Gaviota Coast

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Gaviota Coast
Region
Relief map of California.png
Red pog.svg
Gaviota Coast
Location within California
Coordinates: 34°28′15″N120°13′29″W / 34.47083°N 120.22472°W / 34.47083; -120.22472
Location Santa Barbara County, California
Offshore water bodies Pacific Ocean
Area
 • Total200,000 hectares (490,000 acres)
Dimensions
 • Length76 miles (122 km)
Elevation7 m (23 ft)
[1]
GNIS feature ID1702035 [1]
ZIP codes 93117, 93436

The Gaviota Coast in Santa Barbara County, California is a rural coastline along the Santa Barbara Channel roughly bounded by Goleta Point on the south and the north boundary of the county on the north. This last undeveloped stretch of Southern California coastline consists of dramatic bluffs, isolated beaches and terraced grasslands.

Contents

History

Sites inhabited in the Paleoindian Period (13,000–8,500 B.P.) have been found through archeological deposits at the mouths of rivers and along the seashore where there was an abundance of food. At least fourteen Chumash villages were located along the coastline including Qasil, Tajiguas, and Shishuchi'i'. [2] [3]

The Spanish began colonizing Alta California with the Portolá expedition of 1769–1770. Much of the area is within several ranchos including the 1794 Spanish land grant, Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio and the Mexican land grants, Rancho Punta de la Concepcion (1837), Rancho Cañada del Corral (1841) and Rancho Dos Pueblos (1842).

Near the end of the 1920s, an oil boom started at the Ellwood Oil Field resulting in additional drilling along the coast. During World War II, a Japanese submarine shelled the pier, tanks, and associated equipment. [4] The Bombardment of Ellwood began in the evening of February 23, 1942. A few weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Continental United States came under attack. A radio address by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was being broadcast when the sub surfaced in the Santa Barbara Channel. [5] No one was hurt but there was damage to an oil pier. The incident created fear, and panic on the West Coast. [6] The Army set up a radar unit where a beach resort had developed in the early 1920s as the automobile age began and the beaches became a popular destination for motorists. After the unit was decommissioned in 1946, the owners sold the property to the state and Refugio State Beach continued as a popular beach getaway. [7] In 1953, the state purchased another private campground and created El Capitán State Beach. [8]

Congress ordered a study in 1999 for a proposed 76-mile-long (122 km) National Seashore from Coal Oil Point at UC Santa Barbara to Point Sal at the northern boundary of Vandenberg Space Force Base. [9] Although the National Park Service found the area suitable with nationally significant natural and cultural resources, [2] the study found the establishment to not be feasible due to local opposition within the approximately 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) study area and the high cost of acquiring land and operating a new park. [10] [11]

Crude oil and natural gas produced by offshore platforms is processed at onshore receiving plants connected to distant refineries by pipelines. The Refugio oil spill on May 19, 2015, immediately north of Refugio State Beach, leaked 142,800 U.S. gallons (3,400 barrels; 541,000 liters) of crude oil out of one of the pipelines. [12]

In July 2015, the Northern Chumash Tribal Council submitted aa nomination of the ocean area off the Gaviota Coast for inclusion in a national marine sanctuary. [13] [14] After a positive review of the nomination, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began the process of designating the Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary with a public comment process in 2021. [15] Under the original proposal, it would have included about 7,600 square miles (19,700 km2) of the Pacific Ocean and its shoreline would have extended for 156 miles (251 km), including coastal landmarks significant to the Chumash people's heritage from Gaviota Creek north to Santa Rosa Creek near the town of Cambria in San Luis Obispo County. [16] NOAA designated the sanctuary on October 11, 2024, [14] [17] with an area of 4,543 square miles (11,766 km2) and a 116-mile (187 km) coastline stretching from just south of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant in San Luis Obispo County southward to Naples Reef off Santa Barbara County. [17] [18] [19] [20] The sanctuary has extensive kelp forests, vast sandy beaches, coastal dunes, and wetlands serving as nursery grounds for numerous commercial fish species and important habitats for many threatened and endangered species. [21] [21]

Alisal Fire

The Alisal Fire ignited in the afternoon of October 11, 2021; it burned 16,970 acres (6,868 ha) and destroyed 12 homes. [22] One of the last blazes of the 2021 California wildfire season, the wildfire broke out near the Alisal Reservoir and strong northwest winds rapidly pushed the fire south through the rugged Los Padres National Forest. [23] The fire grew by hundreds of acres within hours as sundowner winds fanned the flames over the summit of the Santa Ynez Mountains towards the Tajiguas Landfill. [24] Gusting winds up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) prevented the dispatch of aircraft that were at the ready. [25] Critically low fuel moisture resulted in very extreme fire behavior during the first two nights. [26] The next day as winds turned more favorable, tanker jets created fire breaks by dispersing fire retardant. Throughout each day, the turnaround was quick as ground crews reloaded the aircraft at the Santa Maria Air Tanker Base. [27] After the fire crossed Route 101 to Tajiguas Beach, it expanded east and west and kept the highway closed for over three days. [28] Commuter and long-distance rail service were also suspended during that period. [29] The state beaches, Gaviota, Refugio, and El Capitán, closed as the firefighters used them for housing, access, and staging. [30] The fire burned the filtration system which uses wood chips at the Tajiguas Landfill and damaged the drainage system, the landfill gas collection system, and some heavy equipment. [31] Crews worked to keep the fire away from buildings on the scattered ranches, the shuttered Exxon Mobil facility in Las Flores canyon, and Rancho del Cielo, the vacation home of President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan. [32] Freedom Lake, one of two lakes at the ranch, has been used to supply aerial water drops. [33] Four single residences were reported destroyed on October 16, along with two outbuildings that suffered damage. Firefighters prepared for expected higher temperatures and drier winds. [34] The fire was fully contained on November 20. [35] Preparations for potential mudslides, and debris flows began with a team of engineers, scientists, and geologists determining at-risk spots. [36] Highway 101 repair projects included clearing and repairing damaged drainage culverts and installing rock netting on bare hillsides. [37] Volunteer efforts included efforts to help the native vegetation grow back where bulldozers had created fire lines. [38]

Geography

Situated on a narrow coastal terrace between a rugged coastline and the Santa Ynez Mountains which parallels the coast along its entire length with the north end of the mountain range diverging into two low ridges, separated by Jalama Creek, which then vanish into the Pacific Ocean just before reaching Lompoc. The Santa Ynez River flows just north of the mountains, paralleling them for most of their length. Much of the mountain range is within the Los Padres National Forest, [39] The mountains parallel the Channel Islands to the south, another east–west trending range which is a geologic extension of the Santa Monica Mountains.

The Gaviota Creek watershed is the largest watershed along this coast and is the most important steelhead stream in Southern Santa Barbara County. [40] Refugio Creek is one of the larger coastal streams along the coast and descends through a mosaic of commercial orchards, ranches, and rural residential developments and crosses under Highway 101 before flowing into the Pacific Ocean. [41]

The Bacara Resort was constructed on a formerly undeveloped section of the coast in 2000 at the western edge of the city of Goleta. [9] The campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) is at the southern end of the Gaviota Coast marked by Goleta Point also known as Campus Point).

Natural environment

The coastal waters are considered unique for the biodiversity of ocean life. [42] [43] The unusual species found here are the result of the cold water from the north meeting the warm water from the south. [44] The annual migration of about 19,000 Gray whales through the Santa Barbara Channel may come as close as 100 feet (30 m) from the shoreline. [44] The marine environment has extensive kelp forests and wetlands serving as nursery grounds for numerous commercial fish species and important habitat for many threatened and endangered species. [21]

With the Mediterranean climate, the unusual abundance and diversity of wildlife includes an estimated 1,400 plant and animal species. [9] The Santa Ynez Mountains are a migration corridor for wildlife from the large interior region of California. Wildlife includes mountain lions, black bears, badgers, golden eagles, and the California condor. [45] A 2023 study showed the need to improve wildlife corridors by fixing culverts to accommodate larger species such as mule deer and mountain lion. [46]

Resource utilization and protection

The county adopted a coastal land use plan in 1982 that was consistent with their policies and development standards to preserve the natural scenic beauty. [47] The narrow coastal terrace is primarily used for recreation and cattle grazing. [39] The lightly populated area has large ranches with much of the land held in agricultural preserves under the Williamson Act and used for avocado, lemon and other fruit orchards. [48] Protected areas along US 101 include three public beaches with campgrounds and hiking trails: Gaviota State Park,  El Capitán State Beach, and Refugio State Beach. [49] There are also several private campgrounds. [50] There are several marine protected area off the coast: Point Conception State Marine Reserve, Naples State Marine Conservation Area, Kashtayit State Marine Conservation Area and Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary.

Dos Pueblos, a 214-acre ranch (87 ha), was subdivided as Naples, but remained undeveloped. [51] The ranch is within Rancho Dos Pueblos, a 15,535-acre (62.87 km2) Mexican land grant, stretching between the Goleta Slough and the boundary of El Capitan State Beach. [52] [53] Dos Pueblos Institute uses the ranch as an outdoor classroom teaching sustainable agriculture and provides Chumash bands with a place for ceremonies. [54] The Cultured Abalone Farm, which is situated on the ranch, is partnering with the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Sea Center and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Southwest Fisheries Science Center on the White Abalone Restoration Consortium, which is studying this endangered marine snail and restoring the wild populations. They are also collaborating in developing curriculum to educate the next generation about sustainable aquaculture and conservation. [55]

Hollister Ranch has six beaches but they are difficult for the public to access. [56] Some of the ranches are also luxury estates. [57] El Rancho Tajiguas is a 3,600 acres (1,500 ha) working ranch that was developed with two luxury homes over a period of 40 years under the ownership of Mansour Ojjeh. [58] [59] The 1,800 acres (730 ha) Las Varas Ranch was purchased by Charlie Munger and donated to the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2018. [60]

The area was one of the earliest locations in California developed for offshore oil and gas production. Crude oil and natural gas are produced from offshore platforms. The Hondo and Harmony oil rigs can be easily seen offshore in front of the Channel Islands in the Santa Barbara Channel from the highway or railroad. [61] Local land use agencies have kept oil processing facilities to a minimum while the oil and gas are processed at onshore receiving plants before being transported to distant refineries.

The Strauss Wind Farm, consisting of twenty-seven windmills atop rolling hills near the ocean, powered up in 2023. The first wind power complex on the California coast is about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Lompoc, the nearly 3,000-acre site (1,200 ha) includes IdentiFlight, a way to identify approaching raptors and temporarily stop the turbines before the raptors enter rotor range, as red-tailed hawks are common here. [62]

The remote coastline is used as a landing for human and drug smuggling from Mexico. [63] [64]

Transportation

US 101 northbound approaching Gaviota Tunnel through the Santa Ynez Mountains UShwy101GaviotaRestArea.png
US 101 northbound approaching Gaviota Tunnel through the Santa Ynez Mountains

US 101 and the main coastal railroad line both parallel the coastline atop the coastal bluff with train trestles crossing the stream beds that cut through the slope. [65] The 21-mile-long (34 km) section of US 101 from the north boundary of Goleta to State Route 1 at Las Cruces is designated by the state as a scenic highway. [66] While the highway turns inland at Gaviota State Park, the coastal bluff section of the rail line is longer at 30 miles (48 km) traversing areas mostly inaccessible to the public. [67] [68] A 2.5-mile (4.0 km) section of the California Coastal Trail was built within Gaviota State Park. [69] [70] An Interim alignment for a section of the trail from Guadalupe to the state park is under study. [71] [72] These routes follow Chumash and Spanish Period trails. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Barbara County, California</span> County in California, United States

Santa Barbara County, officially the County of Santa Barbara, is a county located in Southern California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 448,229. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goleta, California</span> City in California, United States

Goleta is a city in southern Santa Barbara County, California, United States. It was incorporated as a city in 2002, after a long period as the largest unincorporated populated area in the county. As of the 2000 census, the census-designated place (CDP) had a total population of 55,204. A significant portion of the census territory of 2000 did not include the newer portions of the city. The population of Goleta was 32,690 at the 2020 census. It is known for being close to the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), campus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isla Vista, California</span> Community in California, United States

Isla Vista is an unincorporated community in Santa Barbara County, California, in the United States. As of 2020 census, the community had a population of 15,500. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined the community as a census-designated place (CDP). The majority of residents are college students at the University of California, Santa Barbara, or Santa Barbara City College. The beachside community of Isla Vista lies on a flat plateau about 30 feet (9 m) in elevation, separated from the beach by a bluff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Barbara, California</span> City in California, United States

Santa Barbara is a coastal city in Santa Barbara County, California, of which it is also the county seat. Situated on a south-facing section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States excepting Alaska, the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Santa Barbara's climate is often described as Mediterranean, and the city has been dubbed "The American Riviera". According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the city's population was 88,665.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaviota State Park</span> State park in Gaviota, California, United States

Gaviota State Park is a state park of California, United States. It is located in southern Santa Barbara County, California, about 33 miles (53 km) west of the city of Santa Barbara. One of three state parks along the Gaviota Coast, it extends from the Pacific coast to the crest of the Santa Ynez Mountains, and is adjacent to Los Padres National Forest. The 2,787-acre (1,128 ha) park was established in 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hollister Ranch</span> Undeveloped coastal area on the Gaviota coast

Hollister Ranch is a 14,400-acre (58 km2) gated residential community amidst a working cattle ranch on the Gaviota Coast in Santa Barbara County, California. The dramatic bluffs, isolated beaches and terraced grasslands are within the last undeveloped stretch of Southern California coastline. The fallow and fertile fields, mountains and valleys include some of the oldest known human settlements in the new world, the last native population of which was the Chumash. The Spanish Portolà expedition, the first European land explorers of California, traveled along its coast in 1769. It became part of the extensive Spanish land grant known as Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio, operated by the family of José Francisco Ortega from 1794.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern California Bight</span> Curved stretch of coastline in Southern California and northwestern Baja California

The Southern California Bight is a 692-kilometer-long stretch of curved coastline that runs along the west coast of the United States and Mexico, from Point Conception in California to Punta Colonet in Baja California, plus the area of the Pacific Ocean defined by that curve. This includes the Channel Islands of California and the Coronado Islands and Islas de Todo Santos of Baja California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Capitán State Beach</span> State park in California, United States

El Capitán State Beach is a protected beach in the state park system of California. The most easterly of three state parks along the Gaviota Coast, it is located about 20 miles (32 km) west of downtown Santa Barbara, in Santa Barbara County. The beach is named for José Francisco Ortega, who retired from the Spanish Army in 1795 with the rank of captain and received the Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio as a land grant.

The Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio was a 74,000-acre (300 km2) Spanish land grant to José Francisco Ortega in 1794 and is the only land grant made under Spanish and confirmed by USA in 1866 to Jose Maria Ortega under the US Supreme Court rule in what is today Santa Barbara County, California. A Mexican title was granted to Antonio Maria Ortega in 1834 by Mexican Governor José Figueroa. The grant extended along the Pacific coast from Cojo Canyon east of Point Conception, past Arroyo Hondo and Tajiguas Canyon, to Refugio Canyon, including what is now Gaviota Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refugio State Beach</span> State beach in Santa Barbara County, California

Refugio State Beach is a protected state beach park in California, United States, approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Santa Barbara. One of three state parks along the Gaviota Coast, it is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of El Capitán State Beach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaviota, California</span> Unincorporated community in California, United States

Gaviota is an unincorporated community in Santa Barbara County, California on the Gaviota Coast about 30 miles (48 km) west of Santa Barbara and 15 miles (24 km) south of Buellton.

The history of Santa Barbara, California, begins approximately 13,000 years ago with the arrival of the first Native Americans. The Spanish came in the 18th century to occupy and Christianize the area, which became part of Mexico following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, the expanding United States acquired the town along with the rest of California as a result of defeating Mexico in the Mexican–American War. Santa Barbara transformed then from a small cluster of adobes into successively a rowdy, lawless Gold Rush era town; a Victorian-era health resort; a center of silent film production; an oil boom town; a town supporting a military base and hospital during World War II; and finally it became the economically diverse resort destination it remains in the present day. Twice destroyed by earthquakes, in 1812 and 1925, it was rebuilt after the second one in a Spanish Colonial style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellwood Oil Field</span> Partially active, adjoining Goleta, California

Ellwood Oil Field and South Ellwood Offshore Oil Field are a pair of adjacent, partially active oil fields adjoining the city of Goleta, California, about twelve miles (19 km) west of Santa Barbara, largely in the Santa Barbara Channel. A richly productive field in the 1930s, the Ellwood Oil Field was important to the economic development of the Santa Barbara area. A Japanese submarine shelled the area during World War II. It was the first direct naval bombardment of the continental U.S. since the Civil War, causing an invasion scare on the West Coast.

Rancho Dos Pueblos was a 15,535-acre (62.87 km2) Mexican land grant in present day Santa Barbara County, California given in 1842 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Nicolas A. Den. The rancho stretched along the Gaviota Coast to the northwest of today's city of Santa Barbara, from Fairview Avenue in Goleta to the southeastern boundary of today's El Capitan State Beach. A 500-acre parcel (200 ha) was bought by Colin Powys Campbell in 1919. The University of California, Santa Barbara purchased it from the Devereux Foundation in 2007, following the closure of the campus it had established there in 1945.

Naples State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is a marine protected area that protects Naples Reef which is about three-quarters of a mile offshore along the middle of the pristine and rural Gaviota Coast in Santa Barbara County on California’s south coast. The SMCA covers 2.58 square miles. The MPAs protects marine life by limiting the removal of wildlife from within its borders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Point Conception State Marine Reserve</span> Marine protected area in Santa Barbara County, California

Point Conception State Marine Reserve (SMR) is a marine protected area that extends off of Point Conception on the Gaviota Coast in Santa Barbara County, California. The SMR covers 22.51 square miles (58.3 km2). The SMR prohibits the take of any living marine resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refugio oil spill</span> 2015 pipeline leak on the coast of California

The Refugio oil spill on May 19, 2015, contaminated one of the most biologically diverse areas of the West Coast of the United States with 142,800 U.S. gallons of crude oil. The corroded pipeline that caused the spill closed indefinitely, resulting in financial impacts to the county estimated as high as $74 million as it and a related pipeline remained out of service for three years. The cost of the cleanup was estimated by the company to be $96 million with overall expenses including expected legal claims and potential settlements to be around $257 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sherpa Fire</span> 2016 wildfire in Southern California

The Sherpa Fire was a wildfire that burned in the Santa Ynez Mountains along the Gaviota Coast in the southwestern part of Santa Barbara County, California in June 2016. In a matter of hours the fire spread to over 1,400 acres (570 ha) as the fire was propelled by downslope sundowner winds. This offshore northerly wind contrasts with the more typical onshore flow and sent the fire down the canyons towards the ocean with gusts of over 35 miles per hour (56 km/h). The wildfire resulted in evacuations at two state beach campgrounds and some residences together with intermittent interruption of traffic on a state transportation route.

The Jack and Laura Dangermond Preserve is a nature reserve in Santa Barbara County California managed by The Nature Conservancy. The land is host to a variety of wildlife species, as it touches two major terrestrial and two major marine biomes. Animals from both southern and northern California mix territories in this area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary</span> Marine sanctuary in the Pacific Coast of Southern California

The Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary is a National Marine Sanctuary in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties on the Central Coast of California. It was designated on October 11, 2024, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It is the first marine sanctuary to have been proposed by an Indigenous group. It protects nationally significant natural, cultural, and historical resources in Central California's coastal and ocean waters and offers opportunities for research, community engagement, and education and outreach activities.

References

  1. 1 2 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Gaviota Beach
  2. 1 2 3 Draft Gaviota Coast Feasibility Study & Environmental Assessment study of the National Park Service (PDF). Cultural Resources (Report). 2003. pp. 27–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 1, 2004.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.
  3. ↑ Meares, Hadley (August 20, 2015). "The Gap: Gaviota State Park, the Wild West of Southern California". KCET. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  4. ↑ Schwartz, Noaki (October 16, 2011). "Underwater rover looking for oil in old sunken ship". Santa Maria Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  5. ↑ Farnsworth, Beth (February 23, 2021). "Tuesday marks 79th Anniversary of Japanese sub attack on Ellwood Oil Fields". KEYT News Channel 3-12. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  6. ↑ Orozco, Lance (February 23, 2022). "Forgotten history; 80th anniversary of the day Santa Barbara County was shelled by a Japanese sub". KCLU. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  7. ↑ Modugno, Tom (January 30, 2016). "Refugio Palms". Goleta History. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  8. ↑ Modugno, Tom (February 9, 2019). "Who was El Capitan?". Goleta History. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 Kenneth R., Weiss (March 10, 2004). "Status as National Seashore Rejected for Gaviota Coast". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  10. ↑ Sherman, Mark (April 9, 2003). "Park Service says Gaviota Coast should not be national park". Napa Valley Register. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  11. ↑ Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, United States Department of the Interior (March 5, 2004). "Gaviota Coast Feasibility Study" (PDF). Letter to Richard Pombo Chairman, Committee on Resources House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  12. ↑ Kacik, Alex (November 5, 2015). "Refugio oil spill pipeline might take five years to get back online". Pacific Coast Business Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  13. ↑ Frazin, Rachel (October 11, 2024). "Biden administration designates first-ever Indigenous-proposed marine sanctuary". The Hill . Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  14. 1 2 "Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary Designation History". sanctuaries.noaa.gov/. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  15. ↑ Orozco, Lance (November 10, 2021). "Long talked about concept of new national marine sanctuary on Central, South Coasts clears major hurdle". KCLU. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  16. ↑ Sahagún, Louis (March 21, 2022). "A Chumash tribe and conservationists fight offshore wind turbines". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  17. 1 2 "Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary". sanctuaries.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  18. ↑ "Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary" (PDF). sanctuaries.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  19. ↑ "NOAA reaches key milestone in designation of Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary". NOAA . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 6, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  20. ↑ "About Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary". sanctuaries.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 "Proposed Designation of Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary". Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
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  25. ↑ Johnson, Ted; Tapp, Tom (October 14, 2021). "Flames Come Within Half-Mile Of Ronald Reagan's Ranch As Staff, Firefighters Work To Save It – Update". Deadline. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  26. ↑ Favuzzi, Christina (October 26, 2021). "Critical Reminder: It's Sundowner Season on the South Coast". Montecito. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  27. ↑ Russell, Angel (October 15, 2021). "Santa Maria Air Tanker Base bustling with planes amid Alisal Fire, more favorable winds in Santa Barbara County". KCBX. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  28. ↑ Orozco, Lance (October 13, 2021). "Alisal Fire grows to 14,500 acres; Drop in wind allows firefighters to launch aerial attack on blaze". KCLU. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Fire near Santa Barbara disrupts Surfliner, Starlight service". Trains. October 13, 2021. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  30. ↑ Yamamura, Jean (October 17, 2021). "Alisal Fire Sunday Morning: 78 Percent Contained, 17,253 Acres Burned". The Santa Barbara Independent. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  31. ↑ Orozco, Lance (October 15, 2021). "Alisal Fire damages Santa Barbara County's cutting edge waste disposal facility". KCLU. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  32. ↑ Brooks, Brad (October 14, 2021). "Planes, fire crews tackling wildfire near Reagan ranch in California". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  33. ↑ Elamroussi, Aya; Mossburg, Cheri (October 15, 2021). "Reagan's ranch is still threatened but firefighters gain ground on Alisal Fire". KESQ. CNN. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  34. ↑ Welsh, Nick (October 16, 2021). "Alisal Fire 50 Percent Contained". The Santa Barbara Independent. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  35. ↑ Nguyen, Julia (December 3, 2021). "Alisal Fire officially declared out in Santa Barbara County". KEYT NewsChannel 3-12. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Alisal Wildfire in Santa Barbara County nearing full containment, but approaching storm creates new concerns". KCLU. October 20, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
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  38. ↑ Lehr, Tracy (December 19, 2021). "Volunteers mend Alisal Fire line". KEYT NewsChannel 3-12. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  39. 1 2 "Gaviota Coast Artichoke Thistle Project". Weed Management Area. County of Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  40. ↑ Coastal Ranches Conservancy (February 2016). The Gaviota Creek Watershed: A Restoration Plan Update (Draft) (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020– via County of Santa Barbara.
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