 |
Health care in the Philippines varies with private, public and barangay health centers (many in rural municipalities). Most of the national burden of health care is provided by private health providers, with the cost shouldered by the state or by patients.
The World Health Organization defines health care as an overall maintenance and solution to the health needs of a person, family, or community. It is a system that addresses these health needs are fulfilled through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. [1] WHO states that the system needs financial stability, well-trained human resources (along with proper salary), proper information/data, and proper maintenance of up to date facilities to be able to deliver quality services, medicine, and researches. [2]
Health care in the Philippines has been defined by the WHO as "fragmented", meaning there's a large gap between the quality and quantity of health services for the poor and the rich. With different reasons such as low budget, low number of personnel, or general neglect for the poor, the Philippines has always been unable to keep up with the high standards of healthcare abroad. This low number of personnel can be attributed to the increase in migration and resignation of Philippine nurses. [3] Comparing data from 2014 between Philippines, United States of America, and Canada, Philippines only spent 4.7% of their GDP on health while USA and Canada spent 17.1% and 10.4%. [4] [5] [6] Efforts are being performed to bridge the gap. On February 20, 2019, the Universal Health Care (UHC) Bill was signed into law, aiming to provide proper healthcare services for all.
 | Parts of this article (those related to this section) need to be updated.(April 2022) |
Health care in the Philippines extends as far back as the 15th century. Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, life and by extension health care, was centered around the animate and inanimate world.
Traditional Filipino medicinal herbs were used for a wide variety of ailments. Anonas leaves were applied to the stomach for indigestion. Betel-nuts leaves and areca nut leaves were common for injuries, chewed and then applied. Sambong was used to treat kidney stones, rheumatism, coughs, colds, hypertension, and diarrhea . [7]
Spanish historian Miguel de Loarca said the natives were "good physicians and had a remedy for every poison." [8] The seeds of the igasud were chewed as an antidote for poison. It was renamed Pepita of San Ignacio by the Spanish. Other antidotes include boiled bark of palanigan and the bark of the bagosabak. [8] While the Spanish were impressed by the medicinal knowledge of the Filipinos, they still believed that Western health care would have to be taught to the Filipinos.
As the Spanish were exposed to the unfamiliar environment of the Philippines, they were stricken with foreign disease. To combat this, they created hospitals specially for their health. Some of the first health institutions in the country were handled by Spanish friars.
Built in Cebu in 1565, Hospital Real was the first hospital in the Philippines. [9] It was relocated to Manila to accompany the government. The hospital aimed to nurse the Spanish army and navy, those inflicted with disease, and military casualties. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi had permission from King Philip II to set up the hospital exclusively for Spanish soldiers and sailors, whereas it denied service to Spanish and mestizo women. [9] Although Hospital Real received funding from the Spanish Government, it lacked finances, manpower, and supplies. Administration of Hospital Real was transferred to both the Order of St. Francis and the Confraternity of La Misericordia. [10] Hospital Real was destroyed during an earthquake on June 3, 1863.
Fray Juan Clemente, a 54-year-old botanist and lay brother, was instrumental in conception of the Hospital de Naturales. He often made medicine for the many people who begged outside the convent, until eventually the number of patients grew too large for accommodations. Clemente raised funds in order to build better facilities. In 1578, two wards of nipa and bamboo were constructed by Clemente. [11] Called the Hospital de los Indios Naturales, or Hospital de Naturales, the hospital flourished under Clemente. Friars tended to the sick, as well as their spiritual needs. The hospital also provided free medical supplies such as oils, herbs, and ointments. Hospital de Naturales was also able to provide medical supplies to other infirmaries and hospitals. Hospital De Naturales came under the patronage of King Philip II, earning it government subsidy. Protection was also guaranteed by the governor-general. Clemente died after 20 years of working at Hospital de Naturales. A few years after, a fire destroyed the hospital once more (the first time in 1583). The reconstruction of the hospital led to the development of the Hospital de San Lazaro. [12]
Although previously the Hospital de Naturales, the hospital was renamed after Japanese emperor Iemitsu sent 150 lepers. [13] Although viewed as a hostile act to the church for its growing influence in Japan, the lepers were taken care of by the hospital, the clergy, and the community. As such, the Hospital de Naturales became known as the Hospital de San Lazaro, after the patron saint of lepers. The Hospital de San Lazaro was demolished twice. Initially when the city of Dilao was threatened by invasion from Chinese pirate Chen Ch'e Kung, and finally after it was taken over and utilized by the British as a military vantage point. [14] San Lazaro can now be found at Rizal Avenue. It is believed that the land on which the hospital stands belonged to a Chinese mestizo who suffered leprosy. His will stated that his lands be used to aid those with leprosy. [15]
After the end of Spanish rule, the Filipino Revolutionary Government was established, including a Bureau of Public Health. [16] Although the Americans had been an ally in the fight against the Spaniards, the Americans soon seized control of the Philippines, with the mission to "uplift and civilize".
Under General Wesley Merritt, a Board of Health for supervising public health was established on September 29, 1898. [16] The Board of Health's biggest challenge was smallpox, which they battled by standardizing vaccine production and campaigning for vaccination.
Despite American efforts, public sanitation was dismal, and diseases were still spreading. Manila faced Bubonic plague; smallpox still spread in provinces; lepers roamed the streets. [17] Laws requiring vaccination and isolation of infected were ignored by the public. On July 1, 1901, The Board of Health for the Philippine Islands was established. [18] The Board soon became the Insular Board of Health as provincial and municipal boards were created.
The Insular Board of Health was given the power to draft legislation for sanitary and medical practices in the Philippines. They were tasked with studying diseases and prevention methods, as well as overseeing public health. [18]
Under the Jones Law and the governance of Governor-General Francis Harrison, the Filipinos were slowly allowed to practice self-governance. The Department of Public Instruction, one of the four executive departments of the government, was in charge of the Philippine Health Service. [19] The Department of Public Instruction was managed by Dr. Victor Heiser, during whose term the Philippine General Hospital was put up. [19] The Filipinization of Health Services started when Dr. Vicente de Jesus, the first Filipino Assistant Director of the Department of Public Instruction, became Director in 1919. [19]
Succeeding Harrison was Leonard Wood. Together with ex Governor-General William Forbes, Wood found the health status of the Philippines to be below par. [20] Cases of typhoid, tuberculosis, and other preventable diseases were rampant. Facilities and trained medical personnel were insufficient to care for the almost ten million Filipinos. Under Wood's administration, importance was given to health education, especially for mothers and young children. Prevention rather than treatment was a key strategy, and Act No. 3029 required school children to go through a health examination at least once a year. [21] There were also initiatives to increase the number of Filipino health workers, such as the establishment of the School of Public Health and Hygiene. [21]
After Wood, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. became Governor-General in 1932. He abolished several medical agencies and combined them under the Bureau of Health and Public Welfare. [22] Roosevelt focused on educating the public on health. Through the Bureau of Health's pamphlet publication "The Health Messenger", public radio, posters, and festivals for lectures on health, Roosevelt was able to increase public health awareness. [23] On May 31, 1939, the Department of Health and Public Welfare was established through Commonwealth Act 430. [24] By now, the Tydings-McDuffie Act had been ratified, and the Philippines was on its way to independence.
Universal Health Care (UHC) was signed into law by President Duterte as the Republic Act No. 11223. [25] UHC automatically enrolls all Filipino citizens in the National Health Insurance Program and expands the existing Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) coverage to include free medical consultations and laboratory tests. [25] [26] UHC strives to have health providers available to every family in the Philippines to address their primary health needs. [26] The goal of the UHC is to expand the health benefits package of previous PhilHealth including access to services in preventive, palliative, and rehabilitative medicine. [25] Development of the bill was guided by the World Health Organization-Philippines who assisted by mediating public hearings and providing insight from successful implementations of UHC in other countries. [25] UHC seeks to undo certain medical practices that were originally established during colonial times, namely the reliance on private healthcare and a weak system of public healthcare. [27]
However, certain problems faced by PhilHealth continue to go unaddressed under the new UHC system. [28] For example, UHC does not address the disparity between rural and urban settings, and the fact that rural settings have fewer healthcare resources. [29] Another problem is that funding decisions are often made by a single congressman/senator with a private interest in a particular medical issue. [28] Finally, UHC only covers "accredited hospitals" but many rural health stations find the process of becoming accredited difficult and therefore patient services from these stations do not qualify for coverage. [28] Statistics showed that 8 out of 10 Filipinos have had no medical check-up or physical examination in their life even with the addition of UHC. [29] Progress toward effective and equitable UHC needs not only strong political commitment but also a coherent strategy to ensure different aspects of health systems are synchronized with each other and address core performance challenges. [30]
Much of health care expenses are still shouldered by patients, according to the government research office Philippine Institute for Development Studies. [31]
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.
Universal health care is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care. It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes.
Legacy Emanuel Medical Center is a hospital located in the Eliot neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1912, it is one of only two Level I trauma centers in the state of Oregon, and home to the only burn center between Seattle and Sacramento. The hospital is also home to the Life Flight Network (MEDEVAC), the first of its kind instituted on the U.S. West Coast. The 554-bed facility provides a full range of services, including conventional surgery, heart treatment, critical care, neurology/stroke care/brain surgery, and care for high-risk pregnancies. Legacy Emanuel also houses the Randall Children's Hospital. It is one of the hospitals in the area where gun shot victims are routinely brought in.
The Research Institute for Tropical Medicine is a health research facility based in Muntinlupa, Philippines.
Fe Villanueva del Mundo,, was a Filipina pediatrician. She founded the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines and is known for shaping the modern child healthcare system in the Philippines. Her pioneering work in pediatrics in the Philippines while in active medical practice spanned eight decades. She gained international recognition, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in 1977. In 1980, she was conferred the rank and title of National Scientist of the Philippines, and in 2010, she was conferred the Order of Lakandula. She was the first female president of the Philippine Pediatric Society and the first woman to be named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1980. She was also the founder and the first president of the Philippine Pediatric Society, the first Asian to be elected president of the Philippine Medical Association in its 65-years existence, and the first Asian to be voted president of the Medical Woman's International Association.
Paulo C. Campos was a Filipino physician and educator noted for his promotion of wider community health care and his achievements in the field of nuclear medicine for which he was dubbed as "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines". The first president of the National Academy of Science and Technology, he was conferred the rank and title of National Scientist of the Philippines in 1980.
Teofisto "TG" de Lara Guingona III, or more commonly known as "TG" is a lawyer and the son of former vice president Teofisto "Tito" Guingona Jr. He was a congressman of the 2nd District of Bukidnon during the 13th and 14th Congress from 2004 to 2010 and a senator of the Philippines during the 15th and 16th Congress from 2010 to 2016.
Nursing is a profession within the healthcare sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses can be differentiated from other healthcare providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority. Nurses comprise the largest component of most healthcare environments; but there is evidence of international shortages of qualified nurses. Nurses collaborate with other healthcare providers such as physicians, nurse practitioners, physical therapists, and psychologists. There is a distinction between nurses and nurse practitioners; in the U.S., the latter are nurses with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing, and are permitted to prescribe medications unlike the former. They practice independently in a variety of settings in more than half of the United States. Since the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing.
A hospital is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire and accident victims to a sudden illness. A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with many beds for intensive care and additional beds for patients who need long-term care. Specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric treatment and certain disease categories. Specialized hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals. Hospitals are classified as general, specialty, or government depending on the sources of income received.
Healthcare in Georgia is provided by a universal health care system under which the state funds medical treatment in a mainly privatized system of medical facilities. In 2013, the enactment of a universal health care program triggered universal coverage of government-sponsored medical care of the population and improving access to health care services. Responsibility for purchasing publicly financed health services lies with the Social Service Agency (SSA).
Hospice care is a type of health care that focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient's pain and symptoms and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs at the end of life. Hospice care prioritizes comfort and quality of life by reducing pain and suffering. Hospice care provides an alternative to therapies focused on life-prolonging measures that may be arduous, likely to cause more symptoms, or are not aligned with a person's goals.
The Ministry of Public Health is a Thai governmental body responsible for the oversight of public health in Thailand. It is commonly referred to in Thailand by its abbreviation so tho (สธ.).
Doctor to the Barrios is a 1970 book written by Juan M. Flavier, a physician in the Philippines, who later became Secretary of the Department of Health and two-term Senator of the Philippines. Its complete title is Doctor to the Barrios, Experiences with the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement.
Camaron rebosado is a deep-fried battered shrimp dish in Philippine cuisine. It is usually served with a sweet and sour sauce. It is a common dish in Philippine cuisine.
The history of medicine in the United States encompasses a variety of approaches to health care in the United States spanning from colonial days to the present. These interpretations of medicine vary from early folk remedies that fell under various different medical systems to the increasingly standardized and professional managed care of modern biomedicine.
The history of nursing in the United States focuses on the professionalization of Nursing in the United States since the Civil War.
Sir David Michael Baldock Hall is a British paediatrician. Hall is most notable for publishing a paper with Dr Gillian Baird, on the role of primary care in identifying developmental problems in children that later resulted in the series of books being published called Health for all children that led in turn to one of the first attempts to apply an objective evidence based approach to medical practice for children. Hall is emeritus professor of community paediatrics at the Institute of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Sheffield.
Olivia Salamanca was a Filipino physician who trained in the United States at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and was the second female physician from the Philippines. She died from tuberculosis at the age of 24.
Philippines articles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History |
| ||||||
| Geography | |||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||
| Economy | |||||||
| Society |
| ||||||
