Jelep La

Jelep La
Jelep La Tibetan Frontier by Nicholas Roerich
Elevation	14,390 ft (4,386 m) [1]
Location	Sikkim, India – Tibet, China
Range	Himalaya
Coordinates	27°22′02″N88°51′57″E / 27.367194°N 88.865747°E / 27.367194; 88.865747
Jelep La Show map of Sikkim Jelep La Show map of Tibet

རྫི་ལི་ལ, Wylie: rdzi li la, THL: dzi li la; Chinese:则里拉山口; pinyin:Zé lǐlā shānkǒu) ^[6] elevation 14,390 feet (4,390 m), ^[1] is a high mountain pass between Sikkim, India and Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is on a route that connects Lhasa to India. The pass is about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Nathu La and is slightly higher. It was frequently used for trade between Tibet and India during the British Raj, with Kalimpong serving as the contact point. The Menmecho Lake lies below the Jelep La.

Name

According to the Bengal District Gazetteer, Jelep-la, a Tibetan name, means "The lovely level pass, so called because it is the easiest and most level of all the passes between Tibet and Sikkim." ^[7]

According to scholar Alex Mckay, the Tibetan name is actually Wylie : rdzi-li-la, ^[6] which would mean a "shepherd's bronze pass". ^[8]

Geography

Map of the Indo-Tibetan trade route through Jelep La (marked in red), 1898

Jelep La trade route (Survey of India, 1937)

On the Indian side there are two routes to Jelep La, one through Gangtok and the other through Kalimpong.

The Kalimpong route boosted the local economies due to the trading of wool and furs during the 20th century. It passes through the towns of Rongli, Rhenock, Pedong, Algarah, in Sikkim and northern West Bengal.

The route from Gangtok passes through the towns of Sherathang, nearby Changu lake and alongside Nathu La and through Kupup.

The route is scenic with forests of rhododendrons blooming in spring. Numerous hamlets are scattered in the surrounding area. On the Tibetan side the pass leads to the Chumbi Valley of the Tibetan Plateau.

History

17th century

In the 17th century, Jelep La might have been under the control of an eastern Sikkimese Lepcha kingdom based at Damsang (Wylie : dam bzang rdzong), ruled by a Lepcha chieftain Gyalpo Ajok (Wylie : rgyal po A lcog; Lepcha: Gyabo Achuk). Ajok was allied with Tibet under the 5th Dalai Lama and was rivalled by Bhutan. In a war fought by Tibet and Damsang against Bhutan during 1675–79, Ajok captured a Bhutanese outpost at Dalingkot (Wylie : Brda gling). However, the Bhutanese recaptured the post and executed Ajok. ^[9]

After this event, a major war erupted between Tibet and Bhutan, but Bhutan managed to repulse its much larger foe. The end result of the war is not entirely clear, but the Kalimpong area came under the control of Bhutan, and the present day East Sikkim, between Rhenock and Jelep La, might have come under the control of Tibet.

At the time of the Sino-Nepalese War, Sikkim lost much of its territory west of Teesta River to Nepal. Tibet apparently granted to Sikkim the present day East Sikkim region through unknown terms. By the time the British came on the scene, the area up to the Cho La–Jelep La range was under the control of Sikkim, and the Chumbi Valley beyond it was considered Tibet proper.

British Raj period

After the annexation of Kalimpong from Bhutan, the British started to constructing a cart road to Jelep La in 1884. ^[10] This was viewed with some apprehension by the Tibetans and in 1886 a small Tibetan militia occupied the region around the pass. In May 1888, the Tibetans attacked the British but were warded off by a British Expeditionary Force. Later in September the same year the British regained control of the area around the pass.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the growing Russian influence in Tibet, a British expedition was sent via Jelep La to Lhasa in 1904 led by Colonel Francis Younghusband. This expedition was met by hostile Tibetan forces which were defeated by the British. A trade agreement was then forced on the Tibetans in the absence of the 13th Dalai Lama, who had fled to Mongolia.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1910, to escape a Chinese invasion, the 13th Dalai Lama "accompanied by six ministers and a small escort" which included his close aide, diplomat and military figure Tsarong Dzasa, fled via Jelep La ^[11] to Sikkim and Darjeeling, where he stayed almost two years. During this period he was invited to Calcutta by the Viceroy, Lord Minto, which helped to restore relations with the British. ^[12]

Modern period

After India's independence in 1947, Sikkim, which was then a monarchy, agreed to a special protectorate status and gave India the status of a suzerain nation and its defence and foreign affairs were managed by India. After the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950 and suppression of the Tibetan uprising in 1959, the passes into Sikkim became a conduit for refugees from Tibet before being closed by the Chinese. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, there were border skirmishes between the Indian and Chinese armed forces in and around the passes of Jelep La and Nathu La - this was despite Sikkim still being a separate Kingdom at that stage. After the war the two passes were closed. ^{[13] [14] [ better source needed ]}

Sikkim became a part of India in early 1975 following a referendum. With the recent thawing in relations between India and China, plans are afoot to reopen the Jelep La ^[15] (following the July 6, 2006 reopening of the Nathu La). ^[16]

See also

• Sikkim expedition

Notes

Notes

1. Alternative spellings include Jelap La and Dzalep La. ^{[2] [3]} Older British spellings are Jeylap ^[4] and Jyelap. ^[5]

References

Citations

1. Brown, Tours in Sikhim (1934), p. 142.
2. Smith, Aline and Sub-Alpine Vegetation (1913).
3. Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History (1984), p. 210.
4. Edgar, Report on a Visit to Sikhim (1874), p. 5.
5. Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim (1881).
6. McKay, Alex (2013), Pilgrimage in Tibet, Taylor & Francis, p. 75, ISBN   978-1-136-80716-9
7. O'Malley, L. S. S. (1907). Bengal District Gazetteer : Darjeeling. Concept Publishing Company. p. 215. ISBN   978-81-7268-018-3.
8. THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool: rdzi li la, The Tibetan & Himalayan Library, retrieved 1 August 2021.
9. Mullard, Opening the Hidden Land (2011), pp. 148–149.
10. Paget, William Henry (1907). Frontier and overseas expeditions from India. Indian Army Intelligence Branch. p.  42.
11. The Thirteenth Dalai Lama, Thupten Gyatso Archived 2012-09-20 at the Wayback Machine , dalailama.com
12. Chapman, F. Spencer (1940), Lhasa – The Holy City, London: Readers Union Ltd. – via archive.org
13. "Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News".^{[ dead link ]}
14. "Will India and China fight a war again?". 26 September 2012.
15. "Documents signed between India and China during Prime Minister Vajpayee's visit to China". www.mea.gov.in (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India). 23 June 2003. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
16. "Nathula reopens for trade after 44 years". Zee News. 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2006.

Bibliography

• Edgar, John Ware (1874), Report on a visit to Sikhim and the Thibetan frontier in October, November, and December, 1873, Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press – via archive.org
• Harris, Tina (2013). Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions. University of Georgia Press. ISBN   978-0-8203-4573-4.
• Brown, Percy (1934), Townsend, Joan (ed.), Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District (Revised ed.), Calcutta: W. Newman & Co – via archive.org
• Mullard, Saul (2011), Opening the Hidden Land: State Formation and the Construction of Sikkimese History, BRILL, ISBN   978-90-04-20895-7
• Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (1984) [first published Yale University Press 1967], Tibet: A Political History, New York: Potala Publications, ISBN   0-9611474-0-7
• Smith, W. W. (1913). Records of the Botanical Survey of India. Vol 6. No 7. The Alpine and Sub-Alpine Vegetation of South-East Sikkim. Superintendent Government Printing, India – via archive.org.
• Temple, Richard (June 1881), "The Lake Region of Sikkim, on the Frontier of Tibet", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 3 (6): 321–340, doi:10.2307/1800507, JSTOR   1800507

Further reading

• Sherpa, Diki (May 2017), Sino-Indian Border Trade: The Promise of Jelep La (PDF), Delhi: Institute of Chinese Studies
• Sarkar, Debasis (11 May 2012). "After Sino-Indian trade route through Nathula, now Jelep-La is in the line". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 November 2021.

External links

• Indian Road from Kalimpong to Kupup (close to Jelep La), OpenStreetMap, retrieved 5 July 2021.
• China's Azul Road from Jelep La to the Chumbi Valley, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 5 July 2021.

Jelep La
Traditional Chinese	則里拉山口
Simplified Chinese	则里拉山口
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin zélǐlā shānkǒu

v t e Mountain passes of China
Geography of China
On the border	Kazakhstan Dzungarian Gate   Kyrgyzstan Bedel Pass Irkeshtam Pass Torugart Pass   Tajikistan Beyik Pass Kulma Pass Nezatash Pass   Afghanistan Wakhjir Pass Tegermansu Pass   Pakistan Khunjerab Pass Kilik Pass Mintaka Pass Mustagh Pass   India Bum La Pass Cho La Diphu Pass Dongkha La Indira Col Jelep La Karakoram Pass Kepang La Kongka Pass Lipulekh Pass Mana Pass Nathu La Rezang La Shipki La Spanggur Gap Tulung La     Nepal Korala Lho La Nangpa La South Col   Myanmar Diphu Pass Isu Razi Pass   Vietnam Friendship Pass
In the interior	On the Great Wall Dajingmen Gubeikou Jiayu Pass Huangya Pass Jingxing Pass Juyong Pass Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass (Pingxingguan) Shanhai Pass (Shanhaiguan) Yang Pass Yanmen Pass Yumen Pass Guanzhong area Dasan Pass (Sanguan) Tong Pass (Tongguan) Wu Pass Xinjiang area Dehra La Hindutash Iron Gate Pass Kirgizjangal Pass (Heiqia) Mazar Pass Muzart Pass Sanju Pass Tibet area Cherko la Laken La Lanak La Lhagba La Mayum La North Col Semo La Tanggula Pass Other Biandukou Cho La, Sichuan Hangu Pass Hulao Pass Jianmen Pass Kunlun Pass Lazikou Pass Mei Pass
Landforms of China List of gaps in Hong Kong