Human rights in Somalia

Last updated

Human rights in Somalia throughout the late 20th-century and early 21st-century were considered dire, but have gradually improved over the following years. Human rights are guaranteed in the Federal Constitution, which was adopted in August 2012. They fall under the Ministry of Human Rights established in August 2013. [1] The central authorities concurrently inaugurated a National Human Rights Day, endorsed an official Human Rights Roadmap, [2] and completed Somalia's first National Gender Policy. [3]

Contents

A Human Rights Task Force was established in February 2013 to firm up on the protection of individual rights. [4] The federal government in December 2014 organized a public awareness campaign, [5] passed a new 54-point national Child Protection Act, [6] and finished legislation on a Human Rights Commission bill. [7] According to the UN's Independent Human Rights Expert on Somalia, local human rights protection has gradually improved as government institutionalization and legislative reform have taken root. [8]

Human Rights Task Force

In early February 2013, former Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights in order to firm up on the protection of individual rights. The 13-member committee of volunteers was formed after extensive consultations with civil society groups and the Speaker of Parliament, Mohamed Osman Jawari. Chaired by prominent human rights attorney Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, one of four women on the panel, the Task Force includes an educator, a peace activist, leaders of Somali women's organizations, senior police officers, a humanitarian campaigner, a religious leader, and a media representative. [4]

It is tasked with investigating allegations of human rights abuses and journalist intimidation. At the end of its three-month mandate, the committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action. The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission, which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period. [4]

Ministry of Human Rights

In late August 2013 Prime Minister Shirdon established the first dedicated national Ministry for Human Rights. [1] The federal authorities concurrently declared 27 August as Somalia's National Human Rights Day. It also endorsed a Human Rights Roadmap, which defines government duties and sets specific benchmarks to be achieved over a two-year timeframe. [2]

On 17 January 2014, new Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed joined the Human Rights portfolio with Women's Affairs to form the Ministry of Women and Human Rights. It is led by Khadijo Mohamed Diriye. [9]

Women's rights

On August 1, 2012, a new Federal Constitution was adopted, which includes several statutes related to equality as proposed by a Committee of Experts (CoE). [10] Article 11 of the Federal Constitution guarantees equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender. [11]

Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women's Network Hanan Ibrahim addressing the ISSAT (2013). Hanan Ibrahim4.jpg
Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women's Network Hanan Ibrahim addressing the ISSAT (2013).

Women have since obtained greater representation in the public sphere. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 30% of seats in Somalia's Federal Parliament are legally reserved for women. [12] This quota was secured by Somali parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed and other female political leaders. [13] Ahmed had also helped form the Somali Women Parliamentary Association in 2009 in the preceding Transitional Federal Parliament. [14] In November 2012, Prime Minister Shirdon likewise appointed two women to the Cabinet, Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan as the nation's first female Minister of Foreign Affairs and Maryam Qassim as Minister of Social Development. [15]

In June 2013, the federal government began drafting the country's first National Gender Policy. [16] Led by Minister Maryam Qassim, the initiative was completed by August and aims to empower women, strengthen gender equality and safeguard women's rights. [3]

According to the UNDP, the most common types of violence faced by women and men in 2012 were physical attacks (50% of reported crime cases) followed by property crimes (32%). There was a low reported overall rate of sexual violence, with a reported nationwide prevalence rate ranging from 2% to 13%. The UNDP suggested that this was possibly attributable to reluctance on the part of female youth to report such cases due to entrenched cultural and social stigmas, though male youth were more likely to report crimes in general. [17]

Most incidents of sexual assault occurred within the context of the insurgency in southern Somalia. Over the first quarter of 2013, Amnesty International reported that 56.7% of victims in Mogadishu were internally displaced persons. [18] According to Human Rights Watch, the government in 2013 developed comprehensive judicial and security reform plans, but had not yet followed through on those commitments. [19] At least two women who reported rape were also prosecuted for prevarication, but were later released following appeals. [20] [21]

Parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed. Hodan Ahmed.png
Parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed.

To address the issue, the central authorities as of December 2013 were in the process of forming a special crime unit to investigate and counter gender-based violence, as well as constructing a clinic set aside for victims of sexual assault. The national judiciary, security and police forces were all concurrently receiving specialized gender training as part of the broader reform effort. [22] In June 2014, the Somali government also launched a National Action Plan against sexual violence in conjunction with local civil society groups. [23] As part of the initiative, the Ministry of Women and Human Rights in December 2014 organized a public awareness campaign in the capital on the importance of human rights and how citizens can ensure their protection. [5] It also completed legislation on a new Human Rights Commission bill. [7]

According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 97.9% of Somalia's women and girls underwent female genital mutilation, [24] a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East. [25] [26] Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault. [27] By 2013, UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1- to 14-year-old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25% following a social and religious awareness campaign. [28] Article 15 of the Federal Constitution also officially prohibits the practice. [11]

Prominent human rights activists include the constitutional Committee of Experts member Hanan Ibrahim, who serves as the Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women's Network; Hawa Aden Mohamed, Chairperson of the Galkayo Education Centre for Peace and Development; and Fartuun Adan and her daughter Ilwad Elman, founders of the Mogadishu-based Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre.

Children's rights

Article 29 of Somalia's national constitution defines a child as any individual under the age of 18, and stipulates that "every child has the right to be protected from mistreatment, neglect, abuse, or degradation." [11]

Fartuun Adan, Executive Director of the Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre. Fartuunadan.jpg
Fartuun Adan, Executive Director of the Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre.

According to UNICEF, 82% of children in Somalia in 2006 reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods during the day. 13% felt rather safe, 4% indicated that they don't know/it depends, while 0% reported feeling unsafe. With regard to night-time safety, 53% of children reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods, with 25% feeling rather safe, 4% indicating that they feel rather unsafe, 1% reporting that they feel very unsafe, while 16% stated that they don't know/it depends. [29]

Regarding incidences of violence among family/friends and against children, 72% of urban children reported no such incidents, whereas 20% responded affirmatively. 90% of children indicated that they were not themselves the victims of violence, while 10% reported that they were. Of the types of violence experienced by family/friends and by the children, the majority consisted of robbery (37%), followed by assault (28%), rape (19%), family member killed (11%), verbal assault (11%), genocide/war (8%), abduction (6%), being beat/caned seriously (4%), quarreling (3%), and uncertain (2%). [29]

Regarding the extent of trust they had in different societal groups, the children indicated that they most trusted their mother (85% totally; 7% quite) and their father (71% totally; 15% quite). They also asserted that they least trusted the police (3% not very much; 7% not at all) and the mass media (3% not very much; 5% not at all). Additionally, the majority of children reported being aware of their rights (78%), with their right to education (72%), right not to be hurt or mistreated (63%), and right to health (62%) most widely recognized. [29]

With regard to the extent to which various rights are respected in Somalia, most children felt that their main rights were respected, including the right to education (58% totally; 19% quite; 3% not quite; 1% not at all; 11% don't know; 7% no response), right not to be mistreated (46% totally; 24% quite; 4% not quite; 5% not at all; 14% don't know; 8% no response), and right to health (52% totally; 22% quite; 3% not quite; 3% not at all; 12% don't know; 7% no response). Regarding their general state of happiness, 86% of children reported feeling happy, 10% were neither happy nor unhappy, and 3% were unhappy. A majority of the children also indicated that the quality of their relationship with their parents was very good (72%), followed by good (17%). [29]

In terms of the proportion of children working for money, 93% reported that they don't work. 6% indicated that they were carrying out a regular part-time job, 6% stated that they were carrying out an occasional or part-time job, and 4% asserted that they were carrying out a full-time job. 64% of children reported not being engaged in unpaid work, 20% indicated that they were carrying out a regular unpaid part-time job, 15% stated that they were carrying out an occasional part-time unpaid job, and 0% indicated that they were carrying out a full-time unpaid job. [29]

In March 2014, Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ratified three core International Labour Organization conventions on behalf of the Federal Republic of Somalia, including the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. [30] In December 2014, the Federal Parliament also passed a new 54-point national Child Protection Act, which had been formulated by the Ministry for Women Affairs and Human Rights. [31] Additionally, the legislature concurrently ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. [32] President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud later signed the treaty in January 2015, making Somalia the 195th state party to ratify the global Convention. [33]

Ethnic minority rights

Article 11 of the national constitution stipulates that the state must not discriminate against any individual on the basis of race, colour, tribe or ethnicity. [11]

The Gabboye occupational clans, which include the numerically few Madhiban, Yibir and Tumaal (collectively referred to as sab) and the Wardei clan, have over the years obtained little political representation within Somalia. Their general social status has correspondingly improved with the expansion of urban centers. [34] However, due to their foreign, non-Somali origins, people from the Bantu and Wardei ethnic minority groups still often face societal marginalization. [35]

In 2013, the federal government announced that it would establish its Directorate General for Human and Minority Rights and Rule of Law within the Office of the Prime Minister. [36] Through the Ministry of Interior and Federal Affairs, it also launched a new national Agency for Refugees and IDPs, which is tasked with handling legislation, response initiatives, advocacy and implementation vis-a-vis returning and internally displaced citizens. [6]

Freedom House index

The following chart shows Somalia's ratings since 1972 on Freedom House's annual Freedom in the World index. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free". [37] 1

International treaties

International human rights treaties that Somalia has signed or ratified include:

See also

Notes

1. ^ Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2. ^ The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through extrapolation.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Kenya</span>

Human rights in Kenya internationally maintain a variety of mixed opinions; specifically, political freedoms are highlighted as being poor and homosexuality remains a crime. In the Freedom in the World index for 2017, Kenya held a rating of '4' for civil liberties and political freedoms, in which a scale of "1" to "7" is practised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Eritrea</span>

Human rights in Eritrea are viewed, as of the 2020s, by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Human Rights Watch as among the worst in the world, particularly with regards to freedom of the press. Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed, the judiciary is weak, and constitutional provisions protecting individual freedom have yet to be fully implemented. Some Western countries, particularly the United States, accuse the government of Eritrea of arbitrary arrest and detentions and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. Additionally, Eritrean citizens, both men and women, are forcibly conscripted into the military with an indefinite length of service and used as forced labour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Ethiopia</span>

According to the U.S. Department of State's human rights report for 2022, there exists "significant human rights issues" in Ethiopia. In addition to extrajudicial killings and instances of "enforced disappearance", other human right issues in Ethiopia include arbitrary arrest, the censorship and unjustified arrests of journalists, the use of child soldiers, and more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in São Tomé and Príncipe</span>

The U.S. Department of State's Country Report on Human Rights Practices for São Tomé and Príncipe states that the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, despite problems in a few areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Chad</span>

Human rights in Chad have been described as "poor"; for example, Freedom House has designated the country as "Not Free." Chad received a score of 7 for political rights and 6 for civil liberties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in the Comoros</span>

Historically, Comoros has had a relatively poor human rights record.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Rwanda</span>

Human rights in Rwanda have been violated on a grand scale. The greatest violation is the Rwandan genocide of Tutsi in 1994. The post-genocide government is also responsible for grave violations of human rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in the Republic of the Congo</span>

The Republic of Congo gained independence from French Equatorial Africa in 1960. It was a one-party Marxist–Leninist state from 1969 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 civil war and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made the Republic of the Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea region, providing the country with relative prosperity despite instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide.
The Congolese Human Right Observatory claims a number of unresolved and pending issues in the country.
Discrimination against Pygmies is widespread, the result of cultural biases, especially traditional relationships with the Bantu, as well as more contemporary forms of exploitation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Madagascar</span>

Human rights in Madagascar are protected under the national constitution. However, the extent to which such rights are reflected in practice is subject to debate. The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted concerns regarding the suspension of democratic electoral processes as the result of recent political unrest. Furthermore, reports of corruption, arbitrary arrest and child labor highlight the prevalence of human rights issues in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Botswana</span>

Human rights in Botswana are protected under the constitution. The 2022 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that in general the government of Botswana has respected the rights of its citizens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Cameroon</span>

Human rights in Cameroon are addressed in the constitution. However, the 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted concerns in regard to election irregularities, security forces torture and arbitrary arrests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Cape Verde</span>

Human rights in Cape Verde are addressed under the national constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Burkina Faso</span>

Human rights in Burkina Faso are addressed in its constitution, which was ratified in 1991. The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted concerns regarding restrictions on the press and the operation of the judiciary system. In its 2021 report, Human Rights Watch described the human rights situation in Burkina Faso as being "precarious" in light of ongoing violence committed by Islamists, government security forces, and pro-government militias.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Liberia</span>

Human rights in Liberia became a focus of international attention when the country's president, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, was named one of the three female co-winners of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, all of whom were cited "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Ghana</span>

Human rights are "rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled". Proponents of the concept usually assert that everyone is endowed with certain entitlements merely by reason of being human.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Djibouti</span>

The issue of human rights in Djibouti, a small country situated within the Horn of Africa, is a matter of concern for several human rights organizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Equatorial Guinea</span>

Equatorial Guinea is known for human rights abuses. Under the current government it has "limited ability of citizens to change their government; increased reports of unlawful murders of civilians by security forces; government-sanctioned kidnappings; systematic torture of prisoners and detainees by security forces; life threatening conditions in prisons and detention facilities; impunity; arbitrary arrest and detention and incommunicado detention; harassment and deportation of foreign residents with limited due process; judicial corruption and lack of due process; restrictions on the right to privacy; restrictions on freedom of speech and of the press; restrictions on the rights of assembly, association, and movement; government corruption; violence and discrimination against women; suspected trafficking in persons; discrimination against ethnic minorities; and restrictions on labor rights."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Sierra Leone</span>

Human rights in Sierra Leone are in a rather deplorable state, but have improved gradually since the end of its civil war in 2002. Among the major human-rights problems in Sierra Leone today, according to a 2011 U.S. State Department report, are "security force abuse and use of excessive force with detainees, including juveniles; harsh conditions in prisons and jails; official impunity; arbitrary arrest and detention; prolonged detention, excessive bail, and insufficient legal representation; interference with freedom of speech and press; forcible dispersion of demonstrators; widespread official corruption; societal discrimination and violence against women, discrimination based on sexual orientation; female genital mutilation (FGM); child abuse; trafficking in persons, including children; and forced child labor".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Lesotho</span>

Human rights in Lesotho, a nation of 2,067,000 people completely surrounded by South Africa, is a contentious issue. In its 2012 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House declared the country "Partly Free". According to the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, which produces annual human rights reports on the country, the most pressing human rights issues are the use of torture, poor prison conditions, and the abuse of women and children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Guinea</span>

Human rights in Guinea, a nation of approximately 10,069,000 people in West Africa, are a contentious issue. In its 2012 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House named Guinea "partly free" for the second year in a row, an improvement over its former status as one of the least free countries in Africa.

References

  1. 1 2 "Somalia takes human rights steps". UPI. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process". UN News Centre. 3 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  3. 1 2 "SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society". AMISOM. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 Prime Minister's Media Office (5 February 2013). "Somalia: Somali PM launches Human Rights Task Force and attacks "culture of impunity"". Horseed Media. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  5. 1 2 "SOMALIA: Government Weekly Press Conference on the Progress". Gaafo. 6 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  6. 1 2 "New national Agency for Refugees and IDPs launched in Somalia". Goobjoog. 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  7. 1 2 "Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day" (PDF). Somalia Human Rights Working Group. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  8. ↑ "Somalia: Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Somalia Concludes Mission [EN/SOM]" (PDF). United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia. Retrieved 14 December 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. ↑ "SOMALIA PM Said "Cabinet will work tirelessly for the people of Somalia"". Midnimo. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  10. ↑ "Press Release - Somali Government establishes Committee of Experts on Draft Constitution" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  12. ↑ "Somalia (House of the People)". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  13. ↑ "April 12-13, 2013 - Preliminary Program" (PDF). McDonough Leadership Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  14. ↑ "Hodan Ahmed". National Democratic Institute. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  15. ↑ "Somalia: Prime Minister Unveils His New Cabinet". Shabelle Media Network. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  16. ↑ "Somali government, AMISOM to draft national gender policy". Sabahi. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  17. ↑ "Somalia Human Development Report 2012" (PDF). UNDP. p. 71. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  18. ↑ "Rape and sexual violence in Somalia - An ongoing epidemic". Amnesty International. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  19. ↑ "Somalia: Big Promises, Scant Change". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  20. ↑ "Somalia court sentences 'rape victim'". BBC. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  21. ↑ "Somali government must protect, not arrest and harass, rape victims – HRW". Reuters. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  22. ↑ "Somalia President Hassan applauds Somali women for fighting for the rights of the most vulnerable". Horseed Media. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  23. ↑ "Press Release: Somali Government welcomes UK's leadership on Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict and given particular attention to Somalia". Goobjoog. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  24. ↑ "Prevalence of FGM". Who.int. 2010-12-09. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  25. ↑ Rose Oldfield Hayes (1975). "Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis". American Ethnologist. 2 (4): 617–633. doi: 10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030 .
  26. ↑ Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi (1998) Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity, Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41, ISBN   1555875785.
  27. ↑ Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby (1995) Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide, Libraries Unlimited, p. 257, ISBN   1-56308-131-8.
  28. ↑ "Somalia: Female genital mutilation down". Associated Press via The Jakarta Post. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia" (PDF). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  30. ↑ "SOMALIA: PM signs three core International Labour Organization conventions". Raxanreeb. 22 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  31. ↑ "Federal parliament approves national child protection act". Goobjoog. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  32. ↑ "Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government". Dayniile. 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child". UNICEF. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  34. ↑ Lewis, I.M. (2008). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society. Columbia University Press. p. 8. ISBN   978-0231700849.
  35. ↑ L. Randol Barker et al., Principles of Ambulatory Medicine, 7 edition, (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 2006), p.633
  36. ↑ "Assistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights" (PDF). UN Watch. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  37. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  38. ↑ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF).
  39. ↑ Freedom House (2014). "Freedom in the World 2014" (PDF).
  40. ↑ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF).
  41. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  42. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  43. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  44. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  45. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  46. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  47. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  48. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  49. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  50. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Archived from the original on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  51. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  52. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  53. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  54. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  55. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  56. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  57. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  58. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  59. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  60. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.