Edestus

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Edestus
Temporal range: Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian to Moscovian), 313–307  Ma
Edestus (8074314212).jpg
Jaw whorl of Edestus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Eugeneodontiformes
Family: Edestidae
Genus: Edestus
Leidy, 1856
Species
  • E. voraxLeidy, 1856
  • E. minor Newberry in Newberry and Worthen, 1866
  • E. heinrichiNewberry and Worthen, 1870
  • E. triserratus Newton, 1904
Synonyms [1]

Edestus is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid holocephalian fish known from the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) of the United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States. Most remains consist of isolated curved blades or "whorls" that are studded with teeth, that in life were situated within the midline of the upper and lower jaws. Edestus is a Greek name derived from the word edeste (to devour), in reference to the aberrant quality and size of the species' teeth. [2]

Contents

The largest species, E. heinrichi, has been conservatively estimated to reach greater than 6.7 m (22 ft) in length, around the size of the largest known great white shark, possibly making it the largest marine predator to have ever existed up to that point. [3] Like its other relatives, such as Helicoprion , and unlike modern sharks, the species of Edestus grew teeth in curved blades or "whorls". In Edestus' case, only a single row of teeth occurred in the midline of each jaw, leading Edestus to sometimes be described as the "scissor tooth shark". The degree of curvature in the teeth brackets, along with size, are distinct in each species.

History of discovery

Edestus was first described by Joseph Leidy in 1856. The type species is Edestus vorax, the holotype specimen (ANSP 9899) is very fragmentary and of uncertain stratigraphic and geographic provenance, reported to be from Muskogee County, Oklahoma, though this has been questioned. [4] In 1855 Edward Hitchcock presented a specimen of Edestus to the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting at Providence, Rhode Island the specimen (a tooth whorl) had been originally found in Parke County, Indiana. The specimen was loaned to famed British anatomist Richard Owen in 1861, who referred the specimen to Edestus and suggested that it was a fin spine. [5] Edestus minor was described in 1866 by John Strong Newberry based on AMNH FF477, a single crown that lacks most of the root from Posey County, Indiana. [5] Edestus heinrichi was described in 1870 by Newberry and Amos Henry Worthen from a now-lost specimen found in Illinois. [1] Edestus triserratus was described in 1904 by Edwin Tulley Newton, from GSM 31410, which was found in the Coal Measures in Staffordshire, England which is a partial tooth lacking the apex of the crown. [6] Oliver Perry Hay in 1912 was the first to describe an associated pair of upper and lower tooth whorls (USNM V7255), found in a coal mine near Lehigh, Iowa, which he assigned to the new species Edestus mirus, now thought to be a synonym of Edestus minor. [1] Specimens of Edestus are also known from the Moscow Basin on the Russian Platform. Edestus karpinskii was described by A.B. Missuna in 1908 from remains found near Kolomna around 100 km southeast of Moscow. [7] Edestus minusculus was described by Hay in 1912 from a specimen originally described by Alexander Karpinsky as Edestus cf. minor from a specimen found at the Myachkova quarry, near Moscow. [4]

Description

Tooth whorls of Edestus as well as isolated teeth and roots Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1887) (18226460190).jpg
Tooth whorls of Edestus as well as isolated teeth and roots

The whorls of Edestus are composed of numerous serrated teeth that have long v-shaped roots that are stacked on top of each other akin to roof tiling. Up to a dozen teeth are present in each whorl at any one time. Teeth grew in the back end (posterior) of the whorl, and gradually migrated forward through the whorl, before being ejected at the front end (anterior). Up to 40 teeth could have grown in each whorl during the lifetime of the animal. The upper and lower whorls are distinct in their morphology, with the lower whorl having a greater degree of curvature. [1]

Restoration of the skull of E. heinrichi Edestus skull drawing.svg
Restoration of the skull of E. heinrichi

As with most cartilaginous fish, preserved skeletal material is rare, due to the cartilage of the skeleton having a poor potential for fossilisation. Several specimens with the preserved cranial remains of Edestus have been reported, the most important being FMNH PF2204, a crushed juvenile specimen, likely representative of E. heinrichi, which preserves both upper and lower blades in association with a well preserved chondrocranium and jaws. [8] The Meckel's cartilage of the lower jaw is approximately 1.5 times the length of the lower whorl, the end of the lower whorl extends forward beyond the edge of the Meckel's cartilage. The Meckel's cartilage was articulated with a slender quadrate via a socket in the Meckel's cartilage which articulated with a process of the quadrate. The quadrate at its other end articulated with the otic process of the chondrocranium, the structure that houses the brain and sensory organs. The upper tooth blade was rigidly held between two plates of palatine cartilage, which at their front ends are crescent shaped, matching the curvature of the tooth whorl, with the upper whorl extending forward beyond the cartilage. The chondrocranium was capped by a shield-shaped dorsal plate. [8]

No postcranial remains are known of Edestus. However, postcranial remains are known for other eugeneodont genera. Eugeneodonts with preserved postcrania include the Pennsylvanian to Triassic-age caseodontoids Caseodus, Fadenia, and Romerodus. [9] [10] [11] These taxa have a fusiform (streamlined, torpedo-shaped) body plan, with triangular pectoral fins. There is a single large and triangular dorsal fin without a fin spine, and a tall, forked caudal fin which externally appears to be homocercal (with two equally-sized lobes). This general body plan is shared by active, open-water predatory fish such as tuna, swordfish, and lamnid sharks. Eugeneodonts also lack pelvic and anal fins, and judging by Romerodus, they would have had broad keels along the side of the body up to the caudal fin. Fadenia had five well-exposed gill slits, possibly with a vestigial sixth gill. There is no evidence of the specialized gill basket and fleshy operculum present in living chimaeroids. [9] [10]

The cranium of FMNH PF2204 is around 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in length, and the associated upper and lower whorls have lengths of 10.4 and 8 centimetres (4.1 and 3.1 in), respectively. The largest known individuals of E. heinrichi are an upper whorl 32 centimetres (13 in) in length and a lower whorl 43 centimetres (17 in) in length. The estimated minimum length of the skulls of these individuals based on allometry are around 77 and 134 centimetres (30 and 53 in), respectively. Based on a 5:1 body length to head ratio, this suggests that individuals of E. heinrichi could reach lengths of about or more than 6.7 m (22 ft). [1] This estimate has been corroborated by Engelman (2023) based on allometric scaling, who also suggested that Edestus was likely the largest marine predator to have ever existed up until that point, given that earlier large predators like Dunkleosteus were probably smaller than previously thought. [3]

Paleobiology

Hypothetical reconstruction of the full body of Edestus, based on other eugeneodonts Edestus recon.png
Hypothetical reconstruction of the full body of Edestus, based on other eugeneodonts

Due to the unusual nature of the tooth whorls and the historic lack of cranial material, many hypotheses for how the whorls functioned have been proposed. Early hypotheses suggested that they were indeed teeth or were defensive spines located on the fins. Wayne M. Itano proposed that the whorls were arranged vertically to slash prey. [12] In the description of the cranial material of Edestus, Tapanila and colleagues (2018) found that the tooth whorls functioned as effective grasping and slicing tools for soft bodied prey. The jaws of Edestus were operated by a two gear system, involving double jointing of the quadrate bone allowing for forward and backward movement of the lower jaw, similar to the streptostyly seen in living squamates, with an estimated force output of 1907 newtons. [8] The authors proposed that during prey approach, adductor muscles pulled the Meckel's cartilage of the lower jaw upwards and forwards to close the jaw, causing each tooth to slice roughly three times its length, and further push the prey into the teeth of the upper whorl. During the subsequent opening of the jaw mouth the Meckel's cartilage moved backwards and downwards by the adductor muscles, causing further slicing. [8] Dental microwear of E. minor suggests that the more labial teeth of its tooth whorl may have been used to slash and disable prey with vertical motions of the anterior portion of the chondrichthyan's body rather than the tooth whorls working in opposition like scissors to slice up prey. [13]

Species and distribution

Chronology, paleogeography and teeth morphology of Edestus species Edestus range.png
Chronology, paleogeography and teeth morphology of Edestus species
Comparison of the four species of Edestus Illustration of revised Edestus species whorls and teeth. pone.0220958.g009.png
Comparison of the four species of Edestus

13 species of Edestus have been named, but in a 2019 morphometric analysis only 4 were considered valid, which span a six million year interval in the Late Carboniferous (313-307 million years ago). Species of Edestus are divided into two groups, those which have asymmetrical crowns that slant forwards, and those with symmetrical ones. The earliest known species are from the late Bashkirian of the United Kingdom, with the first appearances in Russia and the United States during the Moscovian, corresponding to a rise in sea level. [1] These localities were situated in paleoequatorial tropical latitudes. Most remains of Edestus are found in marine shales that overlie coal swamp deposits as a result of marine transgression events. [1]

Asymmetric crowns

Type specimen of "Edestus mirus" (E. minor) with preserved jaw cartilage Edestus mirus Hay.jpg
Type specimen of "Edestus mirus" (E. minor) with preserved jaw cartilage

Symmetric crowns

Tooth whorl of Edestus newtoni, which is much more curved than other members of Edestus The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London (1916) (14781798871).jpg
Tooth whorl of Edestus newtoni, which is much more curved than other members of Edestus

Edestusnewtoni, described by Arthur Smith Woodward in 1916 from the "Millstone Grit" of Yorkshire, United Kingdom, has a much greater curvature of the whorl than other species of Edestus, and has sometimes been placed in its own genus Lestrodus . A placement in a separate genus is supported by its lack of a convex bulge opposite the tooth crowns, which is present on all other species of Edestus. [1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tapanila, Leif; Pruitt, Jesse (2019-09-04). "Redefining species concepts for the Pennsylvanian scissor tooth shark, Edestus". PLOS ONE. 14 (9): e0220958. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1420958T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220958 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6726245 . PMID   31483800.
  2. ISBN   9781258302863 A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms, Edward Jaeger (1944)
  3. 1 2 Engelman, Russell K. (2023). "A Devonian Fish Tale: A New Method of Body Length Estimation Suggests Much Smaller Sizes for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)". Diversity. 15 (3): 318. doi: 10.3390/d15030318 . ISSN   1424-2818.
  4. 1 2 Itano, Wayne M.; Houck, Karen J.; Lockley, Martin G. (August 2012). "Systematics and occurrences of Edestus (Chondrichthyes) worldwide and new occurrences from Colorado and Texas". Historical Biology. 24 (4): 397–410. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.658569. ISSN   0891-2963. S2CID   129783781.
  5. 1 2 Itano, Wayne M. A tale of two holotypes: Rediscovery of the type specimen of Edestus minor. The Geological Curator, 10 (1): 17 – 26
  6. Newton, E. T. (1904-02-01). "On the Occurrence of Edestus in the Coal-Measures of Britain" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 60 (1–4): 1–9. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1904.060.01-04.03. ISSN   0370-291X. S2CID   128674089.
  7. Missuna A. Ueber eine neue Edestus-Art aus den Karbon-Ablagerungen der Umgebungen von Kolomna. [About a new Edestus species from the Carboniferous deposits of the surroundings of Kolomna] Bull Soc Impér Natural Moscou. 1908; 21:529–535
  8. 1 2 3 4 Tapanila, Leif; Pruitt, Jesse; Wilga, Cheryl D.; Pradel, Alan (2020). "Saws, Scissors, and Sharks: Late Paleozoic Experimentation with Symphyseal Dentition". The Anatomical Record. 303 (2): 363–376. doi: 10.1002/ar.24046 . ISSN   1932-8494. PMID   30536888.
  9. 1 2 Zangerl, R. (1981). Chondrichthyes I – Paleozoic Elasmobranchii. Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp. i–iii, 1–115.
  10. 1 2 Mutter, Raoul J.; Neuman, Andrew G. (2008-01-01). "New eugeneodontid sharks from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Western Canada". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 9–41. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295....9M. doi:10.1144/SP295.3. ISSN   0305-8719. S2CID   130268582.
  11. Lebedev, O.A. (2009). "A new specimen of Helicoprion Karpinsky, 1899 from Kazakhstanian Cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function". Acta Zoologica. 90: 171–182. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00353.x. ISSN   0001-7272.
  12. Itano, Wayne M. (2015). "An Abraded Tooth of Edestus (Chondrichthyes, Eugeneodontiformes): Evidence for a Unique Mode of Predation". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 118 (1 & 2): 1–9. doi:10.1660/062.118.0101. S2CID   85643999 via www.academia.edu.
  13. Itano, Wayne M. (July 2019). "Oriented microwear on a tooth of Edestus minor (Chondrichthyes, Eugeneodontiformes): Implications for dental function". Palaeontologia Electronica . 22 (2). doi:10.26879/831 . Retrieved 25 August 2025 via Palaeontologica Electronica.