Dactylorhiza majalis | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Orchidaceae |
Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
Genus: | Dactylorhiza |
Species: | D. majalis |
Binomial name | |
Dactylorhiza majalis | |
Subspecies [1] | |
15; see text | |
Synonyms [1] | |
|
Dactylorhiza majalis, or the broad-leaved marsh orchid, [2] is a terrestrial Eurasian orchid. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Subspecies include the western marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis) and southern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa). [2] [1]
The broad-leaved marsh orchid grows mainly in nitrogen-poor marsh areas that consist of several plant communities. More rarely, it is found in fens. Its flowering period begins at lower elevations as early as the beginning of May and ends in higher elevations at the end of July. The lowest blossoms usually open even before the stem has reached its full height.
On average, Dactylorhiza majalis is 15 to 40 cm (6 to 15+1⁄2 in) tall, though specimens can grow up to 60 cm (2.0 ft). [8] Four to ten spotted leaves (either purple or burgundy in color) are distributed around the stem, [8] [9] which is hollow.[ citation needed ] The leaves are ovate to lanceolate and 6 to 18 cm (2+1⁄2 to 7 in) long by 1.5 to 3.5 cm (1⁄2 to 1+1⁄2 in) wide, and get smaller and more lanceolate as they approach the inflorescence. [9] The bracts are about as long as the blossom and cover it before it blooms. The densely flowered inflorescence, which is approximately 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) long, [9] is initially conical, but distinctly cylindrical when in full blossom. The seven to fifty blossoms are colored purplish red, rarely light pink or white. The lateral tepals of the external circle of the perianth stand obliquely or vertically upright. They are 7 to 12 mm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) long and 2.5 to 5 mm (1⁄8 to 3⁄16 in) wide. The middle tepal is smaller and forms a "helmet" together with the two lateral tepals of the internal circle. These are 6 to 11 mm (1⁄4 to 7⁄16 in) long.[ citation needed ]The trilobate lip is 5 to 10 mm (3⁄16 to 3⁄8 in) long and 7 to 14 mm (1⁄4 to 9⁄16 in) wide. The shape and pattern of the lips are variable. In the lighter central area of the lip the markings are made up of lines, streaks, or dots. The spur is bent slightly downwards and is not quite as long as the ovary.[ citation needed ] The tuber has a palmate division and an irregular shape.[ citation needed ]
The broad-leaved marsh orchid has a karyotype of four sets of twenty chromosomes (2n = 4x = 80) and a genome size of 14.24 Gbp (2C). [10] The seed of this orchid contains no endosperm for the embryo. Therefore, germination can take place only by means of infection with a root fungus (mycorrhiza).
In 1828 Ludwig Reichenbach described the broad-leaved marsh orchid as Orchis majalis. The name became the basionym after Peter Francis Hunt and Victor Samuel Summerhayes transferred the species to the genus Dactylorhiza in 1965. Sometimes the name Dactylorhiza fistulosa is used, but since this description is not valid, the name cannot be used despite its earlier publication in 1794 as Orchis fistulosa.[ citation needed ]
Many synonyms have been published: [11]
Many names have been proposed at the subspecies, variety and form levels. [11] As of August 2024 15 subspecies are accepted. [1]
Hybrids between subspecies include:
The broad-leaved marsh orchid hybridizes quite commonly with other species of its genus. Some inter-species hybrids include:
More rarely, hybrids with other genera (intergeneric hybrids) occur.
Dactylorhiza majalis is widespread across much of Europe and north-central Asia, from Spain and Ireland to Siberia and Kazakhstan. [11]
In Germany the broad-leaved marsh orchid is widespread but with several gaps. In many places, especially from western to northern Germany, it is extinct.
In Switzerland it is also quite widespread. A significant gap is found south of the Aar between Aarau and Lake Neuchâtel.
Although the broad-leaved marsh orchid is commonly found in some regions, it is nevertheless protected as an orchid.
As with many marsh plants, the numbers of this species have been dwindling for quite some time. The main causes are the entry of nitrogen via fertilizer, drying out of the habitat, and intensive conversion to pasture. The broad-leaved marsh orchid does not react so sensitively to changes in its habitat as for example the early marsh orchid, Dactylorhiza incarnata . It is usually the last of the native orchids to disappear. This tolerance makes it a still relatively common species.
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii, the common spotted orchid, is a subspecies of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae.
The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. They are widespread across much of Europe, North Africa, Caucasus, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East as far east as Turkmenistan.
Anacamptis is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae); it is often abbreviated as Ant in horticulture. This genus was established by Louis Claude Richard in 1817; the type species is the pyramidal orchid and it nowadays contains about one-third of the species placed in the "wastebin genus" Orchis before this was split up at the end of the 20th century, among them many that are of hybrid origin. The genus' scientific name is derived from the Greek word anakamptein, meaning "to bend backwards".
Dactylorhiza is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids. Dactylorhiza were previously classified under Orchis, which has two round tubers.
Epipactis, or helleborine, is a genus of terrestrial orchids consisting of approximately 70 species. This genus is abbreviated as Epcts in horticultural trade.
Orchis is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), occurring mainly in Europe and Northwest Africa, and ranging as far as Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang. The name is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις orchis, meaning "testicle", from the appearance of the paired subterranean tuberoids.
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa, the southern marsh orchid or leopard marsh orchid, is a commonly occurring species of European orchid.
Dactylorhiza incarnata, the early marsh-orchid, is a perennial, temperate-climate species of orchid generally found growing in wet meadows, and generally on base-rich soils, up to about 2100m asl. The species occurs widely in Europe and Asia from Portugal and Ireland east to Siberia and Xinjiang.
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. lapponica, the Lapland marsh-orchid, is an orchid native to parts of Europe and Siberia, including the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathians and across middle Europe, Scandinavia, and European Russia
Dactylorhiza maculata, known as the heath spotted-orchid or moorland spotted orchid, is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Orchidaceae. It is widespread in mountainous regions across much of Europe from Portugal and Iceland east to Russia. It is also found in Algeria, Morocco, and western Siberia.
Dactylorhiza purpurella, the northern marsh orchid, is an orchid native to Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway.
Dactylorhiza foliosa, the Madeira orchid or leafy orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, endemic to the Portuguese Island of Madeira in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is a tuberous herbaceous perennial growing to 60 cm (24 in) and producing spikes of intense, magenta-pink flowers in late spring.
Dactylorhiza romana, the Roman dactylorhiza, is a species of orchid. It is native to the Mediterranean Region of southern Europe and northern Africa, the range extending eastward to Iran and Turkmenistan.
Dactylorhiza francis-drucei is a species of terrestrial orchid native to Great Britain and Ireland.
Orchis gracilis may refer to three different species of plants:
Dactylorhiza francis-drucei subsp. traunsteinerioides, known as the narrow-leaved marsh-orchid and Pugsley's marsh orchid, is a subspecies of Dactylorhiza francis-drucei found only in Great Britain and Ireland. It is also treated as the species Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides.
Orchis pallens, the pale orchid or pale-flowered orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Orchis of the family Orchidaceae. It is found in most of Europe ranging from Spain across to the Caucasus. It blooms in spring with pale yellow flowers.
Talsi rolling hills is a nature park in the middle of Talsi Municipality. It is located in the north-western part of Vanemas pauguraine and includes the highest part, administratively belongs to Laidzes, Laucienes and Lībagu parishes. The protected area was established in 1987 to protect one of the North Kurzeme Uplands and highest part of the Elder Hill. It is most diverse areas in terms of natural conditions in the Latvia north-east, with a distinctly hilly terrain and several small but deep lakes. Scenic area. Natura 2000 territory. Many Latvia rare and protected plant and animal species. In total 24 species of flora (1) and fauna (23) are protected under EU Nature directives.