European roller

Last updated

European roller
European Roller - Coracias garrulus.jpg
European roller spreading its wings
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Coraciidae
Genus: Coracias
Species:
C. garrulus
Binomial name
Coracias garrulus
Subspecies
  • C. g. garrulus
  • C. g. semenowi
Coracias garrulus distr new03.png
Distribution of the European roller
  summer C. g. garrulus
  summer C. g. semenowi
  winter

The European roller (Coracias garrulus) is the only member of the roller family breeding in Europe. Its range extends into the Maghreb, West Asia and Central Asia. It winters in southern Africa, primarily in dry wooded savanna and bushy plains. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, but avoids treeless plains. It usually nests in tree holes.

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

The European roller was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under its current the binomial name Coracias garrulus. [2] The type locality is Sweden. [3] The generic name derives from Greek korakias referring to a type of crow, perhaps the red-billed chough. The specific epithet garrulus is from Latin and means 'chattering' in reference to the bird’s calls. [4] [5] Alternate English names include the blue roller, common roller, Eurasian roller, or simply roller. [6]

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018 found that the European roller was most closely related to the Abyssinian roller (Coracias abyssinicus). [7]

The phylogenetic relationships among the Coracias species are shown below, from the molecular study by Johansson et al. (2018) [7]

Coracias

Blue-bellied roller – C. cyanogaster

Purple roller – C. naevius

Racket-tailed roller – C. spatulatus

Indian roller – C. benghalensis

Indochinese roller – C. affinis

Purple-winged roller – C. temminckii

Lilac-breasted roller – C. caudatus

Abyssinian roller – C. abyssinicus

European roller – C. garrulus

The rollers are medium-sized Old World birds of open woodland habitats. They have brightly coloured plumage and a hooked bill. Most species are found south of the Sahara. The genus Coracias contains eight species of sit-and-wait hunters. The European roller is similar in appearance and behaviour to the Abyssinian roller. These two birds and the lilac-breasted roller have been considered to form subspecies. [8]

Two subspecies are recognised: [9] [10]

Description

At Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, Jamnagar European roller - Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary 2019-10-26 02.jpg
At Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, Jamnagar
At Hesaraghatta Lake Eurasian Roller.jpg
At Hesaraghatta Lake
In flight, Hungary European roller (Coracias garrulus) in flight.jpg
In flight, Hungary

The European roller is a stocky bird, the size of a Eurasian jay at 29–32 cm (11–13 in) in length with a 52–58 cm (20–23 in) wingspan. [13] It is mainly blue with an orange-brown back.[ citation needed ]

The European roller is striking in its strong direct flight, with the brilliant blue contrasting with black flight feathers. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult. The display of this bird is like that of a lapwing, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name. The call is a harsh crow-like sound. It gives a raucous series of calls when nervous.[ citation needed ]

Distribution and habitat

The European roller is a bird of warmer regions. The nominate subspecies breeds in northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, in southern and east-central Europe, and eastwards through northwestern Iran to southwestern Siberia. The subspecies C. g. semenowi breeds from Iraq and southern Iran east through Kashmir and southern Kazakhstan to Xinjiang. The European range was formerly more extensive, but there has been a long-term decline in the north and west, with extinction as a nesting bird in Sweden and Germany. The European roller is a long-distance migrant, wintering in Africa south of the Sahara in two distinct regions, from Senegal east to Cameroon and from Ethiopia west (with observations in the Degua Tembien mountains) [14] to Congo and south to South Africa. [11] Some populations migrate to Africa through India. A collision with an aircraft over the Arabian Sea has been recorded. [15] [16]

Eggs of Coracias garrulus Coracias garrulus MHNT ZOO 2010 11 161 Seville HdB.jpg
Eggs of Coracias garrulus

It is a bird of warm, dry, open country with scattered trees, preferring lowlands, but occurs up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe and 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Morocco. Oak and pine woodlands with open areas are prime breeding habitat, but farms, orchards and similar areas with mixed vegetation are also used. In Africa, a similarly wide range of dry, open land with trees is used. [11] It winters primarily in dry, wooded savanna and bushy plains, where it typically nests in tree holes.

Migration

The advent of sufficiently lightweight tracking technology has facilitated several recent studies of roller migration, providing new information on the non-breeding sites used by European rollers from different breeding populations. Individuals from south-west European populations migrate to Angola, Namibia and Botswana; French and north Spanish birds take a direct southerly route across the Sahara, while Portuguese and south Spanish birds take a more westerly route around the west African coast. [17] [18] [19] European rollers from eastern European populations also spend the winter period in southern Africa, but further east in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. Some population migrate through western India during August to November. The Sahel savannah region immediately south of the Sahara Desert, particularly the area around Lake Chad, appears to be important for European rollers from many populations as an autumn re-fuelling site, and Latvian and other north and north-eastern populations migrate northwards via the Arabian Peninsula in spring. [20] [21] Individuals from different breeding populations use distinct but overlapping winter sites; there is a correlation between the longitude of individual breeding and non-breeding sites, suggesting parallel migration. In the east, the northernmost breeders from Latvia tend to winter south of the southernmost breeders from Cyprus, indicating a pattern of 'leap-frog' migration. [20]

Behaviour and ecology

The European roller chick will vomit a foul-smelling orange liquid onto itself to deter a predator. The smell also warns the parents on their return to the nest. [22]

Food and feeding

Rollers often perch prominently on trees, posts or overhead wires, like giant shrikes, whilst watching for the large insects, small reptiles, rodents and frogs that they eat. The diet of adult rollers is dominated by beetles, whereas nestlings mostly eat Orthoptera, such as grasshoppers and bush crickets. [23]

Breeding

A European roller bringing food to her nest Arrival (47961559816).jpg
A European roller bringing food to her nest

The nest site is usually in a natural cavity in a tree or in a hole excavated by a woodpecker. It is typically located 5–10 m (16–33 ft) above the ground. Pairs sometimes use a cavity in rocks or buildings and may occasionally excavate a hole in a sandy bank. The hole is unlined. The clutch is 2 to 6 white smooth glossy eggs that measure 35 mm × 28 mm (1.4 in × 1.1 in). They are laid at intervals of two or occasionally three days. They are incubated by both sexes but mainly by the female starting before the clutch is completed. They hatch after 17 to 19 days. The young are cared for by both parents but usually the male passes food to the female. The nestlings fledge after 26 to 27 days. Only a single brood is raised each year, but a replacement clutch is laid if the first is lost. European rollers generally first breed when they are two years old. [24]

The maximum age recorded from ring-recovery data is 9 years and 2 months for a bird shot in Poland. [25]

Diseases

The European roller is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Moniliformis gracilis . [26]

Conservation status

The Eurasian roller has an extensive distribution in Europe and western Asia, and its European breeding population is estimated at 159,000 to 330,000 birds. When Asian breeders are added, this gives a global total population of 277,000 to 660,000 individuals. There have been fairly rapid population declines across much of its range, so it was formerly classified as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2005; it has, however, been downlisted to least concern in 2015, as population development was judged to not meet the criteria for a more urgent rating at this time. [1] The European population declined by 25% between 1990 and 2000. The northern areas of the breeding range have fared worst, with numbers in the Baltic states and northern Russia collapsing, and no birds left breeding in Estonia. [1] [27]

Threats include hunting while on migration around the Mediterranean, and large numbers, possibly in the thousands, are killed for food in Oman. Agricultural practices have led to the loss of trees and hedges which provide potential nest sites and perches for hunting, and pesticides have reduced the availability of insect food. [1] At locations where foraging resources are abundant, providing nest boxes can be a useful short-term conservation solution; however, in other locations foraging habitat restoration is more important. [28]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ring ouzel</span> Species of birds mainly in Europe

The ring ouzel is a mainly European member of the thrush family Turdidae. It is a medium-sized thrush, 23–24 centimetres (9.1–9.4 in) in length and weighing 90–138 grams (3.2–4.9 oz). The male is predominantly black with a conspicuous white crescent across its breast. Females are browner and duller than males, and young birds may lack the pale chest markings altogether. In all but the northernmost part of its range, this is a high-altitude species, with three races breeding in mountains from Ireland east to Iran. It breeds in open mountain areas with some trees or shrubs, the latter often including heather, conifers, beech, hairy alpenrose or juniper. It is a migratory bird, leaving the breeding areas to winter in southern Europe, North Africa and Turkey, typically in mountains with juniper bushes. The typical clutch is 3–6 brown-flecked pale blue or greenish-blue eggs. They are incubated almost entirely by the female, with hatching normally occurring after 13 days. The altricial, downy chicks fledge in another 14 days and are dependent on their parents for about 12 days after fledging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common kingfisher</span> Species of bird

The common kingfisher, also known as the Eurasian kingfisher and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian tree sparrow</span> Species of bird in the sparrow family

The Eurasian tree sparrow is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape and a black patch on each pure white cheek. The sexes are similarly plumaged, and young birds are a duller version of the adult. This sparrow breeds over most of temperate Eurasia and Southeast Asia, where it is known as the tree sparrow, and it has been introduced elsewhere including the United States, where it is known as the Eurasian tree sparrow or German sparrow to differentiate it from the native unrelated American tree sparrow. Although several subspecies are recognised, the appearance of this bird varies little across its extensive range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bohemian waxwing</span> Passerine bird from Eurasia and North America

The Bohemian waxwing is a starling-sized passerine bird that breeds in the northern forests of the Palearctic and North America. It has mainly buff-grey plumage, black face markings and a pointed crest. Its wings are patterned with white and bright yellow, and some of the wing feathers have red tips, the resemblance of which to sealing wax gives these birds their common name. The three subspecies show only minor differences in appearance. Females are similar to males, although young birds are less well-marked and have few or no waxy wingtips. Although the Bohemian waxwing's range overlaps those of the cedar and Japanese waxwings, it is easily distinguished from them by size and plumage differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian nuthatch</span> Small passerine bird species

The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch is a small passerine bird found throughout the Palearctic and in Europe. Like other nuthatches, it is a short-tailed bird with a long bill, blue-gray upperparts and a black eye-stripe. It is a vocal bird with a repeated loud dwip call. There are more than 20 subspecies in three main groups; birds in the west of the range have orange-buff underparts and a white throat, those in Russia have whitish underparts, and those in the east have a similar appearance to European birds, but lack the white throat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian golden oriole</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian golden oriole, also called the common golden oriole, is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. It is a summer migrant in Europe and Palearctic and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coraciidae</span> Family of birds

Coraciidae is a family of Old World birds, which are known as rollers because of the aerial acrobatics some of these birds perform during courtship or territorial flights. The family contains 13 species and is divided into two genera. Rollers resemble crows in size and build, and share the colourful appearance of kingfishers and bee-eaters, blues and pinkish or cinnamon browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but not the outer one.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red knot</span> Species of bird

The red knot or just knot is a medium-sized shorebird which breeds in tundra and the Arctic Cordillera in the far north of Canada, Europe, and Russia. It is a large member of the Calidris sandpipers, second only to the great knot. Six subspecies are recognised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common wood pigeon</span> Species of large, white/green-naped, arboreal bird of Eurasia

The common wood pigeon, also known as simply wood pigeon, is a large species in the dove and pigeon family (Columbidae), native to the western Palearctic. It belongs to the genus Columba, which includes closely related species such as the rock dove. It has a flexible diet, predominantly feeding on vegetable matter, including cereal crops, leading to them being regarded as an agricultural pest. Wood pigeons are extensively hunted over large parts of their range, but this does not seem to have a great impact on their population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian blackcap</span> Bird in the Old World warbler family from Eurasia and Africa

The Eurasian blackcap, usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler. It has mainly olive-grey upperparts and pale grey underparts, and differences across the five subspecies are small. Both sexes have a neat coloured cap to the head, black in the male and reddish-brown in the female. The male's typical song is a rich musical warbling, often ending in a loud high-pitched crescendo, but a simpler song is given in some isolated areas, such as valleys in the Alps. The blackcap's closest relative is the garden warbler, which looks quite different but has a similar song.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedge warbler</span> Species of bird

The sedge warbler is an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. It is a medium-sized warbler with a brown, streaked back and wings and a distinct pale supercilium. Sedge warblers are migratory, crossing the Sahara to get from their European and Asian breeding grounds to spend winter in Africa. The male's song is composed of random chattering phrases and can include mimicry of other species. The sedge warbler is mostly insectivorous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern flicker</span> Member of the woodpecker family

The northern flicker or common flicker is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family. It is native to most of North America, parts of Central America, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands, and is one of the few woodpecker species that migrate. Over 100 common names for the northern flicker are known, including yellowhammer, clape, gaffer woodpecker, harry-wicket, heigh-ho, wake-up, walk-up, wick-up, yarrup, and gawker bird. Many of these names derive from attempts to imitate some of its calls. It is the state bird of Alabama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-faced storm petrel</span> Species of bird

The white-faced storm petrel, also known as white-faced petrel or frigate petrel is a small seabird of the austral storm petrel family Oceanitidae. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Pelagodroma. It is widely distributed across the northern and southern hemisphere, especially around the coastal and open ocean waters of southern Australia, New Zealand, Tristan da Cunha, Cabo Verde, the Canary islands and the Selvagens islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian roller</span> Species of bird

The Indian roller is a bird of the family Coraciidae. It is 30–34 cm (12–13 in) long with a wingspan of 65–74 cm (26–29 in) and weighs 166–176 g (5.9–6.2 oz). The face and throat are pinkish, the head and back are brown, with blue on the rump and contrasting light and dark blue on the wings and tail. The bright blue markings on the wing are prominent in flight. The sexes are similar in appearance. Two subspecies are recognised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abyssinian roller</span> Species of bird

The Abyssinian roller, or Senegal roller, is a member of the roller family of birds which breeds across tropical Africa in a belt south of the Sahara, known as the Sahel. It is resident in the southern part of its range, but northern breeding populations are short-distance migrants, moving further south after the wet season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semicollared flycatcher</span> Species of bird

The semicollared flycatcher is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family, one of the four species of Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers. It breeds in montane forests of the southeastern corner of Europe to Northwest Iran. It is migratory, wintering in Central and Eastern Africa. It is a rare vagrant in western Europe. Tracking studies using geolocators have revealed that weather conditions during spring migration can have a large impact on the timing of Semicollared flycatcher migration and survival of adult birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krüper's nuthatch</span> Species of bird

Krüper's nuthatch is a species of bird in the nuthatch family Sittidae. It is a small to medium-sized nuthatch, measuring 12.5 centimetres (4.9 in) in length. The upperparts are blue-grey, with the front half of the crown black in adults of both sexes, but with a less marked in the female rear. The species has a black or grey eyestripe and a prominent white supercilium. The underparts are blue-grey in males and buff-grey in females, with a large, crescent-shaped rufous pectoral patch. It feeds on insects in the summer and seeds, especially pine seeds, in autumn and winter. Breeding takes place between March and May, and the nest is usually placed in a tree hole. The clutch consists of five to seven eggs, incubated by the female and fed by the male. Both parents take part in feeding the young.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lilac-breasted roller</span> Species of bird

The lilac-breasted roller is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. It prefers open woodland and savanna, and it is for the most part absent from treeless places. Usually found alone or in pairs, it perches at the tops of trees, poles or other high vantage points from where it can spot insects, amphibians and small birds moving about on the ground. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height, descending in swoops and dives, while uttering harsh, discordant cries. The sexes do not differ in coloration, and juveniles lack the long tail streamers of adults. This species is unofficially considered the national bird of Kenya. Alternative names for the lilac-breasted roller include the fork-tailed roller, lilac-throated roller and Mosilikatze's roller.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple roller</span> Species of bird

The purple roller, or rufous-crowned roller, is a medium-sized bird widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Compared with other rollers its colours are rather dull and its voice harsh and grating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Racket-tailed roller</span> Species of bird

The racket-tailed roller is a species of bird in the family Coraciidae. It is found in southern Africa from Angola, south-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and southern Tanzania to northern Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2019). "Coracias garrulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T22682860A154424974. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22682860A154424974.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 107.
  3. ↑ Peters, J. L. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 242.
  4. ↑ Bewick, T. (1809). "The Roller". A history of British birds : the figures engraved on wood. Newcastle: Edward Walker, for T. Bewick. pp. 116–117.
  5. ↑ Jobling, J. A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 117, 171. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ↑ Fry, H. (2001). "European Roller (Coracius garrulus" . In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 373. ISBN   978-84-87334-30-6.
  7. 1 2 Johansson, U. S.; Irestedt, M.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2018). "Phylogenetic relationships of rollers (Coraciidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and fifteen nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 126: 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.030. PMID   29631051. S2CID   5011292.
  8. ↑ Hoyo, J. del; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.). "Coraciidae". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 September 2013.(subscription required)
  9. ↑ Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2021). "Rollers, ground rollers, kingfishers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  10. ↑ Del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.). "European Roller". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 23 November 2013.(subscription required)
  11. 1 2 3 4 Fry et al. (1992) pp. 298–300.
  12. ↑ Loudon, H. v. F.; Von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. (1902). "Coracias garrulus semenowi Loudon & Tschusi nov. Subsp.". Ornithologisches Jahrbuch (in German). 13 (3, 4): 148–150.
  13. ↑ Svensson, L.; Mullarney, K.; Zetterström, D. (2009). Collins Bird Guide (Second ed.). London: HarperCollins. p. 240. ISBN   978-0-00-726814-6.
  14. ↑ Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN   978-3-030-04954-6.
  15. ↑ Satheesan, S M (1990). "Bird-aircraft collision at an altitude of 2424 m over the sea". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 87 (1): 145–148.
  16. ↑ Catry, Inês; Catry, Teresa; Granadeiro, José Pedro; Franco, Aldina M. A.; Moreira, Francisco (25 June 2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (4): 1071–1075. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x. S2CID   17800650.
  17. ↑ Emmenegger, T.; Mayet, P.; Duriez, O.; Hahn, S. (2013). "Directional shifts in migration pattern of rollers (Coracias garrulus) from a western European population". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (2): 427–433. doi:10.1007/s10336-013-1023-7. S2CID   15263301.
  18. ↑ Catry, I.; Catry, T.; Granadeiro, J. P.; Franco, A. M. A.; Moreira, F. (2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (4): 1071–1075. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x. S2CID   17800650.
  19. ↑ Rodríguez-Ruiz, J.; De la Puente, J.; Parejo, D.; Valera, F.; Calero-Torralbo, M. A.; Reyes-González, J. M.; Zajková, Z.; Bermejo, A.; Avilés, J. M. (2014). "Disentangling Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Iberian Near-Threatened European Rollers Coracias garrulus". PLoS One. 9 (12): e115615. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5615R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115615 . PMC   4281181 . PMID   25551212.
  20. 1 2 Finch, T.; Saunders, P.; Avilés, J. M.; Bermejo, A.; Catry, I.; de la Puente, J.; Emmenegger, T.; Mardega, I.; Mayet, P. (2015). "A pan-European, multipopulation assessment of migratory connectivity in a near-threatened migrant bird". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (9): 1051–1062. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12345 .
  21. ↑ Finch, T.; Dunning, J.; Kiss, O.; Račinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Sniauksta, L.; Szekeres, O.; Tokody, B.; Franco, A. (2017). "Insights into the migration of the European Roller from ring recoveries". Journal of Ornithology. 158 (1): 83–90. doi: 10.1007/s10336-016-1374-y . PMC   7175680 . PMID   32355602.
  22. ↑ Nascimento, F. S.; Parejo, D.; Avilés, J. M.; Peña, A.; Sánchez, L.; Ruano, F.; Zamora-Muñoz, C.; Martín-Vivaldi, M. (2013). "Armed Rollers: Does nestling's vomit function as a defence against predators?". PLoS One. 8 (7): e68862. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868862P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068862 . PMC   3707886 . PMID   23874791.
  23. ↑ Catry, I.; Sampaio, A.; Silva, M.C.; Moreira, F.; Franco, A.M.A.; Catry, T. (2019). "Combining stable isotope analysis and conventional techniques to improve knowledge of the diet of the European Roller Coracias garrulus" (PDF). Ibis. 161 (2): 272–285. doi:10.1111/ibi.12625. S2CID   91151546.
  24. ↑ Cramp 1985, p. 764.
  25. ↑ "European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  26. ↑ Amin, O. M.; Heckmann, R. A.; Osama, M.; Evans, R. P. (2016). "Morphological and molecular descriptions of Moniliformis saudi sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology". Folia Parasitologica. 63. doi: 10.14411/fp.2016.014 . PMID   27189420.
  27. ↑ Coracias garrulusLinnaeus, 1758 GBIF Estonia
  28. ↑ Finch, T.; Branston, C.; Clewlow, H.; Dunning, J.; Franco, A. M. A.; Račinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Butler, S. J. (2019). "Context‐dependent conservation of the cavity‐nesting European Roller". Ibis. 161 (3): 573–589. doi: 10.1111/ibi.12650 .

Cited texts

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.