Agumbe

Last updated

Agumbe
village
Agumbe View point.jpg
Clouds at Sunset point, Agumbe
Nicknames: 
Cherrapunji of South India, Cherrapunji of Karnataka, Rain City
India Karnataka location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Agumbe
Location of Agumbe
Coordinates: 13°30′31″N75°05′45″E / 13.5087°N 75.0959°E / 13.5087; 75.0959
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
State Karnataka
District Shimoga district
Region Malenadu
Area
 • Total3 km2 (1 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
660 m (2,170 ft)
Population
[2]
 • Total600
 • Density200/km2 (520/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Kannada
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
577411
Telephone code08181
Vehicle registration KA-14

Agumbe is a village situated in the Thirthahalli taluka of Shivamogga district, Karnataka, India. [3] It is nestled in the thickly forested Malenadu region of the Western Ghats mountain range. [1] Owing to its high rainfall, it has received the epithet of "The Cherrapunji of South India", after Cherrapunji, one of the rainiest places in India. [4]

Contents

Agumbe is associated with rainforest conservation efforts, documentation of medicinal plants, tourism (trekking and photography), and the promotion of cottage industry. [5] [2] The Agumbe Rainforest Research Station was established as a sanctuary for the King Cobra, Agumbe's flagship species. [6] [7]

Location

Agumbe in Shivamogga district lies on the south-western coast of India, approximately 98 km (61 mi) north-east of Mangaluru and 357 km (222 mi) north-west of Bengaluru, the state capital of Karnataka in Southern India. It is approximately 24 km (15 mi) from Shringeri and 55 km (34 mi) from the Arabian Sea. The coastal town of Udupi hosts the nearest major railway station approximately 50 km (31 mi). The nearest airport is at Bajpe near Mangaluru which lies at a distance of approximately 94 km (58 mi). [8] The elevation of Agumbe is 660 m (2,165 ft) above mean sea level. [1] As part of the Western Ghats mountain range, Agumbe lies in a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [9] Agumbe is near the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary and the Kudremukh National Park.

Size

Agumbe is a small hill village with very limited visitor accommodation. The population is approximately 500 people. The village covers an area of 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi). [10]

Economy

The villagers of Agumbe are subsistence farmers. Rice and areca are grown. The Raksha Kavacha Weavers' Cooperative Society represents the beginnings of cottage industry in the village. [11]

Tourism

Places in the vicinity of Agumbe that tourists visit include the Kundadri and Kodachadri Hills, Udupi, Malpe, Mangalore (for the airport and seaport), Karkala, Kolluru, Sringeri, Chickmagaluru, Shivamogga, Bhadravathi, N.R. Pura, Sagar, Hosanagar, Koppa and Thirthahalli. In the summer, a truck can be used to reach Narasimha parvata

Sunset Point

Sunset View Point rests on one of the highest peaks of the Western Ghats on the Udupi-Agumbe Road. It is ten minutes walk from Agumbe. [12] On a fine evening, the sunset can be seen over the Arabian Sea. [13]

Geography

Agumbe lies in a hilly, wet region of the Western Ghat mountains. This geography contributes to its scenery, and suitability for trekking. In addition, there are a number of waterfalls in the locality.

Hairpin turn (Bend) 7/14- Agumbe Ghat Agumbe Ghat Accidents.jpg
Hairpin turn (Bend) 7/14- Agumbe Ghat

Waterfalls near Agumbe

Barkana Falls

Barkana Falls (Latitude 13.449315, Longitude 75.136015), Northeast of Agumbe, is 850 ft (259 m) in height. [14] It is the tenth highest falls in India. [15]

Onake Abbi Falls

Onake Abbi Falls (latitude 13°30'44"N, longitude 75°4'25"E) at 400 feet, is smaller than Barkana Falls. [16] In the Kannada language, "onake" means 'pounding stick', an instrument used by villagers to pound grains to flour. Trekking for 5 km through rainforest is needed in order to reach a view of the falls.[ citation needed ]

Jogigundi Falls

Jogigundi is a small water fall near Agumbe. This is about 800m deep. It is usually filled with water.

Koodlu Threetha Falls

Koodlu Theerthra waterfall is located 25 km from Agumbe.

Sirimane Falls

Srimane falls is located at about 40 km from Agumbe.

Climate

Agumbe hosts India's first automatic weather station, founded by Romulus Whitaker b. 1943, New York, NY. [17] Agumbe lies in a rainforest region with a tropical climate, warm and humid. Under the Köppen system of climate classification Agumbe is an 'Am' climate, that is, a tropical monsoon climate. [18] A dense silvery fog forms over the Western Ghats at Agumbe. [19]

Rainfall

The driest month in Agumbe is February with an average rainfall of 1 mm. The wettest month is July with an average rainfall of 2,647 mm. The mean annual rainfall is 7,620 millimetres (300 in). [20] The highest recorded rainfall in a single month was 4,508 millimetres (177.5 in) in August 1946. [21]

The table below is comparison of rainfalls for between Agumbe in Thirthahalli taluk in Shimoga district, Hulikal in Hosanagara taluk in Shimoga district, Amagaon in Khanapur Taluk in Belgaum district and Talacauvery in Madikeri taluk in Kodagu district, Kokalli of Sirsi Taluk, Nilkund of Siddapur Taluk, CastleRock of Supa (Joida) Taluk in Uttara Kannada District to show which one can be called the "Cherrapunji of South India". [22]

YearHulikal Rainfall (mm)Agumbe Rainfall (mm)Amagaon Rainfall (mm)Talacauvery Rainfall (mm) [23] Kokalli(Sirsi) Rainfall (mm)Nilkund Rainfall (mm)Castle Rock Rainfall (mm)
20227733
20217937754478796536
202084017306743988567152
201985417293980472668069
20187577842265709098394462046501
20175,7006,3114,7335,859313049815560
20165,7216,4494,7055,430268246554968
20156,0355,5184,0135,319273043673667
20147,9077,9175,5807,844874667105956
20139,3838,7708,4408,628446470826165
20128,4096,9335,9875,722503653984930
20118,5237,9219,3686,855443765937083
20107,7176,92910,0686,7944002-4079
20098,3577,982-----
20087,1157,199-----
20079,0388,255-----
20068,6568,457--- [24] [25] --
20057095
20047113
20036059
20026115
20017089
20007233

Temperature

Maximum temperatures in Agumbe vary between 24.4 and 31.5 °C. Minimum temperatures vary between 16.2 °C and 21.4 °C. Average temperatures vary between 22.2 °C and 23.6 °C with an annual average temperature of 23.5 °C. April is the hottest month of the year and December the coolest. The average annual variation in temperature is 4.1 °C. [18] The lowest recorded temperature was 3.2 °C in 1975 and the highest, 37 °C in 2008-2009. [19]

Climate data for Agumbe (1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)34.5
(94.1)		36.5
(97.7)		38.0
(100.4)		36.5
(97.7)		35.0
(95.0)		33.0
(91.4)		30.5
(86.9)		31.2
(88.2)		34.0
(93.2)		32.0
(89.6)		32.5
(90.5)		33.0
(91.4)		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)29.4
(84.9)		30.3
(86.5)		31.3
(88.3)		31.4
(88.5)		30.0
(86.0)		25.6
(78.1)		23.7
(74.7)		23.7
(74.7)		25.5
(77.9)		27.4
(81.3)		28.5
(83.3)		29.0
(84.2)		28.0
(82.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)11.4
(52.5)		12.3
(54.1)		14.8
(58.6)		17.6
(63.7)		18.7
(65.7)		18.0
(64.4)		17.6
(63.7)		17.7
(63.9)		17.4
(63.3)		17.1
(62.8)		14.9
(58.8)		12.1
(53.8)		15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F)3.2
(37.8)		4.0
(39.2)		4.7
(40.5)		8.2
(46.8)		10.2
(50.4)		10.7
(51.3)		10.0
(50.0)		10.0
(50.0)		10.0
(50.0)		8.7
(47.7)		6.5
(43.7)		3.7
(38.7)		3.2
(37.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)3.8
(0.15)		2.2
(0.09)		10.6
(0.42)		34.8
(1.37)		181.0
(7.13)		1,617.3
(63.67)		2,432.2
(95.76)		2,145.8
(84.48)		672.0
(26.46)		289.2
(11.39)		78.5
(3.09)		15.1
(0.59)		7,482.3
(294.58)
Average rainy days0.40.10.82.47.725.230.029.120.212.34.20.8133.1
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)67687478819295959288797082
Source: India Meteorological Department [26] [27]

Ecology and biodiversity

Someshwara (Udupi dist.) below Agumbe Someshwara From Agumbe Ghat.jpg
Someshwara (Udupi dist.) below Agumbe
Fog filled valley, Sunset point Sunset View.JPG
Fog filled valley, Sunset point

Rainforest is a dense, wet, tropical evergreen ecosystem, high in its level of biodiversity. According to the 'Champion and Seth' classification, Agumbe is an area of "Southern tropical wet evergreen forests" (1A/C4). R.S. Troup, an eminent forester of his day, said,

"The tropical evergreen rain forests are characterised by the great luxuriance of their vegetation which consists of several tiers, the highest containing lofty trees...covered by numerous epiphytes" [28]

Agumbe rainforest research station

The Agumbe Rainforest Research Station was founded in 2005 by Romulus Whitaker, a herpetologist. Whitaker had been familiar with Agumbe since the 1970s when he began studying the King Cobra. [29] Its purpose is to create a local biodiversity database, encourage individual scientific research, collaborate with India's Department of Forestry and conserve the rainforest of the Western Ghats as well as to educate the residents of the region in the importance of forestry conservation. The King Cobra, an endangered species is the station's "flagship species". [10] The station occupies an area of 8 acres (32,000 m2). Funding for the station came from Whitaker's mother, Doris Norden and from the Whitley Award received by Whitaker in 2005.

Medicinal plants conservation area

The Agumbe Medicinal Plants Conservation Area was established in 1999 to protect the important medicinal plants of the region. The "Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions" recorded 371 plant species at Agumbe, of which 182 were medicinal. [28] [30]

Flora

Endangered plant species

Endangered plant species in the area include [31]

Plant species named for Agumbe
Other plant species discovered at Agumbe
orchids of attraction
Agumbe Panorama.jpg
A Panorama of Agumbe

Fauna

Mammals

Agumbe provides an environment for large and small mammals such as the endangered lion-tailed macaque, [38] [39] tiger, [40] leopard, sambar, giant squirrel, dhole, a wild dog of India, gaur, the Indian bison and barking deer.

Reptiles and amphibians

In creating funds for conservation of the Agumbe rainforest, the Ophiophagus hannah, king cobra is a 'flagship' species. [41] An Agumbe-based scientific project to radio-locate rescued king cobras aims to determine whether relocation is helpful to their survival. [42] other reptiles and amphibians of the area include the cane turtle and a flying lizard.

Birds

Agumbe is a popular destination for bird watchers and photographers. Among the endemic birds are the Malabar trogon, the yellow-browed bulbul and Sri Lankan frogmouths. [43]

Great Hornbill Great-Hornbill.jpg
Great Hornbill
Insects and marine species

Agumbe's many insect species include the Atlas moth, Cyclotoma alleni (a beetle discovered in Agumbe), [44] Selenops agumbensis, a spider and Drosophila agumbensis a small fly species. Cremnoconchus agumbensis is a local small fresh water snail. [45]

Temples

The Agumbe Venugopalakrishna Hindu temple is an old structure known for beautiful architecture and peacefulness. The temple deity is Sri Venugopala Krishna. An annual fair is conducted each year in February during Ratha Saptami in honour of the deity.

Another local temple is the Sringeri Sharadamba temple.

Malgudi Days

Malgudi Days (1985) is a television serial directed by Shankar Nag. It was based on novels written by R. K. Narayan. Many episodes were filmed in Agumbe. [46] In 2004, a new set of episodes of Malgudi Days was filmed at Agumbe by Kavitha Lankesh (director). [46] [47]

See also

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  36. ↑ Udar; et al. (1982). "A new Caudalejeunea from India". The Bryologist. 85 (3): 329–331. doi:10.2307/3243056. JSTOR   3243056.
  37. ↑ Udar, Ram; Singh, Devendra Kumar (1979). "Notothylas dissecta, A Hornwort new to India". The Bryologist. 82 (4): 625–628. doi:10.2307/3242010. JSTOR   3242010.
  38. ↑ "Lion-tailed macaque". Friends of the Smithsonian National Zoo. 2005. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
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  40. ↑ "India's work for tigers". WWF - India. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  41. ↑ "King Cobra". Mohamed bin Zayed Species Project. 24 October 2009. number 0925556. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  42. ↑ "King cobra radio telemetry project – six-month report" (PDF). ARRS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  43. ↑ "Rainforest Rendezvous – Photography Tour of Agumbe". Darter Photography Tours. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  44. ↑ Tomaszewska, KW (2003). "Cyclotoma alleni, new species from India (Coleoptera: Endomychidae)". Annales Zoologici. 53: 203–204. ISSN   0003-4541.
  45. ↑ Reid; et al. "A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus". WoRMS. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
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