The Ross Dependency is a region of Antarctica defined by a sector originating at the South Pole,passing along longitudes 160°east to 150°west,and terminating at latitude 60°south. It is claimed by New Zealand,a claim mutually accepted only by Australia,the UK,France and Norway,countries that also have territorial claims in Antarctica. Under the 1961 Antarctic Treaty,of which all territorial claimants are signatories,including New Zealand,all claims are held in abeyance. Article IV states:"No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting,supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica".
Concordia Research Station,which opened in 2005,is a French–Italian research facility that was built 3,233 m (10,607 ft) above sea level at a location called Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau,Antarctica. It is located 1,100 km (680 mi) inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville,1,100 km (680 mi) inland from Australia's Casey Station and 1,200 km (750 mi) inland from the Italian Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560 km (350 mi) away. The Geographic South Pole is 1,670 km (1,040 mi) away. The facility is also located within Australia's claim on Antarctica,the Australian Antarctic Territory.
Terra Nova Bay is a bay which is often ice free,about 40 nautical miles long,lying between Cape Washington and the Drygalski Ice Tongue along the coast of Victoria Land,Antarctica. It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott,1901–1904,and named by him after Terra Nova,one of the relief ships for the expedition.
Operation Deep Freeze is codename for a series of United States missions to Antarctica,beginning with "Operation Deep Freeze I" in 1955–56,followed by "Operation Deep Freeze II","Operation Deep Freeze III",and so on.. Given the continuing and constant US presence in Antarctica since that date,"Operation Deep Freeze" has come to be used as a general term for US operations in that continent,and in particular for the regular missions to resupply US Antarctic bases,coordinated by the United States military. Task Force 199 was involved.
The King Sejong Station (Korean: 세종과학기지) is a research station for the Korea Antarctic Research Program that is named after King Sejong the Great of Joseon (1397–1450).
Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic,the current research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rocks or on ice that are fixed in place.
Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva is the most important Antarctic base of Chile. It is located at Fildes Peninsula,an ice-free area,in front of Fildes Bay,at the west end of King George Island,South Shetland Islands. Situated alongside the Escudero Station in Villa Las Estrellas and only 200 metres (660 ft) from the Russian Bellingshausen Station,it is at an altitude of 10 metres (33 ft) above sea-level. The base is located in the Chilean commune of Antártica,which is the Antarctic territory claimed by Chile.
Zucchelli Station is an Italian seasonal research station in Antarctica,located at Terra Nova Bay on a granitic headland along the coast of the Northern Foothills to the north-east of Gerlache Inlet. It has been named after Mario Zucchelli,director of the activities,which conducted for sixteen years,for the ENEA-UnitàTecnica Antartide as part of the National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA).
The Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station is a permanent Antarctic research station named after the Brazilian Navy Commander Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz (1940–1982),who visited Antarctica many times with the British exploration team and managed to convince his government to create a self-guided Brazilian Antarctic Program.
The General Artigas Station,also referred to as the Artigas Base is the larger of the two Uruguayan scientific research stations in Antarctica,the other one being Elichiribehety Base. It is one of the 68 bases in Antarctica.
Religion in Antarctica is largely dominated by Christianity,with churches being the only religious buildings on the continent. Although used regularly for Christian worship,the Chapel of the Snows has also been used for Buddhist and BaháʼíFaith ceremonies. Some of the early religious buildings are now protected as important historical monuments.
Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base,named after the former king of Spain,Juan Carlos I,is a seasonal scientific station operated by Spain,opened in January 1988. Situated on Hurd Peninsula,Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands,Antarctica.
Cámara Base is an Argentine Antarctic base and scientific research station named after Frigate Lieutenant Naval Aviator Juan Ramón Cámara. It is located in the northern foothills of La Morenita Hill,at Menguante Cove in Half Moon Island off the east coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands,Antarctica.
RV Araon is a large icebreaker operated by the Government of South Korea. The vessel was commissioned in 2009. She supplies the King Sejong Station,and the Jang Bogo Station,South Korea's second Antarctic research station.
The Downshire Cliffs are a line of precipitous basalt cliffs rising to 2,000 m above the Ross Sea and forming much of the eastern side of the Adare Peninsula,along the Borchgrevink Coast of northern Victoria Land,Antarctica. The nearest permanent research stations are the Italian Mario Zucchelli and South Korean Jang Bogo Stations some 400 km to the south in Terra Nova Bay.
National Antarctic Research Program is the Italian Antarctic research program.
In-Young Ahn is a South Korean scientist. She is known for being the first South Korean woman to visit Antarctica and the first Asian woman to become an Antarctic station leader. She is a benthic ecologist and is currently working as a principal research scientist for the Korea Polar Research Institute.
Ji Hee Kim is a Korean Antarctic researcher,best known for being the Principal Investigator for comprehensive environmental monitoring and construction of the long term environmental database at South Korea's King Sejong Station.
Adélie Cove is a 186 ha tract of ice-free land on the coast of Terra Nova Bay in Victoria Land,Antarctica. It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports populations of seabirds,notably a breeding colony of about 11,000 pairs of Adélie penguins. Some 30 pairs of south polar skuas breed near the penguin colony. The nearest permanent research stations are Italy's Mario Zucchelli 9 km to the north,and South Korea's Jang Bogo 17 km to the north.
Established in 2004,the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) is the lead agency for South Korea's national polar programme for the Arctic and the Antarctic and an advisor to the Government of South Korea. Its research projects have focused on biodiversity,climate change and geological evolution. The Institute participates in fora such as the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources,the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs,the International Arctic Science Committee and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). KOPRI researchers and support staff operate on the icebreaker Araon,on campus at the Korea University of Science and Technology and in the country's three research stations —King Sejong and Jang Bogo in Antarctica,and Dasan at Ny-Ålesund,Svalbard. KOPRI sits within South Korea's Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. Through international collaboration,KOPRI researches have undertaken studies in Alaska and Canada.
South Korea 
