Eriophorum

Eriophorum
Eriophorum vaginatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Cyperaceae
Genus:	Eriophorum L. [1]
Type species
Eriophorum vaginatum L. [2]
Synonyms [3]
Heterotypic synonyms EriophoropsisPalla LeucomaEhrh. LinagrostisGuett. PlumariaBubani PlumariaHeist. ex Fabr.

Eriophorum (cottongrass, cotton-grass or cottonsedge) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cyperaceae, the sedge family. They are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Description

Eriophorium species are perennial herbaceous plants that persist by means of underground rhizomes. ^{[4] [5]} Stems (called culms) grow singly or in clumps (i.e., cespitose). Both basal leaves and stem leaves are present, although the latter are bladeless in some species. The terminal inflorescence is either a single erect spikelet or multiple spikelets on peduncles of various lengths. In the case of multiple spikelets, the inflorescence is subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts. Individual flowers have 10 or more smooth perianth bristles that greatly elongate and remain attached to the achene during fruiting. The bristles facilitate seed dispersal by wind. In cold Arctic regions, the bristles also serve as insulation by trapping solar radiation and thereby increasing the temperature of the reproductive organs. ^[6]

Identification keys often begin with a pair of alternatives that implicitly divide the genus into two mutually exclusive sections: ^{[4] [5] [7] [8]}

• Eriophorum section Vaginata: one spikelet, without involucral bracts
• Eriophorum section Phyllanthela: multiple spikelets (rarely one), subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts

Besides the number of spikelets and the presence of bracts, other characters may be used for identification, including: the length of the uppermost leaf blade relative to its sheath; the number of bracts (0, 1, or more than 1); the length and orientation of the bracts; the length of the peduncles; and the color of the bristles.

Taxonomy

In the first edition of Species Plantarum published in 1753, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Eriophorum by recognizing four species: Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum polystachion, Eriophorum virginicum, and Eriophorum alpinum. ^{[1] [9]} In the second edition published in 1762, Linnaeus added a fifth species, Eriophorum cyperinum. ^[10] The name EriophorumL. is the primary generic name in use today. ^{[3] [11]} Although the names of some of the species have changed, the number of recognized taxa in genus Eriophorum has remained more-or-less the same since 1994. ^{[12] [13]}

In the fifth edition of Genera Plantarum published in 1754 (intended to accompany the first edition of Species Plantarum), Linnaeus referenced the prior work of the Italian botanist Pier Antonio Micheli and the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. ^[14] In 1729, Micheli described genus Linagrostis, including an illustration of an unidentified plant. ^[15] (The plant was later identified to be Eriophorum vaginatum. ^[16] ) Tournefort coined the French name Linaigrette (Latin: Linagrostis) in 1694, ^[17] but his contribution became better known in Europe when his book was translated to Latin in 1719. ^[18]

The French naturalist and mineralogist Jean-Étienne Guettard resurrected the pre-Linnaean name Linagrostis in 1750, and again in 1754, but LinagrostisGuett. is regarded as a synonym for EriophorumL. ^{[19] [20]} After Guettard, the name Linagrostis was redescribed by numerous botanists, including John Hill (1756), Johann Gottfried Zinn (1757), and Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1771), ^{[21] [22] [23]} but all three published illegitimate names since LinagrostisGuett. takes precedence. Scopoli's description of LinagrostisTourn. ex Scop. is notable, however, since it is explicitly based on the early work of Tournefort. ^[24] The names Linagrostis vaginata(L.) Scop., Linagrostis alpina(L.) Scop., and Linagrostis polystachia(L.) Scop. are synonyms for the corresponding names introduced by Linnaeus in 1753. ^{[25] [26] [27]}

The Austrian botanist and mycologist Eduard Palla established genus Eriophoropsis in 1896 by segregating Eriophorum virginicum into a new genus. ^[28] The name EriophoropsisPalla is both a synonym for EriophorumL. and the basionym of Eriophorum subgen. Eriophoropsis(Palla) Raymond, the latter described by the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond in 1954. ^{[29] [30]}

Species

As of August 2024 ^[update] , the following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online (POWO): ^[3]

Name/Author	Year described	Year published	Distribution
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.	1782	1782	Widespread across Europe, Asia, North America
Eriophorum arcticum (M.S.Novos.) Schekhovts.	1994	2023	Siberia
Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey.	1856	1856	Scandinavia, northern Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Alaska, northern Canada
Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey.	1831	1831	Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Montana, Wyoming
Eriophorum chamissonis C.A.Mey.	1831	1831	Siberia, Russian Far East, Korea, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, northern and western United States
Eriophorum gracile Roth [31]	1799	1799	Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia; China, Tibet, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, northern United States
Eriophorum humile Turcz.	1838	1838	Altai, Tuva, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Amur
Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe	1800	1800	Much of Europe; Caucasus, Turkey, Mongolia
Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe	1800	1800	Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia including Siberia, Xinjiang, Himalayas, Alaska, Greenland, Canada, mountains of western United States
Eriophorum tenellum Nutt.	1818	1818	Eastern Canada and northeastern United States from Nunavut and Labrador to New Jersey
Eriophorum tolmatchevii M.S.Novos.	1994	1994	Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya
Eriophorum transiens Raymond	1959	1959	Guizhou
Eriophorum triste (Th.Fr.) Hadac & Á.Löve	1869	1950	Finland, North America and temperate regions of Asia
Eriophorum vaginatum L.	1753	1753	Most of genus range
Eriophorum virginicum L.	1753	1753	Eastern North America from Labrador to Tennessee, west to Michigan
Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald	1844	1905	Canada including Arctic territories; northern United States

The following natural hybrids are also accepted by POWO:

Name/Author (hybrid formula)	Year described	Year published	Distribution
Eriophorum × beringianum Raymond (E. angustifolium × E. chamissonis)	1957	1957	Alaska including Aleutians; Magadan region of Russia
Eriophorum × churchillianum Lepage (E. triste × E. vaginatum)	1957	1957	Alaska
Eriophorum × fellowsii (Fernald) M.S.Novos. (E. virginicum × E. viridicarinatum)	1905	1995	Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts
Eriophorum × gracilifolium M.S.Novos. (E. gracile × E. latifolium)	1994	1994	European Russia
Eriophorum × medium Andersson (E. chamissonis × E. scheuchzeri)	1857	1857	Scattered locations in Finland, Norway, Russia, Alaska, Quebec, Labrador
Eriophorum × pylaieanum Raymond (E. chamissonis × E. vaginatum)	1951	1951	Scattered locations in Canada and Alaska
Eriophorum × rousseauianum Raymond (E. angustifolium × E. scheuchzeri)	1950	1950	Alaska, Quebec

World Flora Online (WFO) accepts all of the above species and hybrids except Eriophorum arcticum. ^[11] In addition, WFO accepts Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum whereas POWO does not.

Other names

Of the five species described by Linnaeus in 1753 and 1762, three of the names are no longer in use. Eriophorum polystachionL. is a rejected name, ^{[32] [33]} now considered to be a synonym for Eriophorum angustifoliumHonck. subsp. angustifolium, ^[34] while Eriophorum alpinumL. and Eriophorum cyperinumL. are synonyms for Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. and Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, respectively. ^{[35] [36]}

The Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Magnus Fries described Eriophorum russeolum in 1836. ^[37] Some authors consider Eriophorum russeolumFr. to be a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonisC.A.Mey., ^{[38] [39]} while others consider the two names to refer to separate species. ^{[40] [41] [42] [43]}

In 1942, the American agrostologist and botanist Alan Ackerman Beetle placed the species Scirpus crinigerA.Gray into genus Eriophorum. ^[44] In 2012, Eriophorum crinigerum(A.Gray) Beetle was segregated into genus Calliscirpus, and so Eriophorum crinigerum is a synonym for Calliscirpus criniger(A.Gray) C.N.Gilmour, J.R.Starr & Naczi. ^[45]

In 1957, the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond placed the species Scirpus scabriculmisBeetle into genus Eriophorum. ^[46] In 2019, Eriophorum scabriculme(Beetle) Raymond was segregated into genus Trichophorum. ^[47] Hence Eriophorum scabriculme is a synonym for Trichophorum scabriculme(Beetle) J.R.Starr, Lév.-Bourret & B.A.Ford. ^[48]

The invalidly published name Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatumBeauverd is a synonym for Eriophorum × beauverdiiSoó but the latter is unplaced by POWO. ^[49]

Subdivision

In 1849, the Swedish botanist and traveller Nils Johan Andersson placed the European species of Eriophorum into two new sections: ^[50]

Eriophorum section Vaginata: ^[51]

• Eriophorum vaginatum
• Eriophorum capitatum (a synonym for Eriophorum scheuchzeri)
• Eriophorum russeolum (a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonis)

Eriophorum section Phyllanthela: ^[52]

• Eriophorum angustifolium
• Eriophorum latifolium
• Eriophorum gracile

In 1905, the American botanist Merritt Lyndon Fernald placed the North American species of Eriophorum into Andersson's sections as follows: ^[53]

Eriophorum section Vaginata:

• Eriophorum scheuchzeri
• Eriophorum chamissonis
• Eriophorum vaginatum
• Eriophorum callitrix
• Eriophorum opacum n. comb. (a synonym for Eriophorum brachyantherum)

Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:

• Eriophorum gracile
• Eriophorum tenellum
• Eriophorum polystachion (a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium)
• Eriophorum viridicarinatumn. comb.
• Eriophorum virginicum

Phylogeny

Based on phylogenetic analyses, Eriophorum forms a well‐supported clade nested within the genus Scirpus , which suggests the latter is paraphyletic. To resolve this issue, there are at least two options: 1) merge Eriophorum into Scirpus, or 2) split Scirpus into a series of new genera. As of August 2024 ^[update] , there has been insufficient data for a majority of botanists to prefer one option or the other. ^{[54] [55]}

Eriophorum virginicum, Eriophorum tenellum, and Eriophorum gracile form a strongly supported clade that is sister to the rest of the genus. The clade is distinguished by having glumes (scales at the base of each flower in a spikelet) with many prominent nerves, whereas the glumes of the remaining species possess a single prominent midnerve. ^[56]

Within a weakly supported clade of unispicate species (i.e., species with a single spikelet), Eriophorum russeolum and Eriophorum scheuchzeri form a strongly supported, monophyletic species complex characterized by a rhizomatous habit, up to 7 sterile glumes, and by glumes with well-defined hyaline margins (i.e., with thin, translucent edges). In contrast, in the sister clade to this complex (Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum brachyantherum, and Eriophorum callitrix) each species has a caespitose habit and more than 12 sterile glumes that generally lack clear hyaline margins. ^[56]

Distribution and habitat

Eriophorum species are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ^{[4] [5]} primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.

• North America: E. angustifolium, E. brachyantherum, E. callitrix, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. scheuchzeri, E. tenellum, E. triste, E. vaginatum, E. virginicum, E. viridicarinatum
• Europe: E. angustifolium, E. brachyantherum, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. latifolium, E. scheuchzeri, E. triste, E. vaginatum
• Asia: E. angustifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachyantherum, E. callitrix, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. humile, E. latifolium, E. scheuchzeri, E. tolmatchevii, E. transiens, E. triste, E. vaginatum

Preferred habitats include bogs, fens, meadows, and alpine tundra.^{[ citation needed ]}

Uses

Paper and the wicks of candles have been made of its fiber, and pillows stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in treating diarrhea, and the spongy pith of the stem for the removal of tapeworm. ^[57]

References

1. "EriophorumL.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
2. "Eriophorum". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
3. "EriophorumL.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
4. Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 August 2024– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
5. Liang, Prof. Song-Yun; Tucker, Gordon C.; Simpson, David A. "Eriophorum". Flora of China. Vol. 23. Retrieved 20 August 2024– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
6. Crawford, R. M. M. (1989). Studies in Plant Survival. Blackwell Science. pp. 54–55.
7. Reznicek, A. A.; Voss, E. G.; Walters, B. S. (February 2011). "Eriophorum". Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
8. "Eriophorum". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
9. Linnaeus (1753), Vol. 1, pp. 52–53.
10. Linnaeus (1762), Vol. 1, pp. 76–77.
11. "EriophorumL.". WFO Plant List. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
12. Novoselova (1994a).
13. Novoselova (1994b).
14. Linnaeus (1754), p. 27.
15. Micheli (1729), p. 53, Tab. 31.
16. Fernald (1905b), p. 129.
17. Tournefort (1694).
18. Tournefort & Jussieu (1719), p. 664.
19. "LinagrostisGuett.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
20. "LinagrostisGuett.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
21. "LinagrostisHill". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
22. "LinagrostisZinn". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
23. "LinagrostisTourn. ex Scop.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
24. Scopoli (1772), p. 47.
25. "Linagrostis vaginata(L.) Scop.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 3 September 2024.
26. "Linagrostis alpina(L.) Scop.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 3 September 2024.
27. "Linagrostis polystachia(L.) Scop.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 3 September 2024.
28. "EriophoropsisPalla". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
29. "EriophoropsisPalla". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
30. "Eriophorum subgen. Eriophoropsis(Palla) Raymond". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
31. "Eriophorum gracileRoth". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
32. Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum angustifolium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 August 2024– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
33. Liang, Prof. Song-Yun; Tucker, Gordon C.; Simpson, David A. "Eriophorum angustifolium". Flora of China. Vol. 23. Retrieved 14 September 2024– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
34. "Eriophorum polystachionL.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 22 August 2024.
35. "Eriophorum alpinumL.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 22 August 2024.
36. "Eriophorum cyperinumL.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 28 August 2024.
37. "Eriophorum russeolumFr.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 30 August 2024.
38. Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum chamissonis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 August 2024– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
39. "Eriophorum russeolumFr.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 27 August 2024.
40. Raymond (1954).
41. Jiménez-Mejías, P.; Luceño, M. (2011). "Eriophorum". Euro+Med Plantbase. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
42. NRCS. "Eriophorum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 30 August 2024.
43. Kartesz, John T. (2014). "Eriophorum". State-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved 27 August 2024.
44. "Eriophorum crinigerum(A.Gray) Beetle". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
45. "Eriophorum crinigerum(A.Gray) Beetle". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
46. "Eriophorum scabriculme(Beetle) Raymond". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
47. Starr et al. (2019), pp. 20–25.
48. "Eriophorum scabriculme(Beetle) Raymond". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
49. "Eriophorum × beauverdiiSoó". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
50. Andersson (1849), pp. 11–14.
51. "Eriophorum sect. VaginataAndersson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
52. "Eriophorum sect. PhyllanthelaAndersson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
53. Fernald (1905a).
54. Léveillé-Bourret (2018), pp. 7, 36–37, 42, 222.
55. Larridon et al. (2021), pp. 873.
56. Léveillé-Bourret (2018), pp. 28, 35–36, 42.
57. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  "Cotton-Grass"  . Collier's New Encyclopedia . 1921.

Bibliography

• Andersson, Nils Johan (1849). Plantae Scandinaviae descriptionibus et figuris analyticis adumbratae. Fasciculus primus Cyperaceas Scandinaviae complectens. Stockholm. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
• Fernald, M. L. (1905a). "The North American species of Eriophorum. Part 1: Synopsis of American species". Rhodora. 7 (77): 81–92. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
• Fernald, M. L. (1905b). "The North American species of Eriophorum. Part 2: Notes on the preceding synopsis". Rhodora. 7 (79): 129–136. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
• Gilman, Arthur V. (2015). New Flora of Vermont. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume 110. Bronx, New York, USA: The New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN   978-0-89327-516-7.
• Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-86645-3.
• Haines, Arthur (2011). New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England. Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-17154-9.
• Larridon, Isabel; Zuntini, Alexandre R.; Léveillé-Bourret, Étienne; Barrett, Russell L.; Starr, Julian R.; Muasya, A. Muthama; Villaverde, Tamara; Bauters, Kenneth; Brewer, Grace E.; Bruhl, Jeremy J.; Costa, Suzana M.; Elliott, Tammy L.; Epitawalage, Niroshini; Escudero, Marcial; Fairlie, Isabel; Goetghebeur, Paul; Hipp, Andrew L.; Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro; Kikuchi, Izai A.B. Sabino; Luceño, Modesto; Márquez-Corro, José Ignacio; Martín-Bravo, Santiago; Maurin, Olivier; Pokorny, Lisa; Roalson, Eric H.; Semmouri, Ilias; Simpson, David A.; Spalink, Daniel; Thomas, W. Wayt; Wilson, Karen L.; Xanthos, Martin; Forest, Félix; Baker, William J. (2021). "A new classification of Cyperaceae (Poales) supported by phylogenomic data". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 59 (4): 852–895. Bibcode:2021JSyEv..59..852L. doi: 10.1111/jse.12757 . hdl: 1854/LU-8709768 .
• Léveillé-Bourret, Étienne (2018). Evolution and classification of the Cariceae-Dulichieae-Scirpeae Clade (Cyperaceae) (PhD). University of Ottawa. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
• Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
• Linnaeus, Carl (1754). Genera plantarum : eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium (in Latin). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
• Linnaeus, Carl (1762). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
• Micheli, Pier Antonio (1729). Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita (in Latin). Florentiae: Typis Bernardi Paperinii. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
• Novoselova, M. S. (1994a). "Sistema roda Eriophorum (Cyperaceae): 1. Podrody Erioscirpus, Eriophoropsis, Phyllanthela" [The system of the genus Eriophorum (Cyperaceae): 1. Subgenera Erioscirpus, Eriophoropsis, Phyllanthela]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 79 (11): 77–89.
• Novoselova, M. S. (1994b). "Sistema roda Eriophorum (Cyperaceae): 2. Podrod Eriophorum" [The system of the genus Eriophorum (Cyperaceae): 2. Subgenus Eriophorum]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 79 (12): 66–75.
• Raymond, Marcel (1954). "What is Eriophorum chamissonisC. A. Meyer?" (PDF). Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 48 (1): 65–82. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
• Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1772). Flora Carniolica : exhibens plantas Carnioliae indigenas et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates, ordine Linnaeano (2nd ed.). Vienna: Impensis Ioannis Pauli Krauss, bibliopolae Vindobonensis. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
• Starr, Julian R.; Léveillé-Bourret, Étienne; Vu, Anh Tài; Nguyên, Thi Kim Thanh; Ford, Bruce A. (2019). "The rediscovery of the rare Vietnamese endemic Eriophorum scabriculme redefines generic limits in the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade (Cyperaceae)". PeerJ. 7:e7538: e7538. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7538 . PMC   6765354 . PMID   31579569.
• Tucker, Gordon C.; Miller, Norton G. (1990). "Achene microstructure in EriophorumL. (Cyperaceae): systematic implications and paleobotanical applications" (PDF). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 117 (3): 266–283. doi:10.2307/2996695. JSTOR   2996695 . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
• Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1694). Éléments de botanique ou methode pour connaître les plantes (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
• Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de; Jussieu, Antoine de (1719). Josephi Pitton Tournefort Aquisextiensis, doctoris medici Parisiensis, Academiae regiae scientiarum socii, et in horto regio botanices professoris, Institutiones rei herbariae (in Latin). France: E typographia regia. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
• Turland, Nicholas (1997). "Proposal to Reject the Name Eriophorum polystachion (Cyperaceae)". Taxon. 46 (1): 115–116. doi:10.2307/1224300. JSTOR   1224300.

External links

• "EriophorumL. (1753), Sp. Pl. 52" . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
• "Eriophorum subgen. Phyllanthela(Andersson) T.V.Egorova". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
• "EriophorumL., Sp. Pl. 52 (1753)". eMonocot. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
• "EriophorumL.". Flora of Wisconsin. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
• "Search results for: "Eriophorum"". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 12 September 2024.