broad-leaved marsh orchid grows mainly in nitrogen-poor marsh areas that consist of several plant communities. More rarely, it is found in fens. Its flowering period begins at lower elevations as early as the beginning of May and ends in higher elevations at the end of July. The lowest blossoms usually open even before the stem has reached its full height.

Description

Detail of inflorescence Dactylorhiza majalis flowers140503.jpg
Detail of inflorescence
In a damp forest meadow in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany Dactylorhiza majalis habitat200504.jpg
In a damp forest meadow in Baden-Württemberg, Germany

On average, Dactylorhiza majalis is 15 to 40 cm (6 to 15+12 in) tall, though specimens can grow up to 60 cm (2.0 ft). [8] Four to ten spotted leaves (either purple or burgundy in color) are distributed around the stem, [8] [9] which is hollow.[ citation needed ] The leaves are ovate to lanceolate and 6 to 18 cm (2+12 to 7 in) long by 1.5 to 3.5 cm (12 to 1+12 in) wide, and get smaller and more lanceolate as they approach the inflorescence. [9] The bracts are about as long as the blossom and cover it before it blooms. The densely flowered inflorescence, which is approximately 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) long, [9] is initially conical, but distinctly cylindrical when in full blossom. The seven to fifty blossoms are colored purplish red, rarely light pink or white. The lateral tepals of the external circle of the perianth stand obliquely or vertically upright. They are 7 to 12 mm (14 to 12 in) long and 2.5 to 5 mm (18 to 316 in) wide. The middle tepal is smaller and forms a "helmet" together with the two lateral tepals of the internal circle. These are 6 to 11 mm (14 to 716 in) long.[ citation needed ]The trilobate lip is 5 to 10 mm (316 to 38 in) long and 7 to 14 mm (14 to 916 in) wide. The shape and pattern of the lips are variable. In the lighter central area of the lip the markings are made up of lines, streaks, or dots. The spur is bent slightly downwards and is not quite as long as the ovary.[ citation needed ] The tuber has a palmate division and an irregular shape.[ citation needed ]

The broad-leaved marsh orchid has a karyotype of four sets of twenty chromosomes (2n = 4x = 80) and a genome size of 14.24 Gbp (2C). [10] The seed of this orchid contains no endosperm for the embryo. Therefore, germination can take place only by means of infection with a root fungus (mycorrhiza).

Taxonomy

In 1828 Ludwig Reichenbach described the broad-leaved marsh orchid as Orchis majalis. The name became the basionym after Peter Francis Hunt and Victor Samuel Summerhayes transferred the species to the genus Dactylorhiza in 1965. Sometimes the name Dactylorhiza fistulosa is used, but since this description is not valid, the name cannot be used despite its earlier publication in 1794 as Orchis fistulosa.[ citation needed ]

Many synonyms have been published: [11]

Subspecies and varieties

Dactylorhiza x aschersoniana Dactylorhiza x aschersoniana 190505.jpg
Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana
Dactylorhiza x braunii Dactylorhiza x braunii 030606.jpg
Dactylorhiza × braunii

Many names have been proposed at the subspecies, variety and form levels. [11] As of August 2024 15 subspecies are accepted. [1]

Hybrids

Hybrids between subspecies include:

The broad-leaved marsh orchid hybridizes quite commonly with other species of its genus. Some inter-species hybrids include:

More rarely, hybrids with other genera (intergeneric hybrids) occur.

Formerly placed here

Range

Dactylorhiza majalis is widespread across much of Europe and north-central Asia, from Spain and Ireland to Siberia and Kazakhstan. [11]

In Germany the broad-leaved marsh orchid is widespread but with several gaps. In many places, especially from western to northern Germany, it is extinct.

In Switzerland it is also quite widespread. A significant gap is found south of the Aar between Aarau and Lake Neuchâtel.

Conservation

Although the broad-leaved marsh orchid is commonly found in some regions, it is nevertheless protected as an orchid.

As with many marsh plants, the numbers of this species have been dwindling for quite some time. The main causes are the entry of nitrogen via fertilizer, drying out of the habitat, and intensive conversion to pasture. The broad-leaved marsh orchid does not react so sensitively to changes in its habitat as for example the early marsh orchid, Dactylorhiza incarnata . It is usually the last of the native orchids to disappear. This tolerance makes it a still relatively common species.

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References

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  2. 1 2 "BioLib: Biological library".
  3. Ó. Sánchez Pedraja (2005). "Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski". In C. Aedo; A. Herrero (eds.). Smilacaceae–Orchidaceae. Flora Iberica. Vol. 21. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid. pp. 94–111. ISBN   8400083059.
  4. N. Griebl (2008). "Vorkommen und verbreitung der gattung Dactylorhiza in Österreich". Berichte aus den arbeitskreisen heimische orchideen. 25 (2): 80–118.
  5. Henrik Æ. Pedersen; Mikael Hedrén (2010). "On the distinction of Dactylorhiza baltica and D. pardalina (Orchidaceae) and the systematic affinities of geographically intermediate populations". Nordic Journal of Botany . 28 (1): 1–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00450.x .
  6. Mikael Hedrén; Sofie Nordström; Richard M. Bateman (2011). "Plastid and nuclear DNA marker data support the recognition of four tetraploid marsh orchids (Dactylorhiza majalis s.l., Orchidaceae) in Britain and Ireland, but require their recircumscription". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 104 (1): 107–128. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01708.x .
  7. Henrik Ærenlund Pedersen (2004). "Dactylorhiza majalis s.l. (Orchidaceae) in acid habitats: variation patterns, taxonomy and evolution". Nordic Journal of Botany . 22 (6): 641–658. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2002.tb01921.x .
  8. 1 2 "Dactylorhiza majalis (Western Marsh Orchid)".
  9. 1 2 3 "Dactylorhiza majalis".
  10. Eriksson, Mimmi C; Mandáková, Terezie; McCann, Jamie; Temsch, Eva M; Chase, Mark W; Hedrén, Mikael; Weiss-Schneeweiss, Hanna; Paun, Ovidiu (3 August 2022). "Repeat dynamics across timescales: a perspective from sibling allotetraploid marsh orchids ( Dactylorhiza majalis s.l.)". Molecular Biology and Evolution . 39 (8): msac167. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msac167 . PMC   9366187 . PMID   35904928.
  11. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  12. "Dactylorhiza × dufftiana (M.Schulze) Soó". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  13. "Dactylorhiza francis-drucei (Wilmott) Aver". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 31 August 2024.