Germain's langur

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Germain's langur [1]
Trachypithecus germaini 99590349.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Trachypithecus
Species group: Trachypithecus cristatus group
Species:
T. germaini
Binomial name
Trachypithecus germaini
Indochinese Lutung area.png
Joint range of Germain's langur and Annamese langur

Germain's langur (Trachypithecus germaini) [1] is an Old World monkey native to Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. [3] [2] The monkey was previously included in Trachypithecus cristatus [3] and Trachypithecus villosus . [2]

Contents

Two subspecies were recognized: [3]

Taxonomy and evolution

Germain's langur is part of the leaf monkey subfamily Colobinae. [4] Two subspecies of the Germain's langur are recognized: Trachypithecus germaini germaini and Trachypithecus germaini caudalis. [4] [5] [6] However, the classification of the Germain's langur has been contested, with T. germaini being grouped with other species in its subfamily. [4] [7] T. germaini and T. margarita were considered to be a single species, T. villosus, but morphological and genetic evidence has shown that they are distinct. [4] [7] [8] [9] T. germaini has also been grouped with T. cristatus until recent reclassifications. [4]

Trachypithecus germaini goes by several common names such as the Indochinese lutung, Germain's langur, Germain's silver langur, Indochinese leaf monkey, and Indochinese silvered langur. [10]

Description

Germain's langur has black colouration on its hands and feet, as well as the upper part of its body which fades into paler grey on its underparts. [4] They have long grey tails and white hairs on its round face. [4] Their young have bright orange fur. [4]

Distribution and habitat

The limits of the distribution of Germain's langur are not well known, but they are currently found in Asia, specifically Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Thailand. [2] Populations in Vietnam are severely reduced, with few sightings in the last 50 years. [2] [11] In Lao PDR, the species has no continuous range, rather multiple patches of higher relative abundance. [2] [11] Its distribution in Cambodia is widespread, but its abundance will vary from common to rare. [2] One of the few sites with a population estimate is Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary where a stable population of 1487 is reported. [12] [13] In Thailand, the species is common, with many protected areas supporting large populations. [2] Germain's langur is a terrestrial arboreal species, often found in lowlands. [2] They prefer evergreen and semi-evergreen, riverine, mixed deciduous, and gallery forests. [2] They are not commonly found at high elevations or hilly areas. [2]

Behaviour

The diet of Germain's langur is folivorous consisting of leaves, shoots, and fruits. [4] [14] They are also observed to consume mushrooms (mycophagy) and soil (geophagy). [14] Their folivorous diet dictates a resting period, in which they can undergo the process of rumination. [14] [15]   

Trachypithecus germaini, and other Asian colobines, are generally less frequently engaged in social interaction than frugivorous primates such as macaques. [14] [16] They have a lower affinity to social behaviour in comparison to feeding and resting which makes up the majority of their day. [14] However, T. germaini is often found in troops of 10 to 50 individuals in close social proximity. [4] [14]

Predators and threats

Predators of Trachypithecus, including the Germain's langur, include leopards, tigers, dholes, and large snakes. [17] A variety of small carnivores will feed on the young. [17]

Prevalent threats to Germain's langur include hunting, exotic pet trading, and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion. [2]

Status and conservation

T. germaini is considered endangered by the IUCN, with a greater than 50% decline in the past three generations. [2] It is listed under CITES Appendix II, meaning that trade of the species must be controlled to avoid endangerment. [2] [18]

Little conservation efforts have been made, despite the species designation. [7] [14] Several protected areas have been established across its range which aids in the conservation of the species. The species has been recorded in numerous protected areas in Vietnam and Thailand. [2] In Vietnam, their populations have increased in two protected areas, Phú Quốc National Park and Kiên Lương Karst Area, demonstrating the importance of conservation efforts. [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Semnopithecus</i> Genus of Old World monkeys

Semnopithecus is a genus of Old World monkeys native to the Indian subcontinent, with all species with the exception of two being commonly known as gray langurs. Traditionally only the species Semnopithecus entellus was recognized, but since about 2001 additional species have been recognized. The taxonomy has been in flux, but currently eight species are recognized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple-faced langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The purple-faced langur, also known as the purple-faced leaf monkey, is a species of Old World monkey that is endemic to Sri Lanka. The animal is a long-tailed arboreal species, identified by a mostly brown appearance, dark face and a very shy nature. The species was once highly prevalent, found in suburban Colombo and the "wet zone" villages, but rapid urbanization has led to a significant decrease in the population level of the monkeys. It had traditionally been classified within the genus Trachypithecus but was moved to the genus Semnopithecus based on DNA evidence indicating that is it more closely related to the gray langurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colobinae</span> Subfamily of Old World monkeys

The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus, Piliocolobus, and Procolobus in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs. The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups, while others place them firmly within the langur group.

<i>Trachypithecus</i> Genus of Old World monkeys

Trachypithecus is a genus of Old World monkeys containing species known as lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys. Their range is much of Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nilgiri langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Nilgiri langur is an Asian langur of the Old World monkey. It has glossy, black fur and an orangey-golden brown, hair-like mane on its head. Females have a white patch of fur on the inner thigh. It typically lives in troops of nine to ten individuals, with or without offspring, depending on seasonality. Its diet consists of fruits, shoots and leaves. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat destruction and poaching for its body parts, thought to supposedly contain aphrodisiac properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hatinh langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Hatinh langur is a highly threatened Old World monkey found in limestone forests in Vietnam, primarily in the Quảng Bình Province. A recent survey discovered a small population living in the Quảng Trị Province. Contrary to its name, it is not known from the Hà Tĩnh Province. The local Van Kieu minority refer to this monkey as the 'Con Cung', which roughly translates as "black, cliff-dwelling monkey with a long tail". It resembles the closely related François' langur, but its white cheek-stripes typically extend behind the ears onto the nape, and the overall black colour is non-glossy and has a brownish tinge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silvery lutung</span> Species of Old World monkey

The silvery lutung, also known as the silvered leaf monkey or the silvery langur, is an Old World monkey. It is arboreal, living in coastal, mangrove, and riverine forests in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and other nearby islands. It is the type species of its species group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Javan langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The East Javan langur, also known as the ebony lutung, Javan langur or Javan lutung, is an Old World monkey from the Colobinae subfamily. It is most commonly glossy black with a brownish tinge to its legs, sides, and "sideburns". It is found on the island of Java, as well as on several of the surrounding Indonesian islands. The Latin word auratus in its scientific name means "golden", and refers to a less common color variant. Note that the common name golden langur is used for a different species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">François' langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

François' langur, also known as Francois' leaf monkey, the Tonkin leaf monkey, or the white side-burned black langur is a species of Old World monkey and the type species of its species group. It is one of the least studied of the species belonging to the Colobinae subfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phayre's leaf monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

Phayre's leaf monkey, also known as Phayre's langur, is a species of Old World monkey native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, namely India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Populations from further east are now thought to belong to other species. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by hunting and loss of habitat. The species epithet commemorates Arthur Purves Phayre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raffles' banded langur</span> Species of primate in Malaysia and Singapore

The Raffles' banded langur, also known as the banded leaf monkey or banded surili, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia. The species underwent taxonomic revisions in 2019 and 2020, in which two former subspecies were elevated to separate species. As a result, the Raffles' banded langur meets the criteria for being listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. It is mainly threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laotian langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Laotian langur or white-browed black langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to Laos. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. Genetically the Indochinese black and Hatinh langurs are very close to the Laotian langur, and consequently it has been suggested they should be considered subspecies of it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky leaf monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The dusky leaf monkey, also known as the spectacled langur or the spectacled leaf monkey, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand, and can occasionally be found in Singapore. During the day, these small, folivorous primates divide in sub-groups and forage for vegetation and fruit throughout the tropical forests. According to the IUCN, the dusky leaf monkey's population is declining due to habitat loss, poaching, and anthropogenic land use, which prompted the IUCN to classify the species as endangered in 2015.

The Indochinese black langur is a poorly known Old World monkey native to Laos and adjacent Vietnam. It was originally described as a subspecies of T. auratus, but was later found to be a member of the T. francoisi group, with some maintaining it as a subspecies of that species. In 2001, it was recommended treating it as a separate species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selangor silvered langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Selangor silvered langur is a species of leaf monkey found on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It had been previously considered a form of silvery lutung. Roos and colleagues elevated this population to a subspecies level, Trachypithecus cristatus selangorensis, in 2008. It has since come to be regarded by primatologists as a separate species, Trachypithecus selangorensis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Javan langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The West Javan langur is an Old World monkey from the Colobinae subfamily. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Trachypithecus auratus until it was elevated to a separate species by Roos and Groves. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its range is restricted to the island of Java west of Jakarta. Its range is currently restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve and Muara Gembong due to industrial development, habitat fragmentation and the disconnection of protected areas. They are known to eat the leaves and fruits of Sonneratia in mangroves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annamese langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Annamese langur is an Old World monkey from the Colobinae subfamily. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Trachypithecus germaini until it was elevated to a separate species by Roos and Groves in 2008. Its fur is lighter in colour than that of Trachypithecus germaini. Its range includes parts of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Popa langur</span> Species of mammal

The Popa langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It occurs only in Myanmar and was named after Mount Popa, where a population of 100 of the monkeys live. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as the wild population is thought to comprise 200 to 250 mature individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indochinese grey langur</span> Species of monkey

The Indochinese grey langur is a species of Old World monkey native to East and Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presbytini</span> Tribe of Old World monkeys

Presbytini is a tribe of Old World monkeys that includes all of the Asian colobine monkeys.

References

  1. 1 2 Roos, C.; Boonratana, R.; Supriatna, J.; Fellowes, J.R.; Groves, C.P.; Nash, S.D.; Rylands, A.B.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2014). "An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal. 4 (1): 2–38. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Duc, H.; Covert, H.; Ang, A.; Moody, J. (2021). "Trachypithecus germaini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39874A195374767. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39874A195374767.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 176. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Supanuam, Praween; Tanomtong, Alongklod; Khunsook, Sumpars; Khrueanet, Wilailuk; Pinthong, Krit; Wonkaonoi, Weeranuch (2015). "The First Report on Standardized Karyotype and Idiogram of Indochinese Silvered Langur, Trachypithecus germaini germaini (Primates, Colobinae) in Thailand". Cytologia. 80 (2): 183–192. doi: 10.1508/cytologia.80.183 . ISSN   0011-4545.
  5. ↑ Parr, John W. K. (2003). A Guide to the Large Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Sarakadee Press. ISBN   974-484-040-4.
  6. ↑ Francis, Charles M. (2001). A photographic guide to mammals of Thailand & South-East Asia. Asia Books. OCLC   45914721.
  7. 1 2 3 Timmins, R. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Poulsen, M. K.; Evans, T. D.; Duckworth, J. W.; Boonratana, R. (2013). "The Indochinese Silvered Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus germaini ( Sensu lato ) in Lao PDR". Primate Conservation. 26 (1): 75–87. doi: 10.1896/052.026.0112 . ISSN   0898-6207. S2CID   86278590.
  8. ↑ Roos, C.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (Trachypithecus cristatus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 629–636. Bibcode:2008MolPE..47..629R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006. PMID   18406631.[ dead link ]
  9. ↑ Nadler, Tilo (2016). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc (eds.). All the World's Primates. Pogonias Press. pp. 601–602. ISBN   978-1-940496-06-1.
  10. ↑ "Checklist of CITES species". checklist.cites.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  11. 1 2 Duckworth, William; Salter, Richard Edward; Khamkhoun Khounboline, eds. (1999). Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 status report. World Conservation Union. ISBN   2-8317-0483-9. OCLC   799695132.
  12. ↑ Nuttall, Matthew N.; Griffin, Olly; Fewster, Rachel M.; McGowan, Philip J. K.; Abernethy, Katharine; O'Kelly, Hannah; Nut, Menghor; Sot, Vandoeun; Bunnefeld, Nils (2022). "Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (2): e614. Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E.614N. doi: 10.1111/csp2.614 . hdl: 1893/33780 . ISSN   2578-4854. S2CID   245405123.
  13. ↑ Griffin, O.; Nuttall, M. (2020-12-04). Status of Key Species in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary 2010-2020. Wildlife Conservation Society (Report). doi: 10.19121/2020.Report.38511 . S2CID   229677607.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 de Groot, Brenda; Nekaris, Anna (2016). "Ecology of the Germain's Langur Trachypithecus germaini in a Pre-release Environment and the Implications for its conservation" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal. 6 (1). Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  15. ↑ Korstjens, Amanda H.; Lehmann, Julia; Dunbar, R.I.M. (2010). "Resting time as an ecological constraint on primate biogeography". Animal Behaviour. 79 (2): 361–374. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.012. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53199386.
  16. ↑ Kirkpatrick, R.C. 2011. The Asian colobines: diversity among leaf-eating monkeys. In: Primates in Perspective, C.J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K.C. MacKinnon and M. Panger (eds.), pp. 189–202. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  17. 1 2 Harding, Lee E. (2010-01-25). "Trachypithecus cristatus (Primates: Cercopithecidae)". Mammalian Species. 42: 149–165. doi: 10.1644/862.1 . ISSN   0076-3519.
  18. ↑ "How CITES works | CITES". www.cites.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  19. ↑ Van Tran, Bang; Nguyen, Minh Anh; Nguyen, Dat Quoc; Truong, Quan Bich Thi; Ang, Andie; Covert, Herbert H.; Hoang, Duc Minh (2017). "Current conservation status of Germain's langur (Trachypithecus germaini) in Vietnam". Primates. 58 (3): 435–440. doi:10.1007/s10329-017-0610-2. ISSN   0032-8332. PMID   28492971. S2CID   26470.
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