Translators and scholars have translated the main works attributed to Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey , from the Homeric Greek into English since the 16th and 17th centuries. Translations are ordered chronologically by date of first publication, with first lines provided to illustrate the style of the translation.
Not all translators translated both the Iliad and Odyssey; in addition to the complete translations listed here, numerous partial translations, ranging from several lines to complete books, have appeared in a variety of publications.
The "original" text cited below is that of "the Oxford Homer." [1]
Poet | Provenance | Proemic verse | |
---|---|---|---|
Homer | c. 8th century BC Greek rhapsode |
|
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hall, Arthur of Grantham | 1539–1605, M. P., courtier, translator | 1581 | London, for Ralph Newberie |
| [3] |
Rawlyns, Roger | 1587 | London, Orwin | [4] | ||
Colse, Peter | 1596 | London, H. Jackson | [5] | ||
Chapman, George | 1559–1634, dramatist, poet, classicist | 1611–15 | London, Rich. Field for Nathaniell Butter [6] |
| [7] |
Grantham, Thomas | c. 1610–1664 | 1659 | London, T. Lock |
| [8] |
Ogilby, John | 1600–1676, cartographer, publisher, translator | 1660 | London, Roycroft |
| [9] |
Hobbes, Thomas | 1588–1679, acclaimed philosopher, etc. | 1676 | London, W. Crook |
| [10] |
Dryden, John | 1631–1700, dramatist, Poet Laureate | 1700 | London, J. Tonson |
| [11] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ozell, John | d. 1743, translator, accountant | 1712 | London, Bernard Lintott | ||
Broome, William | 1689–1745, poet, translator | ||||
Oldisworth, William | 1680–1734 [12] | ||||
Pope, Alexander | 1688–1744, poet | 1715 | London, Bernard Lintot |
| [13] |
Tickell, Thomas | 1685–1740, poet | 1715 | London, Tickell |
| [14] |
Fenton, Elijah | 1683–1730, poet, biographer, translator | 1717 | London, printed for Bernard Lintot | ||
Cooke, T. | 1729 | ||||
Fitz-Cotton, H. | 1749 | Dublin, George Faulkner | |||
Ashwick, Samuel | 1750 | London, printed for Brindley, Sheepey and Keith |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scott, J. N. | 1755 | London, Osborne and Shipton | |||
Langley, Samuel, | 1720– 1791 Rector of Checkley [15] | 1767 | London, Dodsley | ||
Macpherson, James | 1736–1796, poet, compiler of Scots Gaelic poems, politician | 1773 | London, T. Becket |
| [16] |
Cowper, William | 1731–1800, poet and hymnodist | 1791 | London, J. Johnson |
| [17] |
Tremenheere, William, | 1757– 1838 Chaplain to the Royal Navy [18] | 1792 | London, Faulder? | ||
Geddes, Alexander | 1737–1802, Scots Roman Catholic theologian; scholar, poet | 1792 | London: printed for J. Debrett | ||
Bak, Joshua (T. Bridges?) | 1797 | London |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Williams, Peter? | |||||
Bulmer, William [ improper synthesis? ] | 1757–1830, printer | 1807 |
| [19] | |
Cowper, William (3rd edition) | 1731–1800, poet and hymnodist | 1809 |
| [20] | |
Morrice, Rev. James | 1809 |
| [21] | ||
Cary, Henry | 1772–1844, author, translator | 1821 | London, Munday and Slatter |
| [22] |
Sotheby, William | 1757–1833, poet, translator | 1831 | London, John Murray | ||
Anonymous A Graduate Of The University | 1847 | Dublin, Cumming and Ferguson | Sing, Goddess, the fatal resentment of Achilles, the son of Peleus, which caused innumerable woes to the Achaeans, and prematurely despatched many brave souls of heroes to Orcus, and made themselves (i.e. their bodies) a prey to dogs and all birds, (for the counsel of Jove was being accomplished,) from the time that Atrides, king of men, and the noble Achilles, first contending, were disunited. | ||
Munford, William | 1775–1825, American lawyer [23] | 1846 | Boston, Little Brown | ||
Brandreth, Thomas Shaw | 1788–1873, mathematician, inventor, classicist | 1846 | London, W. Pickering |
| [24] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buckley, Theodore Alois | 1825–1856, translator | 1851 | London, H. G. Bohn |
| [25] |
Hamilton, Sidney G. | 1855–58 | Philadelphia | |||
Clark, Thomas | |||||
Newman, Francis William | 1807–1893, classics professor [26] | 1856 | London, Walton & Maberly |
| [27] |
Wright, Ichabod Charles | 1795–1871, translator, poet, accountant | 1858–65 | Cambridge, Macmillan | ||
Arnold, Matthew | 1822–1888, critic, social commentator, poet | 1861 | |||
Giles, Rev. Dr. J. A. [John Allen] | 1808–1884, headmaster, scholar, prolific author, clergyman [28] | 1861–82 |
| [29] | |
Dart, J. Henry | 1817–1887, East India Company counsel [30] | 1862 | London, Longmans Green |
| [31] |
Barter, William G. T | 1808–1871, barrister [32] [33] | 1864 | London, Longman, Brown, and Green |
| [34] |
Norgate, T. S. [Thomas Starling, Jr.] | 1807–1893, clergyman [35] | 1864 | London, Williams and Norgate |
| [36] |
Derby, 14th Earl of Smith-Stanley, Edward 14th Earl of derby | 1799–1869, Prime Minister | 1864 |
| [37] | |
Simcox, Edwin W. | 1865 | London, Jackson, Walford and Hodder | |||
Worsley, Philip Stanhope | 1835–1866, poet | 1865 | Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood and Sons |
| [38] |
Conington, John | 1825–1869, classics professor | ||||
Blackie, John Stuart | 1809–1895, Scots professor of classics | 1866 | Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas |
| [39] |
Calverley, Charles Stuart | 1831–1884, poet, wit | 1866 |
| [40] | |
Herschel, Sir John | 1792–1871, scientist | 1866 | London & Cambridge, Macmillan |
| [41] |
Omega | 1866 | London: Hatchard and Co. |
| [42] | |
Cochrane, James Inglis | 1867 | Edinburgh |
| [43] | |
Merivale, Charles, Dean of Ely | 1808–1893, clergyman, historian | 1868 | London, Strahan |
| [44] |
Gilchrist, James | 1869 |
| [29] | ||
Bryant, William Cullen | 1794–1878, American poet, Evening Post editor | 1870 | Boston, Houghton, Fields Osgood |
| [24] |
Caldcleugh, W. G. | 1812–1872, American lawyer [45] [46] | 1870 | Philadelphia, Lippincott |
| [24] |
Rose, John Benson | 1874 | London, privately printed |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barnard, Mordaunt Roger | 1828–1906, clergyman, translator | 1876 | London, Williams and Margate | ||
Cayley, C. B. [Charles Bagot] | 1823–1883, translator | 1877 | London, Longmans |
| [22] |
Mongan, Roscoe | 1879 | London, James Cornish & Sons | |||
Hailstone, Herbert | Cambridge classicist, poet | 1882 | London, Relfe Brothers |
| [47] |
Lang, Andrew | 1844–1912, Scots poet, historian, critic, folk tales collector, etc. | 1882 [48] | London, Macmillan |
| [49] |
Leaf, Walter | 1852–1927, banker, scholar | ||||
Myers, Ernest | 1844–1921, poet, classicist | ||||
Green, W.C. | 1884 |
| [29] | ||
Way, Arthur Sanders (Avia) | 1847–1930, Australian classicist, headmaster | 1886–8 | London, S. Low |
| [50] |
Howland, G. [George] | 1824–1892, American educator, author, translator [51] | 1889 |
| [52] | |
Cordery, John Graham | 1833–1900, civil servant, British Raj [53] | 1890 | London |
| [54] |
Garnett, Richard | 1890 |
| [55] | ||
Purves, John | 1891 | London, Percival |
| [56] | |
Bateman, C. W. | c. 1895 | London, J. Cornish |
| [39] | |
Mongan, R. | c. 1895 | ||||
Butler, Samuel | 1835–1902, novelist, essayist, critic | 1898 | London, Longmans, Green [57] |
| [58] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tibbetts, E. A. | 1907 | Boston, R.G. Badges | |||
Blakeney, E. H. | 1869–1955, educator, classicist, poet | 1909–13 | London, G. Bell and Sons |
| [59] |
Lewis, Arthur Garner | 1911 | New York, Baker & Taylor | |||
Murray, Augustus Taber | 1866–1940, American professor of classics | 1924–5 | Cambridge & London, Harvard & Heinemann |
| [60] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murison, A. F. | 1847–1934, Professor of Roman Law, translator, classicist | 1933 | London, Longmans Green |
| [61] |
Marris, Sir William S. | 1873–1945, governor, British Raj | 1934 | Oxford | ||
Rouse, W. H. D. | 1863–1950, Pedagogist of classical studies | 1938 | London, T. Nelson & Sons |
| [62] |
Smith, R. [James Robinson] | 1888–1964, Classicist, translator, poet [63] | 1938 | London, Grafton | ||
Smith, William Benjamin | 1850–1934, American professor of mathematics | 1944 | New York, Macmillan | ||
Miller, Walter | 1864–1949, American professor of classics, archaeologist | ||||
Rieu, E. V. | 1887–1972, classicist, publisher, poet | 1950 | Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin |
| |
Chase, Alsten Hurd | 1906–1994, American chairman of preparatory school classics department [64] | 1950 | Boston, Little Brown |
| |
Perry, William G. | 1913–1998, Psychologist, professor of education, classicist [65] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lattimore, Richmond | 1906–1984, poet, translator | 1951 | Chicago, University Chicago Press [66] |
| [67] |
Andrew, S. O. [Samuel Ogden] | 1868–1952, headmaster, classicist [68] [69] | 1955 | London, J. M. Dent & Sons |
| [70] |
Oakley, Michael J. | |||||
Graves, Robert | 1895–1985, Professor of Poetry, translator, novelist | 1959 | New York, Doubleday and London, Cassell |
| [71] |
Rees, Ennis | 1925–2009, American Professor of English, poet, translator [72] | 1963 | New York, Random House |
| [71] |
Fitzgerald, Robert | 1910–1985, American Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, poet, critic, translator | 1974 | New York, Doubleday |
| [73] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hull, Denison Bingham | 1897–1988, American classicist [74] [75] | 1982 | |||
Hammond, Martin | born 1944, Headmaster, classicist | 1987 | Harmondsworth Middlesex, Penguin [76] |
| [77] |
Fagles, Robert | 1933–2008, American professor of English, poet | 1990 | New York, Viking/Penguin |
| [78] |
Reck, Michael | 1928–1993, Poet, classicist, orientalist [79] | 1990 | New York, Harper Collins |
| [80] |
Lombardo, Stanley | born 1943, American Professor of Classics | 1997 | Indianapolis, Hackett |
| [81] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Johnston, Ian [82] | Canadian academic | 2002 [83] |
| [84] | |
Rieu, E. V. (posthumously revised by Rieu, D. C. H. and Jones, Peter) | 1887–1972, classicist, publisher, poet | 2003 | Penguin Books |
| [85] |
Merrill, Rodney | American classicist [86] | 2007 | University of Michigan Press |
| [87] |
Jordan, Herbert | born 1938, American lawyer, translator [88] | 2008 | University of Oklahoma Press |
| [89] |
Kline, Anthony S. | born 1947, translator | 2009 |
| [90] | |
Mitchell, Stephen | born 1943, American poet, translator | 2011 | Simon & Schuster |
| [91] |
Verity, Anthony | born 1939, classical scholar | 2011 | Oxford University Press |
| [92] |
McCrorie, Edward | born 1936, American poet and classicist | 2012 | The Johns Hopkins University Press |
| [93] |
Oswald, Alice | born 1966 British poet, won T. S. Eliot Prize in 2002 [94] | 2012 | W. W. Norton & Company | ||
Whitaker, Richard | born 1951, South African classicist, professor of classics | 2012 | New Voices |
| [95] |
Powell, Barry B. | born 1942, American poet, classicist, translator | 2013 | Oxford University Press |
| [96] |
Alexander, Caroline | born 1956, American classicist | 2015 | Ecco Press |
| [97] |
Blakely, Ralph E. | 2015 | Forge Books |
| [98] | |
Green, Peter | born 1924, British classicist | 2015 | University of California Press |
| [99] |
Wilson, Emily | born 1971, classicist | 2023 | W. W. Norton & Company |
| [100] |
Poet | Provenance | Proemic verse | |
---|---|---|---|
Homer | c. 8th century BC Greek poet |
|
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chapman, George | 1559–1634, dramatist, poet, classicist | 1615 | London, Rich. Field for Nathaniell Butter |
| [102] |
Ogilby, John | 1600–1676, cartographer, publisher, translator | 1665 | London, Roycroft |
| [103] |
Hobbes, Thomas | 1588–1679, acclaimed philosopher, etc. | 1675 | London, W. Crook |
| [104] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alexander Pope (with William Broome and Elijah Fenton) | 1688–1744, poet | 1725 | London, Bernard Lintot [105] |
| [106] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cowper, William | 1731–1800, poet and hymnodist | 1791 |
| [107] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cary, H. F.? (“Graduate of Oxford”) | 1772–1844, author, translator | 1823 | London, Whittaker |
| [108] |
Sotheby, William | 1757–1833, poet, translator | 1834 | London, John Murray |
| [109] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buckley, Theodore Alois | 1825–1856, translator | 1851 | London, H. G. Bohn |
| [110] |
Barter, William G. T., Esq. | 1808–1871, barrister [32] [33] | 1862, in part | London, Bell and Daldy |
| [111] |
Alford, Henry | 1810–1871, theologian, textual critic, scholar, poet, hymnodist | 1861 | London, Longman, Green, Longman, and Robert |
| [112] |
Worsley, Philip Stanhope | 1835–1866, poet | 1861–2 | Edinburgh, W. Blackwood & Sons |
| [113] |
Giles, Rev. Dr. J. A. [John Allen] | 1808–1884, headmaster, scholar, prolific author, clergyman [28] | 1862–77 |
| ||
Norgate, T. S. [Thomas Starling, Jr.] | 1807–1893, clergyman [35] | 1862 | London, Williams and Margate |
| |
Musgrave, George | 1798–1883, clergyman, scholar, writer [114] | 1865 | London, Bell & Daldy |
| [115] |
Bigge-Wither, Rev. Lovelace | 1869 | London, James Parker and Co. |
| [116] | |
Edginton, G. W. [George William] | Physician [117] | 1869 | London, Longman, Green, Reader, and Dyer |
| [118] |
Bryant, William Cullen | 1794–1878, American poet, Evening Post editor | 1871 | Boston, Houghton, Fields Osgood |
| [119] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barnard, Mordaunt Roger | 1828–1906, clergyman, translator | 1876 | London, Williams and Margate |
| [120] |
Merry, William Walter | 1835–1918, Oxford classicist and clergyman | 1876 | Oxford, Clarendon |
| [121] |
Riddell, James | 1823–1866, Oxford classicist [122] | ||||
Mongan, Roscoe | 1879–80 | London, James Cornish & Sons |
| [123] | |
Butcher, Samuel Henry | 1850–1910, Anglo-Irish professor of classics | 1879 | London, Macmillan |
| [124] |
Lang, Andrew | 1844–1912, Scots poet, historian, critic, folk tales collector, etc. | ||||
Schomberg, G. A. | 1821–1907, British Raj army general [125] | 1879–82 | London, J. Murray |
| [126] |
Du Cane, Sir Charles | 1825–1889, governor, M. P. | 1880 | Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood and Sons |
| [127] |
Way, Arthur Sanders (Avia) | 1847–1930, Australian classicist, headmaster | 1880 | London, Macmillan |
| [128] |
Hayman, Henry | 1823–1904, translator, clergyman [130] | 1882 | London |
| [131] |
Hamilton, Sidney G. | 1883 | London, Macmillan |
| [132] | |
Palmer, George Herbert | 1842–1933, American professor, philosopher, author | 1884 | Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin |
| [133] |
Morris, William | 1834–1896, poet, author, artist | 1887 | London, Reeves & Turner |
| [134] |
Howland, G. [George] | 1824–1892, American educator, author, translator [51] | 1891 | New York |
| [135] |
Cordery, John Graham | 1833–1900, civil servant, British Raj [53] | 1897 | London, Methuen |
>
| [136] |
Butler, Samuel | 1835–1902, novelist, essayist, critic | 1900 | London, Longmans, Green [137] |
| [138] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monro, David Binning | 1836–1905, Scots anatomy professor, Homerist | 1901 | Oxford, Clarendon |
| [139] |
Mackail, John William | 1859–1945, Oxford Professor of Poetry | 1903–10 | London, John Murray |
| [140] |
Cotterill, Henry Bernard | 1846–1924, essayist, translator [141] [142] | 1911 | Boston, D. Estes/Harrap |
| [143] |
Murray, Augustus Taber | 1866–1940, American professor of classics | 1919 | Cambridge & London, Harvard & Heinemann |
| [144] |
Caulfeild, Francis | 1921 | London, G. Bell & Sons |
On page viii, Caulfeild gives the scansion in Homer's "original metre" of the third line of his translation as:
| [145] | |
Marris, Sir William S. | 1873–1945, governor, British Raj | 1925 | London, England, and Mysore, India, Oxford University Press |
| |
Hiller, Robert H. | 1864–1944, American professor of Greek [146] [147] | 1925 | Philadelphia and Chicago, etc., John C. Winston |
| [148] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bates, Herbert | 1868–1929, novelist, short-story writer | 1929 | New York, McGraw Hill |
| [149] |
Lawrence, T. E. (T. E. Shaw) | 1888–1935, archaeological scholar, military strategist, author | 1932 | London, Walker, Merton, Rogers; New York, Oxford University Press |
| [150] |
Rouse, William Henry Denham | 1863–1950, pedogogist of classic studies | 1937 | London, T. Nelson & Sons [151] |
| [152] |
Rieu, E. V. | 1887–1972, classicist, publisher, poet | 1945 | London & Baltimore, Penguin |
| [153] |
Andrew, S. O. [Samuel Ogden] | 1868–1952, headmaster [68] [69] [upper-alpha 1] | 1948 | London, J. M. Dent & Sons |
| [154] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lattimore, Richmond | 1906–1984, poet, translator | 1965 | New York, Harper & Row [155] |
| [156] |
Rees, Ennis | 1925–2009, American Professor of English, poet, translator [72] | 1960 | New York, Random House |
| [157] [158] |
Fitzgerald, Robert | 1910–1985, American Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, poet, critic, translator | 1961 | New York, Doubleday |
| [159] |
Epps, Preston H. | 1888–1982, American professor [160] [161] [upper-alpha 2] | 1965 | New York, Macmillan | ||
Cook, Albert | 1925–1998, professor [162] [upper-alpha 3] | 1967 | New York, W. W. Norton |
| [163] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hull, Denison Bingham | 1897–1988, American classicist [74] [75] | 1979 | Ohio University Press | ||
Shewring, Walter | 1906–1990, Professor of classics, poet [164] | 1980 | Oxford, Oxford University Press |
| [165] |
Hammond, Martin | born 1944, Headmaster, classicist | 2000 | London, Duckworth [166] |
| [167] |
Mandelbaum, Allen | born 1926, American professor of Italian literature and of humanities, poet, translator | 1990 | Berkeley, University California Press |
| [168] |
Rieu, Emile Victor | 1887–1972, classicist, publisher, poet | 1991 | London, Penguin |
| [169] |
posthumously revised by Rieu, D. C. H. | 1916–2008, Headmaster, classicist | ||||
posthumously revised by Jones, Peter V. | Born 1942 Classicist, writer, journalist | ||||
Fagles, Robert | 1933–2008, American professor of English, poet | 1996 | New York, Viking/Penguin |
| [170] |
Kemball-Cook, Brian | 1912–2002, Headmaster, classicist [171] | 1993 | London, Calliope Press |
| [172] |
Dawe, R. D. | Classicist, translator [173] | 1993 | Sussex, The Book Guild |
| [174] |
Reading, Peter | born 1946, Poet | 1994 | |||
Lombardo, Stanley | born 1943, American Professor of Classics | 2000 | Indianapolis, Hackett |
| [175] [176] |
Translator | Publication | Proemic verse | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eickhoff, R. L. | translator, poet, playwright, novelist, classicist [177] | 2001 | New York, T. Doherty |
| [177] |
Johnston, Ian [82] | Canadian academic | 2006 | Arlington, Richer Resources Publications |
| [178] |
Merrill, Rodney | American classicist [86] | 2002 | University of Michigan Press |
| [86] |
Kline, Anthony S. | born 1947, translator | 2004 | [179] | ||
McCrorie, Edward | American professor of English, classicist | 2004 | Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press |
| [181] |
Armitage, Simon | born 1963, Poet, playwright, novelist | 2006 | London, Faber and Faber Limited | —Verse-like radio dramatization [182] — | |
Stein, Charles | American poet, translator [183] | 2008 | Berkeley, North Atlantic Books |
| [183] |
Mitchell, Stephen | born 1943, American poet and anthologist | 2013 | Atria Paperback |
| [184] |
Powell, Barry B. | born 1942, American poet, classicist, translator | 2014 | Oxford University Press |
| [185] |
Verity, Anthony | born 1939 classical scholar | 2017 | Oxford University Press |
| [186] |
Whitaker, Richard | born 1951, South African classicist, professor of classics | 2017 | African Sun Press |
| [187] |
Wilson, Emily | born 1971, classicist | 2017 | W. W. Norton & Company |
| [188] |
Green, Peter | born 1924, British classicist | 2018 | University of California Press |
| [189] |
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
Homer was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the most revered and influential authors in history.
The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the Iliad, the poem is divided into 24 books. It follows the Greek hero Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his journey home after the Trojan War. After the war, which lasted ten years, his journey from Troy to Ithaca, via Africa and southern Europe, lasted for ten additional years during which time he encountered many perils and all of his crewmates were killed. In his absence, Odysseus was assumed dead, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus had to contend with a group of unruly suitors who were competing for Penelope's hand in marriage.
In Greek mythology, Menelaus was a Greek king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta. According to the Iliad, the Trojan war began as a result of Menelaus’s wife, Helen, fleeing to Troy with the Trojan prince Paris. Menelaus was a central figure in the Trojan War, leading the Spartan contingent of the Greek army, under his elder brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. Prominent in both the Iliad and Odyssey, Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy, the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a member of the doomed House of Atreus.
In Greek mythology, Patroclus was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and an important character in Homer's Iliad. Born in Opus, Patroclus was the son of the Argonaut Menoetius. When he was a child, he was exiled from his hometown and was adopted by Peleus, king of Phthia. There, he was raised alongside Peleus' son, Achilles, of whom he was a childhood friend and close wartime companion, and some say even his lover. When the tide of the war turned against the Achaeans, Patroclus, disguised as Achilles and defying his orders to retreat in time, led the Myrmidons in battle against the Trojans and was eventually killed by the Trojan prince, Hector. Enraged by Patroclus' death, Achilles ended his refusal to fight, resulting in significant Greek victories.
William Cowper was an English poet and Anglican hymnwriter.
John Tzetzes was a Byzantine poet and grammarian who lived at Constantinople in the 12th century. He is known for making significant contributions in preserving much valuable information from ancient Greek literature and scholarship. Of his numerous works, the most important one is the Book of Histories, also known as Chiliades ("Thousands"). The work is a long poem containing knowledge that is unavailable elsewhere and serves as commentary on Tzetzes' own letters. Two of his other important works are the Allegoriai on the Iliad and the Odyssey, which are long didactic poems containing interpretations of Homeric theology.
In Greek mythology, Calypso was a nymph who lived on the island of Ogygia, where, according to Homer's Odyssey, she detained Odysseus for seven years against his will. She promised Odysseus immortality if he would stay with her, but Odysseus preferred to return home. Eventually, after the intervention of the other gods, Calypso was forced to let Odysseus go.
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly considered to be Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Hephaestus, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus. They were called Olympians because, according to tradition, they resided on Mount Olympus.
In Greek mythology, Nestor of Gerenia was a legendary king of Pylos. He is a prominent secondary character in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, where he appears as an elderly warrior who frequently offers long-winded advice to the other characters.
The Catalogue of Ships is an epic catalogue in Book 2 of Homer's Iliad (2.494–759), which lists the contingents of the Achaean army that sailed to Troy. The catalogue gives the names of the leaders of each contingent, lists the settlements in the kingdom represented by the contingent, sometimes with a descriptive epithet that fills out a half-verse or articulates the flow of names and parentage and place, and gives the number of ships required to transport the men to Troy, offering further differentiations of weightiness. A similar, though shorter, Catalogue of the Trojans and their allies follows (2.816–877). A similar catalogue appears in the Pseudo-Apollodoran Bibliotheca.
Stanley F. "Stan" Lombardo is an American Classicist, and former professor of Classics at the University of Kansas.
In Greek mythology, Calliope is the Muse who presides over eloquence and epic poetry; so called from the ecstatic harmony of her voice. Hesiod and Ovid called her the "Chief of all Muses".
The Cypria is a lost epic poem of ancient Greek literature, which has been attributed to Stasinus and was quite well known in classical antiquity and fixed in a received text, but which subsequently was lost to view. It was part of the Epic Cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic hexameter verse. The story of the Cypria comes chronologically at the beginning of the Epic Cycle, and is followed by that of the Iliad; the composition of the two was apparently in the reverse order. The poem comprised eleven books of verse in epic dactylic hexameters.
The Homeric Question concerns the doubts and consequent debate over the identity of Homer, the authorship of the Iliad and Odyssey, and their historicity. The subject has its roots in classical antiquity and the scholarship of the Hellenistic period, but has flourished among Homeric scholars of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
In Greek mythology, Thoas, a king of Aetolia, was the son of Andraemon and Gorge, and one of the heroes who fought for the Greeks in the Trojan War. Thoas had a son Haemon, and an unnamed daughter.
In Greek mythology, Paean, Paeëon or Paieon (Παιήων), or Paeon or Paion (Παιών) was the physician of the gods.
The Iliad is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the Odyssey, the poem is divided into 24 books and was written in dactylic hexameter. It contains 15,693 lines in its most widely accepted version. Set towards the end of the Trojan War, a ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Mycenaean Greek states, the poem depicts significant events in the siege's final weeks. In particular, it depicts a fierce quarrel between King Agamemnon and a celebrated warrior, Achilles. It is a central part of the Epic Cycle. The Iliad is often regarded as the first substantial piece of European literature.
Emily Rose Caroline Wilson is a British American classicist, author, translator, and Professor of Classical Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2018, she became the first woman to publish an English translation of Homer's Odyssey. Her translation of the Iliad was released in September 2023.
In Greek mythology, the name Euchenor may refer to:
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