| Hypericum heterophyllum | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Hypericaceae |
| Genus: | Hypericum |
| Section: | Hypericum sect. Heterophylla |
| Species: | H. heterophyllum |
| Binomial name | |
| Hypericum heterophyllum | |
Hypericum heterophyllum is a flowering plant in the Hypericaceae family and is the only species in Hypericum sect. Heterophylla.
H. heterophyllum is endemic to Turkey, being found in the north-west and west-central regions of Anatolia. [1] It is found in dry clearings of Pinus nigra forests and in garrigue among Cistus laurifolius at elevations of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)–1,500 metres (4,900 ft). [2]
The specific epithet "heterophyllum" indicates the differing forms of the species' leaves on different parts of the stem. [3] The species is related to H. aegypticum but is systematically isolated within the genus. It lacks the specializations of sect. Adenotrias, and has a chromosome number of 2n=18 as opposed to H. aegypticum's 2n=20. [4]
H. heterophyllum is a shrublet that usually grows between 0.1 metres (3.9 in)–0.2 metres (7.9 in) tall. It is many branched and forms a generally flattish-topped bush, with the lower branches having a more woody composition and being branched in a falsely dichotomous arrangement. The cortex of these woody branches is green, and the bark is smooth with a reddish brown or greyish brown color. All of the branches can range form eirect and straight to decumbent and twisted; they completely lack hairs and are without dark glands. The stems are 2-lined and have short internodes and small scaly leaves at first, but later they can become terete and have elongated internodes. Once the stems bear flowers, they become obscurely glandular and begin to wither, leaving the over-wintering base part bearing pairs of strobiliform condensed shoots. [4]
The leaves are free but sessile, and have different morphological characteristics based on where they are located on the plant. The leaves on the lower part of the plant are perennating, while the leaves on the upper part of the plant are deciduous. The perrenating scale-leaves are 0.5 mm (0.020 in)–1.5 mm (0.059 in) long; they are either shaped like broad ovals or disks in a manner resembling a hood. They can have short, sharply pointed tips or can lack pointed tips. All of the leaves elongate in the spring into a spathulate shape and the upper sides take on a dull grayish-green color. The foliage leaves measure 5 mm (0.20 in)–15 mm (0.59 in) by 1 mm (0.039 in)–2 mm (0.079 in) and can be elliptic-oblong and narrow or linear. They have a leathery texture and acute apexes, with a plane margin and wedge-shaped base. [3]
The inflorescence is 3–5 flowered, with cymules of flowers on the lower nodes of the stem, and the plant can have up to 13 flowers in total. The inflorescence is shaped into a rounded pyramid; its bracteoles are a triangular lance shape or linear; the pedicels are very short or absent altogether. The flowers themselves are 8 mm (0.31 in)–12 mm (0.47 in) in diameter with oval shaped buds which are subacute. The sepals are green and measure 2 mm (0.079 in)–3.5 mm (0.14 in) by 0.8 mm (0.031 in)–1.2 mm (0.047 in). They overlap each other and are unequal, with an oblong shape. There are typically five veins, with only the midrib prominent if any at all. The petals are bright yellow without any tinge of red. They number between 2.2 and 2.5 times as many as the sepals and are obtuse to rounded with a small point and linear laminar glands. The flowers have between 35 and 45 stamens which range from 4.5 mm (0.18 in)–7 mm (0.28 in) in length. The ovaries are 1.5 mm (0.059 in) by 0.7 mm (0.028 in), with a cylindrical oval shape and truncate end. Their styles are widely spreading and measure 4 mm (0.16 in) long and number approximately 2.4 times the number of ovaries. The seed capsule is shaped like a narrow cylinder, is longer than the sepals, and is surrounded by old petals. There are two seeds on each placenta which are not seen mature, and their testa have small pits along their surface. [4]
Most species in the genus Hypericum contain significant amounts of the substances Hypericin or Pseudohypericin, or both. Unusually, however, H. heterophyllum contains neither of the two substances. [5]
Under laboratory conditions, H. heterophyllum displays moderate antifungal properties against several species of fungus in the genera Fusarium and Rhizoctonia due to a combination of several of the components of its essential oil. However, the effects of the H. heterophyllum extract were not as potent as that of the commercial antifungal benomyl, so it is unlikely to have much practical use as an antifungal. [6]
Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St John's wort, is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is a perennial plant that grows up to one meter tall, with many yellow flowers that have clearly visible black glands around their edges, long stamens, and three pistils. Probably a hybrid between the closely related H. attenuatum and H. maculatum that originated in Siberia, the species is now found worldwide. It is native to temperate regions across Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of North and South America. In many areas where it is not native, H. perforatum is considered a noxious weed. It densely covers open areas to the exclusion of native plants, and is poor grazing material. As such, methods for biocontrol have been introduced in an attempt to slow or reverse the spread of the species.
Hypericum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Hypericaceae. The genus has a nearly worldwide distribution, missing only from tropical lowlands, deserts and polar regions. Many Hypericum species are regarded as invasive species and noxious weeds. All members of the genus may be referred to as St. John's wort, and some are known as goatweed. The white or pink flowered marsh St. John's worts of North America and eastern Asia are generally accepted as belonging to the separate genus TriadenumRaf.
Hypericum mutilum is a species of St. John's wort known by the common name dwarf St. John's wort. It is native to parts of North America and is present in other parts as an introduced species. It is an annual or perennial herb taking a multibranched erect form up to about 60 centimeters tall. The oval green leaves are one or two centimeters long and are covered in tiny glands. The inflorescence is a compound cyme of tiny flowers. H. mutilum subsp. mutilum and subsp. boreale have a diploid number of 16, and H. mutilum subsp. boreale can have a diploid number of 18.
Hypericum olympicum, commonly known as the Mount Olympus St. John's wort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae found in the Balkans and Turkey and introduced to western Europe. It has been widely cultivated for centuries because of its large, showy flowers, which are far larger than those of most other species in Hypericum.
Hypericum aegypticum is a species of flowering plant of the St. John's wort family (Hypericaceae) which is native to the Eastern Mediterranean. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his Species Plantarum in 1753, who named it after Egypt despite it not being distributed there. The plant is commonly known as shrubby St. John's wort or Egyptian St. John's wort in English. Like other members of section Adenotrias, it is found among limestone rocks in coastal areas. While it has been evaluated as threatened on the island of Malta, the species has no legal protections.
Hypericum annulatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is a perennial herb of varying heights which grows upright, with more than a hundred flowers of a golden yellow color. First described in 1827, the species has a wide distribution from Eastern Europe to East Africa, and its appearance can vary greatly based on its geographic location. It has been used in Bulgarian folk medicine, and has more recently been investigated for its effectiveness in slowing the growth of or killing certain types of human cancer.
Hypericum bupleuroides is a species of perennial flowering plant in the St John's wort family, Hypericaceae. It is a perennial herb that grows 45–80 centimeters tall, with unusual perfoliate leaves that are fused at the stem. It has pyramid-shaped flower clusters of 1–25 flowers with yellow petals in a star-shaped arrangement. The species is found along the Black Sea coast near the Turkish–Georgian border, and has a very small distribution and specific habitat requirements that make it vulnerable to environmental pressures.
Hypericum punctatum, the spotted St. John's wort, is a perennial herb native to North America. The yellow-flowered herb occurs throughout eastern North America into southern Canada. The process of microsporogenesis carried out by this plant is prone to errors in chromosomal segregation. It has a diploid number of 14 or 16. Insects are attracted to the plant's pollen and the hypericin in the plant's leaves is toxic to mammals.
Hypericum canadense, known as Canadian St. Johns-wort, lesser St. John's wort, and lesser Canadian St. Johnswort, is a flowering plant in the genus Hypericum. It is a yellow-flowering annual or perennial herb native to North America and introduced to Ireland and The Netherlands. The specific epithet canadense means "Canadian".
Hypericum undulatum, the wavy St Johns Wort, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant native to western Europe and northern Africa. The specific name undulatum is Latin, meaning "wavy" or "undulated", referring, just as the common name, to the wavy leaf margins of the herb. The plant has a diploid number of 16 or 32.
Hypericum denticulatum, the coppery St. John's Wort, is a perennial herb in the flowering plant family Hypericaceae. It is native to the Eastern United States. The species has two varieties, H. denticulatum var. recognitum and H. denticulatum var. acutifolium. The herb has a diploid number of 24 or 48.
Hypericum majus, the greater Canadian St. John's wort, is a perennial herb native to North America. The specific epithet majus means "larger". The plant has a diploid number of 16.
Hypericum humboldtianum is a species of shrubby flowering plant in the St. John's wort family Hypericaceae native to Colombia and Venezuela.
Hypericum formosissimum is a species of flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae, section Adenosepalum, in the Hypericum huber-morathii group.
Hypericum przewalskii, commonly called Przewalski's St. John's wort, is a flowering plant in Hypericumsect. Roscyna that is native to China.
Hypericum aucheri, also known as Koramanotu in Turkish, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the St. John's wort family Hypericaceae.
Hypericum coris, the heath-leaved St. John's wort, also called yellow coris, is a species of flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae, and is the type species of sect. Coridium. It is a low shrub, and it is found in Switzerland and northwestern Italy. The species has been a popular garden plant since the 18th century, valued for its long flowering period and for how well it adapts to cultivation.
Hypericum harperi, the sharplobe St. Johnswort or Harper's St. John's wort, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is an aquatic herb native to southeast North America. H. harperi has a diploid chromosome number of 24.
Hypericum elodeoides, commonly called the Himalayan St. John's Wort, is a species of flowering plant of the St. John's wort family (Hypericaceae).