Japanese military aircraft designation systems

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The Japanese military aircraft designation systems for the Imperial period (pre-1945) had multiple designation systems for each armed service. This led to the Allies' use of code names during World War II, and these code names are still better known in English-language texts than the real Japanese names for the aircraft. A number of different schemes were simultaneously in use.

Contents

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (大日本帝國海軍航空隊, Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Koukuu-tai, IJNAS) used several different aircraft designation systems simultaneously. Between 1931 and 1945, aircraft had Shi numbers designating the specification they were designed to. They also had a long form of Type and Model Number system used between 1920 and 1943, a short designation system akin to that of the United States Navy in use between the late 1920s and 1945, a system of popular names introduced to replace type numbers from 1943 through 1945.

Specification Shi numbers

Japanese Navy specifications from 1931 were given an experimental, or Shi (試) number, based on the year of the Emperor's reign the specification was issued in. Since multiple specifications could be issued in a year, the number was disambiguated with the aircraft purpose. [1]

During the period this designation system was in use, the Emperor in question was Hirohito, the Showa Emperor, thus the years of Showa were those used, which began in 1926.

Thus, the Mitsubishi Zero was designed to meet the 1937 specification called 12-shi carrier fighter.

Long Type and Model Number system

After 1929, aircraft types were given a type number based on the last two digits of the Japanese imperial year (which is counted from the mythical founding of Japan in 660BC by Emperor Jimmu). Added to this was a brief description of the aircraft's function. The Mitsubishi Zero was so-called because entered service in 1940 which was the Japanese year 2600, thus it was designated Type 0 Carrier Fighter. [2]

Model numbers were added to show subtypes. By the late 1930s these were two digits, the first being airframe revisions, the second engine revisions. [3]

The system was abandoned in 1943, when it was decided that it gave away too much information about the aircraft.

Short system

In the late 1920s a short designation scheme was adopted, which was similar to the 1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system. This scheme used a letter or two letters to designate a type of aircraft, a number to indicate the Navy Design Request Number in that type of aircraft, and finally a letter to designate the manufacturer. Unlike the US Navy system, the Japanese system did not have a different number series for each manufacturer, and did not omit the number "1". [4]

Thus, the Zero's type in this designation system was A6M, which meant the sixth type of carrier fighter under this designation system, and that it was built by Mitsubishi.

Variants were indicated by an additional number at the end; repurposing an aircraft was indicated by a dash and then the new type letter. [4]

Sometimes two aircraft were ordered from different manufacturers to the same specification at the same time, generally as insurance against the primary design not working out. In this case, the same series number was used for both. Data from:Japanese Military Aircraft Designations [5]

Aircraft type letters [6]
LetterCharactersWestern lettersType of Aircraft
A艦上戦闘機Kanjyo Sento-ki Carrier-based fighter
B艦上攻撃機Kanjyo Kougeki-kiCarrier-based attack bomber
C艦上偵察機Kanjyo Teisatsu-kiCarrier-based Reconnaissance
D艦 上爆撃機Kanjyo Bakugeki-kiCarrier-based dive bomber
E水上偵察機Suijyo Teisatsu-ki Reconnaissance seaplane
F水上観測機Suijyo Kansoku-ki Observation seaplane
G陸上攻撃機Rikujo Kougeki-kiLand-based attack bomber
H飛行艇Hiko-tei Flying boat
J陸上戦闘機Rikujyo Sento-kiLand-based fighter
K練習機Renshuu-ki Trainer
L輸送機Yuso-ki Transport
M特殊機Tokushu-kiSpecial purpose
N水上戦闘機Suijyo Sento-kiFighter seaplane
P陸上爆撃機Rikujyo Bakugeki-kiLand-based bomber
Q哨戒機Shokaiki Patrol aircraft
R陸上偵察機Rikujyo Teisatsu-kiLand-based reconnaissance
S夜間戦闘機Yakan Sento-ki Night fighter
X実験Tokushu-ki (Jikken)Experiment (used with other designations)
Manufacturer letters
LetterJapanese
Manufacturers
Foreign
Manufacturers
A Aichi North American
Bn/a Boeing
Cn/a Consolidated
D Showa Douglas
Fn/a Grumman
G Hitachi Goodyear
H Hiro Hawker
Hen/a Heinkel
J Nihon Junkers
K Kawanishi Kinner
M Mitsubishi Airspeed
N Nakajima n/a
P Nihon n/a
S Sasebo n/a
Si Showa n/a
Vn/a Vought
W Watanabe/Kyushu n/a
Y Yokosuka n/a
Z Mizuno n/a

Official names

After July 1943, names were given to Navy aircraft instead of type designations. These names were given according to a scheme based on the aircraft's role. These were official names, in contrast to Army aircraft whose names were popular nicknames.

Special cases include aircraft that employed non-conventional (i.e. non-propeller-driven) propulsion scheme like rocket-powered interceptor Shūsui (poetic term meaning "Sharp Sword") and aircraft used for non-conventional deployments such as Special Attacker Seiran ("Mountain Haze"; deployed from submarines to strike targets behind the frontline and expected to be ditched upon returning to motherships).

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (often called the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (大日本帝國陸軍航空隊、大日本帝國陸軍航空部隊, Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkūtai, Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkūbutai) (IJAAS) used a straightforward system based on year of service and type, nearly identical to the Navy's long type and model number system. This system was used from 1927, replacing an earlier system in which a manufacturer type code from a Japanese Kanji ordinal from the Heavenly stems was assigned to the aircraft from each company, as well as a type number. With additional types being added, this system quickly became cumbersome. Assigned letters included 甲 (Ko) for Nieuport, 乙 (Otsu) for Salmson, 丙 (Hei) for SPAD, 丁 (Tei) for Farman, 戊 (Bo) for Caudron, and 己 (Ki) for Hanriot. The "Ki" (キ; abbreviation of kitai = airframe) designation was also used and became prominent in later years.

Long Type and Model Number system

The first part of the designation was a two-digit type number based on the Japanese year in which the aircraft entered service. A minor exception was the year 1940 (2600), for which the type number 100 rather than zero was used. This was followed by a description of the aircraft's function. [7] If there were two or more aircraft with the same type and function, the latter was enhanced to further differentiate them. An example is the Type 2 single-seat fighter (the Nakajima Ki-44) and the Type 2 two-seat fighter (Kawasaki Ki-45).

Major modifications (such as a different engine) were indicated with a subtype number, officially in kanji but often in Roman numerals. Small-scale modifications (such as armament) are indicated with a Japanese Kanji ordinal from the Heavenly stems:- ko (甲), otsu (乙), hei (丙), tei (丁), bo (戊), ki (己), which equate to:- a (first), b (second), c (third), d (fourth), e (fifth), but are NOT direct translations. The character "kai"(改) was used if the modifications were large but not enough for a new type number. [8]

Short designation ("Ki" number)

The "Ki" airframe designation indicates the project number (written in Arabic numerals), and was assigned in sequence to all projects regardless of manufacturer or type. [2]

Popular names such as "Hayabusa" (the Nakajima Ki-43) were not part of the official designation.

Calendars and Type numbers

Data from: [9]

Type numbers were assigned by both the Army and Navy followed the Taisho number sequence, the number of years the Emperor Taisho had been on the throne until Emperor Showa replaced him on 25 December 1926, which started the Showa sequence, at which time, the numbering was matched to the last two, or later one digit of the Imperial Japanese calendar year. The Navy began assigning Shisaku numbers to denote experimental types being evaluated by the Navy, whose numbering matched those of the Showa sequence. As no new designs were assigned Type numbers between 26 December 1926 and the end of the year, no aircraft was designated Type 86 under the Showa sequence. The Taisho/Showa sequences were used for almost all equipment developed for both Army and Navy (including weapons, equipment, vehicles and even ships), so there can be many unrelated pieces of equipment covered under a single Type number.

YearJapanese
Year
Nengo
Era
Type
number
Shisaku
number
19212581Taisho 10Type 10
19222582Taisho 11Type 11
19232583Taisho 12Type 12
19242584Taisho 13Type 13
19252585Taisho 14Type 14
19262586Taisho 15/Showa 1Type 15
19272587Showa 2Type 87
19282588Showa 3Type 88
19292589Showa 4Type 89
19302590Showa 5Type 90
19312591Showa 6Type 916-Shi
19322592Showa 7Type 927-Shi
19332593Showa 8Type 938-Shi
19342594Showa 9Type 949-Shi
19352595Showa 10Type 9510-Shi
19362596Showa 11Type 9611-Shi
19372597Showa 12Type 9712-Shi
19382598Showa 13Type 9813-Shi
19392599Showa 14Type 9914-Shi
19402600Showa 15Type 100 or 015-Shi
19412601Showa 16Type 116-Shi
19422602Showa 17Type 217-Shi
19432603Showa 18Type 318-Shi
19442604Showa 19Type 419-Shi
19452605Showa 20Type 520-Shi

Designation table

This is a sortable table giving all the various designations and names of Japanese Military aircraft from circa 1925 to 1945. Data from: [10] and [ [11] ]

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service aircraft designations

Manufacturer name &
Short Designation
Official (long) Designation
(All "types" are Navy)
Experimental DesignationJapanese
Name
Allied
Code Name(s)
Notes
Nakajima A1N Type 3 Carrier FighterBiplane
Nakajima A2N Type 90 Carrier FighterBiplane
Nakajima A3N Type 90 Training FighterBiplane
Nakajima A4N Type 95 Carrier FighterBiplane
Mitsubishi A5M Type 96 Carrier Fighter9-shi Carrier FighterCLAUDE/SANDY
Mitsubishi A5M4-K Type 96 Training Fightertrainer variant
Watanabe A5M4-K Type 2 Training Fighter15-shi Fighter-Trainertrainer variant
Mitsubishi A6M Type 0 Carrier Fighter12-shi Carrier FighterReisen (Zero fighter)ZEKE/HAMP/HAPUnofficially Zero
Mitsubishi A6M2-K/A6M5-K Training FighterZEKEUnofficially Zero
Nakajima A6M2-N Type 2 Fighter Seaplane15-shi Fighter SeaplaneRUFEFloatplane variant of A6M
Mitsubishi A7M 17-shi Ko (A) Type Carrier FighterReppū (Strong Wind)SAM
Heinkel A7He Type He Air Defence FighterJERRYHeinkel He 112
Kawanishi A8K 20-Shi Carrier Fighter
Mitsubishi A8M 20-Shi Carrier FighterRikufu (Land Breeze)
Nakajima A8N 20-Shi Carrier Fighter
Seversky A8V Type S Two-seat FighterDICK
Boeing AXB Type B Carrier FighterOne tested
Canadian Car and Foundry AXG Type G Carrier FighterOne tested
Dewoitine AXD Type D Carrier FighterOne tested
Hawker AXH Type H Carrier FighterOne tested
Heinkel AXHe Type He Interceptor FighterThree tested
Vought AXV Type V Interceptor FighterOne tested
Mitsubishi B1M Type 13 Carrier Attack BomberBiplane
Mitsubishi B2M Type 89 Carrier Attack BomberBiplane
Kugisho B3Y Type 92 Carrier Attack BomberBiplane
Mitsubishi B4M 9-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerBiplane
Nakajima B4N 9-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerLost to B4Y1
Yokosuka B4Y Type 96 Carrier Attack Bomber9-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerJEAN
Mitsubishi B5M Type 97-2 Carrier Attack Bomber10-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerMABEL
Nakajima B5N Type 97-1 & 97-2 Carrier Attack Bomber10-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerKATE
Nakajima B5N1-K Type 97 Model 1 Attacker-TrainerKATEB5N Trainer version
Nakajima B6N Carrier Attack Bomber Tenzan14-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerTenzan (Heavenly Mountain)JILL
Aichi B7A Carrier Attack Bomber Ryusei16-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerRyusei (Shooting Star)GRACE
Aichi B8A 20-shi Special Torpedo BomberMokusei (Jupiter)
Northrop BXN 2 imported
Mitsubishi C1M Type 10 Carrier Reconnaissance AircraftBiplane
Nakajima C2N Fokker Reconnaissance AircraftArmy Ki-6
Nakajima C3N Type 97 Carrier Reconnaissance Aircraft10-shi Carrier (Land) ReconnaissanceNot proceeded with
Aichi C4A 13-shi High-speed Reconnaissance PlaneProject
Mitsubishi C5M Type 98 Reconnaissance AircraftBABS
Nakajima C6N Carrier Reconnaissance Aircraft Saiun17-shi Carrier (Land) ReconnaissanceSaiun (Iridescent Cloud)MYRT
Potez CXP1 One tested (diesel)
Aichi D1A Type 94 Carrier Bomber8-shi Carrier Dive BomberSUSIE
Aichi D1A2/D2A Type 96 Carrier BomberSUSIE
Nakajima D2N 8-shi Carrier BomberLost to D1A
Yokosuka D2Y 8-shi Carrier BomberLost to D1A
Aichi D3A Type 99 Carrier Bomber11-shi Carrier Dive BomberVAL
Mitsubishi D3M 11-shi Carrier BomberLost to D3A
Nakajima D3N 11-shi Carrier BomberLost to D3A
Yokosuka D3Y1-K/D3Y2-K Type 99 Bomber TrainerMyojo (Venus)Based on D3A
Yokosuka D4Y Carrier Bomber Suisei13-shi Carrier Dive BomberSuisei (Comet)JUDY/DOT
Yokosuka D4Y1-C/D4Y2-R Type 2 Reconnaissance AircraftJUDY
Yokosuka D5Y Special Attacker Myojo KaiProduction designation for D3Y2-K
Douglas DXD Type D Attack PlaneOne tested
Heinkel DXHe Type He Attack PlaneOne tested
Yokosuka E1Y Type 14-1 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Nakajima E2N Type 15 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Aichi E3A Type 90-1 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Nakajima E4N Type 90-2 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Nakajima E4N2-C Type 90-2-3 Reconnaissance Aircraftlandplane E4N
Kawanishi E5K Type 90-3 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Yokosuka E5Y Type 14-2 Kai-1 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Yokosuka E6Y Type 91 Reconnaissance SeaplaneBiplane
Aichi E7A 7-shi Reconnaissance SeaplaneLost to E7K [12]
Kawanishi E7K Type 94 Reconnaissance Seaplane7-shi Sea ReconnaissanceALF
Aichi E8A 8-shi Reconnaissance SeaplaneLost to E8N1
Kawanishi E8K 8-shi Reconnaissance SeaplaneLost to E8N1
Nakajima E8N Type 95 Reconnaissance Seaplane8-shi Sea ReconnaissanceDAVE
Watanabe E9W Type 96 Small Reconnaissance Seaplane9-shi Sea ReconnaissanceSLIMBiplane
Aichi E10A Type 96 Night Reconnaissance Seaplane9-shi Sea ReconnaissanceHANKBiplane flying boat
Kawanishi E10K Type 94 Transport Seaplane9-shi Sea ReconnaissanceBiplane flying boat
Aichi E11A Type 98 Night Reconnaissance Seaplane11-shi Sea ReconnaissanceLAURA
Kawanishi E11K Type 96 Transport Seaplane11-shi Sea ReconnaissanceLost to E11A1
Aichi E12A 12-shi Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane
Kawanishi E12K 12-shi Two-seat Reconnaissance SeaplaneProject
Nakajima E12N 12-shi Two-seat Reconnaissance SeaplaneLost to E12K
Aichi E13A Type 0 Reconnaissance Seaplane12-shi Sea ReconnaissanceJAKE
Kawanishi E13K 12-shi Three-seat Reconnaissance SeaplaneLost to E13A
Watanabe E14W 12-shi Small Reconnaissance Seaplane
Yokosuka E14Y Type 0 Small Reconnaissance Seaplane12-shi Sea ReconnaissanceGLEN
Kawanishi E15K Type 2 High-speed Reconnaissance Seaplane Shiun14-shi Sea ReconnaissanceShiun (Violet Cloud)NORM
Aichi E16A Reconnaissance Seaplane Zuiun16-shi Sea ReconnaissanceZuiun (Auspicious Cloud)PAUL
Aichi F1A 10-shi Observation SeaplaneLost to F1M1
Kawanishi F1K 10-shi Observation SeaplaneLost to F1M1
Mitsubishi F1M Type 0 Observation Seaplane10-shi Sea ObservationPETE
Mitsubishi G1M Type 93 Land-based Attack7-shi Twin-engine CarrierBiplane
Mitsubishi G1M 8-shi Special Reconnaissance, later 8-Shi Land-based Medium AttackLong Range Research, not 7-shi
Hiro G2H Type 95 Attack Bomber7-shi Land AttackerMonoplane
Mitsubishi G3M Type 96 Attack Bomber9-shi Land AttackerNELL
Mitsubishi G4M Type 1 Attack Bomber12-shi Land AttackerBETTY
Nakajima G5N 13-shi Attack Bomber ShinzanShinzan (Deep Mountain)LIZ
Mitsubishi G6M Type 1 Wingtip Convoy FighterBETTY
Mitsubishi G6M1-K Type 1 Large Land TrainerBETTYTrainer variant of G6M
Mitsubishi G6M1-L2 Type 1 TransportBETTYTransport variant variant of G6M
Mitsubishi G7M 16-shi Attack Bomber TaizanTaizan (Great Mountain)Project
Nakajima G8N 18-shi Attack Bomber RenzanRenzan (Mountain Range)RITA
Kawanishi G9K Land-based attack bomber based on H8K, project
Nakajima G10N Super Heavy Bomber FugakuFugaku (Mount Fuji)Project
Hiro H1H Type 15 Flying boatBiplane
Hiro H2H Type 89 Flying boatBiplane
Hiro H3H Type 90-1 Flying boatMonoplane
Kawanishi H3K Type 90-2 Flying boatBELLEBiplane
Hiro H4H Type 91 Flying boatMonoplane
Yokosuka H5Y Type 99 Flying boat9-shi Flying BoatCHERRY
Kawanishi H6K Type 97 Flying boat9-shi Flying BoatMAVIS
Kawanishi H6K2-L/H6K4-L Type 97 Transport Flying boatMAVIS
Yokosuka H7Y 12-shi Special Flying boatTILLIEProject
Kawanishi H8K Type 2 Flying boat13-shi Flying BoatEMILY
Kawanishi H8K1-L Type 2 Transport Flying BoatSeikū (Clear Sky)EMILYArmed transport variant of H8K1
Kawanishi H8K2-L Seikū, Model 32Seikū (Clear Sky)EMILYArmed transport variant of H8K2
Kawanishi H8K4-L Seikū, Model 33Seikū (Clear Sky)EMILYArmed transport variant of H8K4, project
Aichi H9A Type 2 Training Flying boat13-shi Flying Boat
Hiro H10H 14-shi Medium Flying boatProject
Kawanishi H11K1-L Large-size Transport Flying boat SoukuuSoukuu (Blue Sky)Project
Consolidated HXC Type C Flying boatOne tested
Douglas HXD Type D Flying boatTwo tested
Potez HXP1 One tested
Nakajima J1N 13-shi Three-seat Fighter
Nakajima J1N1-C/J1N1-R Type 2 Reconnaissance Aircraft13-shi Land ReconnaissanceIRVINGLong-range reconnaissance variant of J1N
Nakajima J1N1-S Night Fighter Gekko13-shi Night FighterGekko (Moonlight)IRVINGNight fighter variant of J1N
Mitsubishi J2M Land Fighter Raiden14-shi InterceptorRaiden (Lightning Bolt)JACK
Kawanishi J3K 17-shi Otsu (B) Type Interceptor FighterProject
Mitsubishi J4M 17-shi Otsu (B) Type Interceptor Fighter SendenSenden (Flashing Lightning)LUKEProject
Nakajima J5N 18-shi Otsu (B) Type Interceptor Fighter TenraiTenrai (Heavenly Thunder)
Kawanishi J6K 18-shi Otsu (B) Type Interceptor Fighter JinpuJinpu (Squall)Project
Kyushu J7W 18-shi Otsu (B) Type Interceptor Fighter ShindenShinden (Magnificent Lightning)
Mitsubishi J8M 19-shi Rocket-Powered Interceptor Fighter ShusuiShusui (Sharp Sword)
Nakajima Kikka Special Attacker Kikka/Imperial Weapon No.2Kikka (Orange Blossom)First Japanese jet aircraft
Yokosuka K1Y Type 13 Training SeaplaneBiplane
Yokosuka K2Y Type 3 Primary Trainer
Mitsubishi K3M Type 90 Operations TrainerPINE
Yokosuka K4Y Type 90 Training Seaplane
Yokosuka K5Y Type 93 Advanced TrainerWILLOW
Kawanishi K6K 11-shi Advanced Trainer SeaplaneCancelled
Mitsubishi K6M 11-shi Advanced Trainer SeaplaneCancelled
Watanabe K6W 11-shi Advanced Trainer SeaplaneCancelled
Mitsubishi K7M 11-shi Crew TrainerCancelled
Kawanishi K8K Type 0 Primary Trainer Seaplane12-shi Primary Trainer SeaplaneBiplane
Nihon K8P 12-shi Primary Trainer SeaplaneCancelled
Watanabe K8W 12-shi Primary Trainer SeaplaneLost to K8K
Kyushu K9W Type 2 Primary Trainer Momiji14-shi TrainerKouyou (Red Leaf)CYPRESSBücker Bü 131
Kyushu K10W Type 2 Intermediate Trainer14-shi Land Middle TrainerOAK
Kyushu K11W Operations Trainer Shiragiku15-shi TrainerShiragiku (White Chrysanthemum)
North American KXA Type A Intermediate TrainerTwo tested
Bücker KXBu Type Bu Primary Trainer Bücker Bü 131
Caudron KXC Type C TrainerOne tested
Heinkel KXHe Type He TrainerOne tested
Junkers KXJ Type J TrainerOne tested
Lockheed KXL Type L TrainerOne tested
Nakajima L1N Type 97 TransportTHORANaval version of Ki-34
Showa/Nakajima L2D Type D Transport & Type 0 TransportTABBYlicence-built Douglas DC-3
Yokosuka L3Y Type 96 TransportTINAConverted G3M
Mitsubishi L4M TOPSYNaval version of Ki-57-I
L5?Unidentified transportNo details
L6?Unidentified transportNo details
Nihon L7P 13-shi Small Amphibious TransportCancelled
Curtiss-Wright LXC Type C Amphibious TransportOne tested
Douglas LXD Type D TransportOne tested
Fairchild LXF Type F Amphibious TransportOne tested.
Gasuden LXG Special Liaison TransportKR-2 for VIP use.
Grumman LXG Grumman Amphibian Flying BoatOne Grumman Goose tested
Heinkel LXHe Type He TransportOne tested.
Kinner LXK Type K TransportOne tested.
Airspeed LXM Type M TransportTwo tested.
Aichi M6A Special Attack Bomber Seiran17-shi special AttackerSeiran (Clear Sky Storm)
Aichi M6A1-K Special Attack Training Bomber NanzanNanzan (South Mountain)Trainer variant of M6A
Nihon MXJ1 Primary Training Glider Wakakusa17-shi Exp. Research PlaneWakakusa (Young Grass)
Yokosuka MXY1 Test AircraftPrototype Experimental Aircraft No. 1Research
Yokosuka MXY2 Test AircraftPrototype Experimental Aircraft No. 2Research
Yokosuka MXY3 Target GliderTarget drone
Yokosuka MXY4 Yokosuka Navy Type 1 Target AircraftTarget drone
Yokosuka MXY5 Transport Glider16-shi Special Transport
Yokosuka MXY6 Ente-type Gliderunpowered glider for J7W development
Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka Special Attack Aircraft OhkaOhka (Cherry blossom)BAKA
Yokosuka MXY8 Training Glider AkigusaAkigusa (Autumn grass)
Yokosuka MXY9 Trainer ShukaShuka (Autumn flower)Glider
Yokosuka MXY10 Bomber Ginga Ground Decoyfor P1Y
Yokosuka MXY11 Type 1 Attack Bomber Ground Decoyfor G4M
Mizuno MXZ1 17-shi Exp. Research PlaneTraining glider
Kawanishi N1K Fighter Seaplane Kyofu15-shi Fighter SeaplaneKyōfū (Strong Wind)REX
Kawanishi N1K1-J Land Fighter ShidenShiden (Violet Lightning)GEORGELandplane Kyofu
Kawanishi N1K2-J/N1K5-J Land Fighter Shiden KaiShiden (Violet Lightning) modifiedGEORGELandplane
Kawanishi N1K2-K Training Fighter Shiden Kai RensenShiden (Violet Lightning) modifiedGEORGELandplane
Yokosuka P1Y Bomber Ginga15-shi Land BomberGinga (Galaxy)FRANCES
Yokosuka P1Y1-S Night Fighter Hakko15-shi Night FighterKyokkō (Aurora)
Yokosuka P1Y2-S Night Fighter Kyokko15-shi Night FighterHakkō (Corona), later Kyokkō (Aurora)
Kyushu Q1W Patrol Plane Tokai17-shi PatrolTōkai (Eastern Sea)LORNA
Mitsubishi Q2M 19-shi Patrol Plane TaiyoTai'yō (Great Sea)ASW derivative of the Ki-67; project
Kyushu Q3W Patrol Plane NankaiNankai (Southern Sea)
Yokosuka R1Y 17-shi Reconnaissance Plane SeiunSeiun (Dawn Cloud)
Yokosuka R2Y 18-shi Reconnaissance Plane KeiunKeiun (Cirrus Cloud)
Aichi S1A 18-shi Hei C Type Night Fighter DenkoDenko (Bolt of Light)
n/aYasukuni (Shrine)Ki-67-I loaned from Army
n/an/a6-shi Carrier BomberNakajima
n/an/a 7-shi Carrier Fighter
n/an/a7-shi Carrier Fighter Nakajima Army Type 91 fighter for Navy
n/an/a9-shi Carrier FighterIJA Nakajima Ki-11
n/an/a7-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerAichi Biplane
n/an/a7-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerMitsubishi Biplane
n/an/a7-shi Carrier Torpedo AttackerNakajima Biplane
n/a Type 10 Carrier Torpedo Bomber Triplane
n/an/a6-shi Carrier Dive BomberNakajima, Crashed
n/an/a7-shi Carrier Dive BomberNakajima
n/an/a17-shi Land BomberKawanishi K-100
n/an/a 6-shi Night Reconnaissance Flying Boat Aichi (flying boat biplane) [13]
n/an/a6-shi Two-seat Carrier FighterNakajima NAF-1
n/an/a8-shi Two-seat Carrier Fighter Mitsubishi Ka-8 Crashed
n/an/a8-shi Two-seat Carrier FighterNakajima NAF-2, Cancelled
n/aSpecial AttackSukukaze (Cool Breeze)OMARFictional
n/a Special Attack Glider Shinryu Shinryu (Divine Dragon) Mizuno project
n/a Experimental Special Attacker 1 Toka (Wisteria flower)Navy Nakajima Ki-115
n/a Experimental Attack Plane 1 Tozan (Eastern Mountain)
n/aType 97 Reconnaissance Seaplane?BOB [note 1] Aichi
n/aType 98 Bomber Float Plane?IONE [note 1] Aichi
n/aType 99 Four-Engine Flying Boat?JOAN [note 1] Unknown company
n/aType 99 Single-Engine Dive Bomber Seaplane?Aichi
n/aType 1 Single-Seat Fighter?ZEKE [note 1] Mitsubishi
n/aType 96 Carrier Fighter?SANDY [note 1] Mitsubishi
n/aType 97 Seaplane FighterADAMNakajima, Fictional
n/aType 1 Dive Bomber?DOT [note 1] Nakajima
Nakajima E7K Type 97 Seaplane FighterADAM [note 1]
Kayaba Ka-1 Ka-Gō Artillery spotterArmy autogyro
n/aType 99 Flying BoatJOAN [note 1] Unknown company
n/aType T.K.19 FighterJOEFictional
n/aType 99 Dive Bomber SeaplaneJUNE [note 1] floatplane D3A
Nagoya Sento-ki 001Sento-ki 001 Carrier FighterJUNEfictional [note 1]
Kayaba Ka-2 Army autogyro

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service aircraft designations

Ki(キ)/Ku(ク)
number
ManufacturerOfficial Designation or (Role)Japanese
Popular Name
Allied
Code Name(s)
Notes
Ka-go Kayaba Ka-go Observer (autogyro)
Ki-1 Mitsubishi Type 93 Heavy BomberMonoplane
Ki-2 Mitsubishi Type 93-2 Twin-Engine Light BomberLOUISEMonoplane
Ki-3 Kawasaki Type 93 Single-Engine Light BomberBiplane
Ki-4 Nakajima Type 94 ReconnaissanceBiplane
Ki-5 Kawasaki (Fighter)Monoplane
Ki-6 Nakajima Type 95 Model 2 TrainerLicense-built Fokker Super Universal
Ki-7 Mitsubishi (Operations Trainer)Navy K3M; lost to Ki-6
Ki-8 Nakajima (Fighter)Inverted gull-wing
Ki-9 Tachikawa Type 95 Model 1 TrainerChurenSPRUCE
Ki-10 Kawasaki Type 95 FighterPERRYLast IJA fighter biplane
Ki-11 Nakajima (Fighter)Lost to Ki-10
Ki-12 Nakajima (Fighter)
Ki-13 Nakajima (Attacker)Cancelled
Ki-14 Mitsubishi (Reconnaissance)Cancelled
Ki-15 Mitsubishi Type 97 Headquarter ReconnaissanceKarigane – Wild GooseBABSAlso Navy C5M
Ki-16 Nakajima (Fuel Transport)Douglas DC-2 variant
Ki-17 Tachikawa Type 95 Model 3 TrainerShoren – Primary TrainerCEDAR
Ki-18 Mitsubishi (Fighter)Army A5M variant
Ki-19 Nakajima (Heavy Bomber)Lost to Mitsubishi Ki-19
Ki-19 Mitsubishi (Heavy Bomber)Renamed to Ki-21
Ki-20 Mitsubishi Type 92 Heavy Bomber Junkers G-38 variant
Ki-21 Mitsubishi Type 97 Heavy BomberSALLY/GWEN/JANE
Ki-22 Kawasaki (Heavy bomber)Cancelled
Ki-23 Fukuda (Training glider)
Ki-24 Tachikawa (Primary training glider)DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter built under license
Ki-25 Tachikawa (Training glider)
Ki-26 Tachikawa (Glider)
Ki-27 Nakajima Type 97 FighterNATE/CLINT
Ki-28 Kawasaki (Fighter)Lost to Ki-27
Ki-29 Tachikawa (Light Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-30 Mitsubishi Type 97 Light BomberANNLost to Ki-32
Ki-31 Nakajima (Light Bomber)Cancelled, lost to Ki-28 & Ki-30.
Ki-32 Kawasaki Type 98 Light BomberMARYLost to Ki-30
Ki-33 Mitsubishi (Fighter)Navy A5M variant lost to Ki-27
Ki-34 Nakajima Type 97 TransportTHORACommercial AT-2
Ki-35 Mitsubishi (Reconnaissance)Cancelled
Ki-36 Tachikawa Type 98 Co-operation ReconnaissanceIDAFixed undercarriage
Ki-37 Nakajima (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-38 Kawasaki (Fighter)Became Ki-45
Ki-39 Mitsubishi (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-40 Mitsubishi (HQ Reconnaissance)Cancelled
Ki-41 Nakajima (Transport)Cancelled
Ki-42 Mitsubishi (Heavy Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-43 Nakajima Type 1 FighterHayabusa (Peregrine Falcon)OSCAR
Ki-44 Nakajima Type 2 Single-seat FighterShoki (Demon)TOJO/JOHN
Ki-45 Kawasaki (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-45 Kai Kawasaki Type 2 Two-seat FighterToryu (Dragon Slayer)NICK
Ki-46 Mitsubishi Type 100 HQ ReconnaissanceDINAH
Ki-47 Mitsubishi (Light Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-48 Kawasaki Type 99 Twin-engine Light BomberLILY
Ki-49 Nakajima Type 100 Heavy BomberDonryu (Storm Dragon)HELEN
Ki-50 Mitsubishi (Heavy Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-51 Mitsubishi Type 99 Attacker/Army ReconnaissanceSONIA
Ki-52 Nakajima (Dive Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-53 Nakajima (Fighter)Project
Ki-54a Tachikawa Type 1 Twin-engine Advanced TrainerHICKORY
Ki-54b Tachikawa Type 1 Operations TrainerHICKORY
Ki-54c Tachikawa Type 1 TransportHICKORY
Ki-55 Tachikawa Type 99 Advanced TrainerIDAKi-36 variant
Ki-56 Kawasaki Type 1 Cargo TransportTHALIA Type LO/RO variant
Ki-57 Mitsubishi Type 100 TransportTOPSYNavy L4M
Ki-58 Nakajima (Escort fighter)Ki-49 variant
Ki-59 Kokusai Type 1 TransportTHERESACommercial TK-3
Ki-60 Kawasaki (Fighter)used inline engine
Ki-61 Kawasaki Type 3 FighterHien (Flying Swallow)TONY
Ki-62 Nakajima (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-63 Nakajima (Fighter)Cancelled; variant of Ki-62 with radial engine
Ki-64 Kawasaki (Fighter)ROBBuried engines
Ki-65 Mitsubishi (Attacker)Ki-51 successor project
Ki-65 Manshu (Heavy Fighter)project
Ki-66 Kawasaki (Dive Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-67 Mitsubishi Type 4 Heavy BomberHiryū (Flying Dragon)PEGGYAlso interceptor.
Ki-68 Nakajima (Long-range Bomber)Army bomber version of naval G5N, project
Ki-69 Mitsubishi (Escort fighter)Ki-67 project
Ki-70 Tachikawa (HQ Reconnaissance)CLARACancelled
Ki-71 Manshu (Attacker)EDNAKi-51 variant
Ki-72 Tachikawa (Reconnaissance)Ki-36 variant project
Ki-73 Mitsubishi (Fighter)STEVECancelled
Ki-74 Tachikawa (Reconnaissance Bomber)PAT/PATSY
Ki-75 Nakajima (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-76 Kokusai Type 3 Command LiaisonSTELLAAlso used for ASW
Ki-77 Tachikawa Long-range experimental
Ki-78 Kawasaki High-speed ExperimentalKen-3
Ki-79 Manshu Type 2 Advanced TrainerKi-27 variant
Ki-80 Nakajima (Formation Commander)Ki-49 variant
Ki-81 Kawasaki (Formation Commander)Ki-48 variant project
Ki-82 Nakajima (Heavy Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-83 Mitsubishi (Long-range Fighter)
Ki-84 Nakajima Type 4 FighterHayate (Gale)FRANK
Ki-85 Kawasaki (Bomber)Army bomber version of naval G5N, project
Ki-86 Kokusai Type 4 Basic TrainerCYPRESSBücker Bü 131 built under license
Ki-87 Nakajima (High-altitude Fighter)
Ki-88 Kawasaki (Fighter)Pusher
Ki-89 Kawasaki (Experimental)Cancelled
Ki-90 Mitsubishi (Long-range Bomber)project
Ki-91 Kawasaki (Long-range Bomber)Cancelled
Ki-92 Tachikawa (Transport)
Ki-93 Rikugun (Attacker)57 mm gun
Ki-94 Tachikawa (High-altitude Fighter)
Ki-95 Mitsubishi (HQ Reconnaissance)Ki-83 variant
Ki-96 Kawasaki (Fighter)
Ki-97 Mitsubishi (Transport)Ki-67 Transport
Ki-98 Manshu (Fighter)
Ki-99 Mitsubishi (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-100 Kawasaki Type 5 FighterKi-61 variant
Ki-101 Nakajima (Night Fighter)PERRY
Ki-102 Kawasaki Type 4 Assault AircraftRANDY
Ki-103 Mitsubishi (Attacker)Ki-83 variant
Ki-104 Rikugun (Fighter)
Ki-105 Kokusai (Transport)Ohtori (Phoenix)BUZZARDPowered Ku-7
Ki-106 Tachikawa (Fighter)FRANKWood Ki-84
Ki-107 Tokyo Koku (Primary Trainer)Wood
Ki-108 Kawasaki (High-altitude Fighter)pressurized cockpit
Ki-109 Mitsubishi Experimental heavy fighterPEGGYKi-67 with 75mm gun
Ki-110 Tachikawa (Transport)Wood Ki-54
Ki-111 Tachikawa (Fuel tanker)Cancelled
Ki-112 Mitsubishi (Heavy Bomber)Wood Ki-67
Ki-113 Nakajima (Fighter)Steel Ki-84
Ki-114 Tachikawa (Fuel tanker)Cancelled
Ki-115 Nakajima (Special Attacker)Tsurugi – Sabre
Ki-116 Manshu (Fighter)Re-engined Ki-84
Ki-117 Nakajima (Fighter)Designation for Ki-84N
Ki-118 Mitsubishi (Fighter)Cancelled
Ki-119 Kawasaki (Dive-bomber/torpedo fighter)
Ki-120 Tachikawa (Transport)transport variant based on Ki-74
Ki-147 Kawasaki (Radio-guided air to surface missile)
Ki-148 Kawasaki Igo-1-B (Guided Bomb)launched from Ki-48
Ki-167 Mitsubishi Special AttackSakura-dan (Cherry Blossom)Kamikaze Ki-67
Ki-174 Kawasaki Special AttackSingle-seat Ki-48 project
Ki-200 Mitsubishi experimental rocket interceptorShusui (Sharp Sword)Navy J8M1
Ki-201 Nakajima (Fighter-Bomber)Karyu (Fire Dragon)Project
Ki-202 Rikugun (Interceptor)Shusui–kai (Sharp Sword-Improved)Advanced Ki-200
Ki-230 Nakajima Special AttackKi-115 project
Ku-1 Maeda Maeda Army Type 2 Small GliderTowed by Ki-51
Ku-2 Tokyo University (Tailless Research)
Ku-3 Tokyo University (Tailless Research)
Ku-4 Tokyo University (Research)Powered Ku-2 project
Ku-5 Fukuda (Trainer)research aircraft
Ku-6 Maeda (Gliding Tank)Cancelled
Ku-7 Kokusai Experimental Transport GliderManazuru (White-naped crane)BUZZARDBecame Ki-105
Ku-8 Kokusai Type 4 Special TransportGOOSE, later GANDERTowed by Ki-21
Ku-9 Fukuda (Transport)Cancelled
Ku-10 Maeda (Special Glider Trainer)
Ku-11 Nihon (Transport)Wood
Ku-12 Fukuda (Glider Trainer)
n/a Rikugun Ta-go Special Attacker Takeyari (Bamboo-spear)
n/a Kobe Te-go Observer Lost to Ka-go
Ka 87 Kawasaki Type 87 Heavy Bomber Dornier Do N
n/a Mitsubishi Type 87 Light Bomber IJN Type 13 Carrier Attacker for Army
n/a Kawasaki Type 88 Light Bomber Type 88 Recon. variant
n/a Kawasaki Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft
n/a Nakajima Type 91 Fighter
n/a Kawasaki Type 92 Fighter
n/a Mitsubishi Type 92 Reconnaissance 2MR8
n/a Fiat Type I Heavy Bomber RUTH
n/a Lockheed Type LO Transport THELMA/TOBY
n/a Vultee Type 98 Showa Light Bomber MILLIE
n/a Heinkel Type 98 Medium Bomber BESS
n/a Focke-Wulf (Technology demonstrator)FRED
n/a Focke-Wulf (Technology demonstrator)TRUDY
n/a Junkers (Technology demonstrator)IRENE
n/a Junkers (Technology demonstrator)JANICE
n/a Junkers (Technology demonstrator)TRIXIE
n/a Messerschmitt (Technology demonstrator)DOC
n/a Messerschmitt (Technology demonstrator)TRIXIE
n/a Nakajima Type 97 Fighter?CLINT [note 1]
n/a Nakajima Type 1 Light Bomber?JOYCE [note 1]
n/a Kawasaki Type 1 Single-Seat Fighter?JIM [note 1]
n/a Kawasaki Type 97 Medium Bomber?JULIA [note 1]
n/a Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 FighterABDULFictional A5M variant
n/a Mitsubishi Type 97 Light Bomber Darai 108NORMA [note 1] Bennett BTC-1
n/a Mitsubishi Type 0 Single-Seat Twin-Engine FighterFRANK/HARRY
n/a Mitsubishi Type 0 Medium Bomber?GWEN [note 1]
n/aMedium BomberMAISIE [note 1]
n/a Nakajima Nakajima/Douglas DC-2 transportTESSImported DC-2
n/a Nakajima Type AT-27 twin-engine fighterGUSfictional aircraft from magazine
n/a Mitsubishi Ohtori Ohtori (Phoenix)EVECivilian Mitsubishi Ki-2-ii
n/a Kawanishi Special Attack Aircraft Baika Baika (Ume Blossom)project

See also

Notes

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References

Notes

  1. Francillon 1970, pp.50–51.
  2. 1 2 Mikesh and Abe 1990, p.2.
  3. Francillon 1970, pp.52–53.
  4. 1 2 Francillon 1970, p.51.
  5. Beechy, Robert. "Japanese Military Aircraft Designations". hud607.fire.prohosting.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  6. Francillon 1970, pp.549–557.
  7. Francillon 1970, pp.48–49.
  8. Francillon 1970, p.49.
  9. Mikesh, Robert; Shorzoe Abe (1990). Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. london: Putnam. ISBN   978-0-85177-840-2.
  10. "Aircraft of Imperial Japanese Army". zenibo-milimania.world.coocan.jp. 21 August 2001. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  11. "Aircraft of Imperial Japanese Navy". zenibo-milimania.world.coocan.jp. 21 August 2001. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  12. Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp. 73.
  13. Mikesh and Abe 1990, pp. 70–71.

Bibliography

  • Francillon, R.J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London:Putnam, 1970. ISBN   0-370-00033-1.
  • Mikesh, Robert C. and Abe, Shorzoe. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London:Putnam, 1990. ISBN   0-85177-840-2.